巧克力风味牛奶的研制

消费调查表明,在风味众多的花色牛奶中,巧克力味牛奶深受广大消费者喜爱。但由于害怕其高热量,同时产品质量不易稳定,从而不被消费者接受。为此我们研究开发了稳定性好、成本低,热量相对较小,风味、色泽俱佳的巧克力风味牛奶,以满足消费者的需要。     

巧克力专用乳粉

研究了不同乳粉的颗粒大小和结构、游离脂肪含量对巧克力浆料粘度的关系。滚筒乳粉与喷雾乳粉之对比，滚筒干燥的全乳粉具有下列优点；游离脂肪含量高，可减少可脂的用量，赋与巧克力以更好的风味；可降低巧克力浆料的粘度。乳粉中羟甲基糠醛含量可增进巧克力风味、口感，提高喷雾乳粉中游离脂肪含量改进的工艺。     

巧克力豆奶的研制

以大豆、可可粉为主要原料研制巧克力豆奶。通过正交试验,研究巧克力豆奶产品配方及乳化稳定剂复配方案。结果表明:巧克力豆奶最佳配方为大豆9.0%、全脂乳粉1.0%、白砂糖6.0%、可可粉1.0%;乳化稳定剂最佳复配方案为微晶纤维素0.25%、卡拉胶0.013%、单,双甘油脂肪酸酯0.10%、硬脂酰乳酸钠0.04%。     

Sensory Characteristics of Milk Chocolate with Lactose from Spray-Dried Milk Powder

Dry whole-milk powders with 0-70% nominal lactose prepared by spray-drying alone (containing amorphous lactose) or combined with post-drying crystallization (containing crystalline lactose) were incorporated into milk chocolate to give 0-50% substitution of lactose for sucrose. No significant differences occurred in sweet, bitter, and thickness of melt (P > 0.10) based on milk powder preparation method or lactose concentration. As lactose increased, hardness and onset of melt increased regardless of milk powder preparation method; but, chocolates containing crystalline lactose were softer than those containing amorphous lactose. Higher chocolate, milk and caramel flavors were perceived in milk chocolates containing crystalline lactose. Graininess of milk chocolate increased at the highest level of added lactose.     

Rejection Thresholds in Solid Chocolate‐Flavored Compound Coating

Abstract: Classical detection thresholds do not predict liking, as they focus on the presence or absence of a sensation. Recently however, Prescott and colleagues described a new method, the rejection threshold, where a series of forced choice preference tasks are used to generate a dose‐response function to determine hedonically acceptable concentrations. That is, how much is too much? To date, this approach has been used exclusively in liquid foods. Here, we determined group rejection thresholds in solid chocolate‐flavored compound coating for bitterness. The influences of self‐identified preferences for milk or dark chocolate, as well as eating style (chewers compared to melters) on rejection thresholds were investigated. Stimuli included milk chocolate‐flavored compound coating spiked with increasing amounts of sucrose octaacetate, a bitter and generally recognized as safe additive. Paired preference tests (blank compared to spike) were used to determine the proportion of the group that preferred the blank. Across pairs, spiked samples were presented in ascending concentration. We were able to quantify and compare differences between 2 self‐identified market segments. The rejection threshold for the dark chocolate preferring group was significantly higher than the milk chocolate preferring group (P= 0.01). Conversely, eating style did not affect group rejection thresholds (P= 0.14), although this may reflect the amount of chocolate given to participants. Additionally, there was no association between chocolate preference and eating style (P= 0.36). Present work supports the contention that this method can be used to examine preferences within specific market segments and potentially individual differences as they relate to ingestive behavior. Practical Application: This work makes use of the rejection threshold method to study market segmentation, extending its use to solid foods. We believe this method has broad applicability to the sensory specialist and product developer by providing a process to identify how much is too much when formulating products, even in the context of specific market segments. We illustrate this in solid chocolate‐flavored compound coating, identifying substantial differences in the amount of acceptable bitterness in those who prefer milk chocolate compared to dark chocolate. This method provides a direct means to answer the question of how much is too much.     

Light-Oxidized Flavor Development and Vitamin A Degradation in Chocolate Milk

Samples of several chocolate milk formulations were exposed to light to determine if the components masked and/or prevented light-oxidized flavors or prevented photodegradation of vitamin A. Chocolate flavor added either before or after light exposure masked light-oxidized flavor (p<0.05). Neither carrageenan nor chocolate color prevented development of light-oxidized flavor. Vitamin A degradation was reduced by the addition of carrageenan alone or in combination with chocolate dairy powder (chocolate flavor and color), chocolate color or chocolate flavor (p<0.05).     

Physical and Sensory Properties of Milk Chocolate Formulated with Anhydrous Milk Fat Fractions

Maximum additions of milk fat that produced temperable milk chocolates were anhydrous milk fat (AMF), middle-melting fraction (MMF) or low-melting fraction (LMF) up to 40 wt % total fat, and high-melting fraction (HMF) up to 35%. The solid fat content (SFC), melting point, melting enthalpy, instrumental and sensory hardness of milk chocolates decreased with increasing milk fat addition. No differences in sensory attributes sweetness, milk powder, chocolate, butter flavor or thickness of melt were observed. Chocolate with 40% MMF or LMF had greater milk flavor than that with 12.2% HMF. Onset of melt correlated (r = 0.96) with melting enthalpy. No differences between types of milk fat (AMF, HMF, MMF, LMF) were observed for any textural attribute assessed.     

Extrinsic Attributes That Influence Parents’ Purchase of Chocolate Milk for Their Children

The consumption of milk is essential for children's heath; and flavored milk, especially chocolate milk, is often purchased to increase children's milk consumption. However, the sugar content of chocolate milk has raised health concerns. As such, it is important to understand chocolate milk extrinsic attributes that influence parents’ purchase decisions when they are purchasing chocolate milk for their children. The objective of this study was to determine the key extrinsic attributes for parents when they purchase chocolate milk for their children. An online survey with a conjoint analysis design, emotions questions, and Kano questionnaire that focused on chocolate milk was conducted targeting parents. Three hundred and twelve parents participated in the survey. Parents reported positive emotions including good, good natured, happy, loving, and satisfied when purchasing chocolate milk for their kids. Three segments of parents were identified with subtle but distinct differences in their key preferences for chocolate milk attributes for their children. Type of sweetener was the primary driver of choice for purchasing chocolate milk for children followed by fat content. Among sweetener types, natural noncaloric/nonnutritive sweeteners or sucrose were preferred over artificial sweeteners, and reduced fat was preferred over full fat or skim milk. Kano results revealed that reduced fat and sugar with an all natural label and added vitamins, minerals, and protein were attractive to the majority of parents when purchasing chocolate milk for their kids.     

Viscosity of Molten Milk Chocolate with Lactose from Spray-Dried Whole-Milk Powders

Dry whole-milk powders containing 0, 30, 50 and 70% nominal lactose prepared by spray-drying alone, or followed by post-drying crystallization, were incorporated into milk chocolate to give 0–50% substitution of lactose for sucrose. Increasing the concentration of amorphous lactose from spray-dried powders in the chocolates decreased viscosity, increased particle size of refined chocolate mass, and lowered the concentration of surface-active agents at which a minimum in Casson yield value was observed. Increasing the concentration of crystalline lactose from milk powders in the chocolates increased viscosity, decreased particle size, and increased the concentration of surface-active agents at which a minimum in Casson yield value was observed. Conditions which affect lactose crystallinity in milk powders, such as improper storage and handling prior to use in chocolate production, could be responsible for variations in chocolate viscosity noted sometimes by processors.     

Flow Behavior of Milk Chocolate Melt and the Application to Coating Flow

ABSTRACT: The rheological properties of chocolate, especially shear viscosity and yield stress, are important control parameters for enrobing processes in confectionery manufacture. The rheological parameters of molten milk chocolate were measured at 42°C during steady pipe flow using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) viscometric method. The experimental method combines shear rate values obtained from an MR velocity image and shear stress values obtained from an independent pressure drop measurement. The experimental factors were emulsifier type and emulsifier level. The rheogram data were fit by the Casson model to yield the Casson yield stress and plastic viscosity. The Casson yield stress ranged from 1.9 to 15.0 Pa; the Casson viscosity ranged from 6.0 to 14.6 Pa s as a function of emulsifier content. The rheological parameters were incorporated into a drainage theory model to predict coating thicknesses in the enrobing process. The model was solved numerically and yielded good approximations to the experimental values that were between 1.1 to 2.7 mm.     

巧克力在蛋糕中的应用

桑果巧克力蛋糕 原料：糖粉350克、杏仁粉350克、鸡蛋9个、蛋黄9个、蛋白9个、糖70克；欧登堡淡奶油300克、牛奶200克、柠檬皮0.5克、鱼胶2片、爱丽丝白巧克力300克；桑果蓉240克、糖50克、鱼胶4片、樱桃酒10克。     

牛奶巧克力质地的TPA分析及测试条件优化

为探讨牛奶巧克力的TPA分析方法和测试条件,采用TA-XT2i物性测试仪,研究牛奶巧克力各向差异性和不同压缩量以及不同测试速率对结果的影响.试验结果表明,ANOVA分析结果表明巧克力内部同一测试面上质地是均匀的,但不同测试面、各小块间、各大块间都存在显著差异;压缩比对TPA各测试参数都有显著影响;巧克力TPA测试最佳条件:测试速率0.5mm/s,压缩比60%;巧克力脆性峰最佳测试条件为压缩比≥30.5%,测试速率0.5 mm/s.TPA方法可以用于巧克力质地的评价.     

巧克力“白霜”的解决方案

<正>巧克力风味独特、口感好,颇受人们的喜爱。随着巧克力制品消费量的增加,其质量问题也越来越受到各方的关注。其中巧克力起白霜是巧克力产业的世界性难题。白霜花是指加工、贮存、销售过程中,巧克力表面均一发白(酷似秋霜)或起凹凸不平的花斑点,甚至全部变成灰白色而失去光泽。外观使顾客误以为发霉而令人难以接受。严重时,内部组织呈干砂粒状,失去坚脆、断而有声、入口即化,凉爽润滑、细腻而不糊口等特征, 食似嚼蜡,失去商品价值。     

HPLC法测定巧克力中苯甲酸

采用HPLC法测定巧克力中的苯甲酸,并提出了亚铁氰化钾和乙酸锌作为沉淀剂的前处理方法。该方法简便、快速,稳定可靠,苯甲酸检测限为0.5mg/L,相对标准偏差为2.4%,回收率为90.08%～103.91%。     

Response Surface Plots for the Behavioral Pattern of Yersinia enterocolitica in Chocolate Milk as Affected by Trans-Cinnamaldehyde, a Spice Essential Oil Constituent

Response surface plots were generated to determine the behavior of a native food isolate of Yersinia enterocolitica CFR 2301 in chocolate milk with added trans-cinnamaldehyde, an active spice essential oil constituent. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) for Y. enterocolitica in broth systems were 0.1 and 0.3 μl/ml, respectively, while in chocolate milk, the MBC was 0.9 μl/ml. In chocolate milk devoid of cinnamaldehyde, the culture of Y. enterocolitica CFR 2301 was able to reach risk-causing population levels in 12 h at 30 °C. In the presence of cinnamaldehyde, an inactivation model was generated for the behavior of Y. enterocolitica in chocolate milk, which revealed that, irrespective of initial inoculum levels, the death time (D _T ) was primarily influenced by trans-cinnamaldehyde concentrations and incubation temperatures. The death times were found to decrease with higher cinnamaldehyde concentrations and incubation temperatures. Validation of the model revealed the adequacy of predictions derived for this inactivation model and potential application of compatible possibility to develop food formulations with inhibitory principles.     

巧克力的制造与营养价值

<正> 巧克力是由“CHOCOLATE”音译过来,主要原料为可可豆。早在16～17世纪,英国人已懂得将可可豆制成固体食品。荷兰人在1828年,已从可可豆中榨取可可脂,以及制造可可粉。到1879年,瑞士人更将可可粉加工成风靡欧洲的巧克力。中国在60年代才开始有巧克力的生产,至70年代,巧克力行业虽然已发展成具有少量产品出口的能力,但生产规模依然很小,到90年代才出现属于自己品牌的高级巧克力产品。     

Inhibitory Effect of Chocolate Components Toward Lard Detection in Chocolate Using Real Time PCR

An identification method of lard in chocolates using real-time polymerase chain reaction was developed to address Halal authentication. However, polymerase chain reaction detection of lard in chocolate has been in vain. In order to investigate the inhibitory effect exerted by each of the chocolate components, four basic chocolate components, sugar, milk powder, cocoa butter, and cocoa powder, were adulterated with lard and examined using porcine-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. The results discovered cocoa powder, as the only component that prevents DNA extraction of lard in chocolate. No substantial polymerase chain reaction inhibition was detected, and thus confirms the cocoa powder’s inhibition on DNA extraction of lard from lard-adulterated chocolate. This finding will expedite new research to develop a method to dissociate the lard from the lard-cocoa powder complex, which will have high potential to be applied as a pre-treatment of the chocolate prior to the DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction.     

Chocolate Milk with Chia Oil: Ideal Sweetness,Sweeteners Equivalence,and Dynamic Sensory Evaluation Using a Time‐Intensity Methodology

The ideal sucrose concentration and equivalent concentrations of the stevia, sucralose, aspartame, and neotame in chocolate milk with chia oil as well as the dynamic behavior of certain sensory attributes were investigated using a time‐intensity methodology. The use of just‐about‐right (JAR) identified an ideal sucrose concentration of 9% (w/w). In addition, the magnitude estimation method showed that stevia had the lowest sweetness power whereas neotame presented the highest. Furthermore, the time‐intensity analysis indicated that there was no significant change between the maximum intensities of the sweetness for any evaluated sweeteners. In general, the desired sensory profile and some economic considerations are decisive on the choice of which sweetener is better to be used in chocolate milk formulation added with chia oil.     

Vacuum-induced Bubble Formation in Liquid-tempered Chocolate

ABSTRACT: Bubble inclusion is one of the fastest growing operations practiced in the food industry. A variety of aerated foods is currently available in supermarkets, and newer products are emerging all the time. This paper aims to combine knowledge on chocolate aeration with studies performed on bubble formation and dispersion characteristics. More specifically, we have investigated bubble formation induced by applying vacuum. Experimental methods to determine gas hold-up (volume fraction of air), bubble section distributions along specific planes, and chocolate rheological properties are presented. This study concludes that decreasing pressures elevate gas hold-up values due to an increase in the number of bubble nuclei being formed and release of a greater volume of dissolved gases. Furthermore, bubbles are observed to be larger at lower pressures for a set amount of gas because the internal pressure needs to be in equilibrium with the surrounding pressures. Temperature-induced changes to the properties of the chocolate have less of an effect on bubble formation. On the other hand, when different fats and emulsifiers are added to a standard chocolate recipe, milk fat was found to increase, significantly, the gas hold-up values and the mean bubble-section diameters. It is hypothesized that this behavior is related to the way milk fats, which contain different fatty acids to cocoa butter, crystallize and influence the setting properties of the final product. It is highlighted that apparent viscosity values at low shear rate, as well as setting behavior, play an important role in terms of bubble formation and entrainment.