地下采掘诱发斜坡失稳破坏机制研究——以武隆鸡尾山崩滑为例

对国内外地下采掘诱发山体崩滑案例与研究现状进行详细归纳,系统总结此类地质灾害发生的主要特点。为进一步加深对采动滑坡机制的认识,以重庆武隆鸡尾山崩滑灾害为例,采用基于连续介质的离散元方法,建立鸡尾山崩滑体大型三维数值模型,借助GPU高性能加速计算技术,再现滑坡体在地下采掘作用下的失稳破坏过程,研究地下采掘对坡体应力场和位移场的影响,分析崩滑体的形成机制与运动规律。研究结果表明：鸡尾山崩滑体的发生过程为“前缘关键块体外侧局部崩塌→后缘坡体整体滑动→岩溶带剪断突破失稳”,并从应力和变形的角度对这一失稳模式进行精细分析,认为地下采掘是导致鸡尾山崩滑发生的主要诱发因素。     

Process analysis of the Moxi earthquake-induced Lantianwan landslide in the Dadu River,China

Many large-scale landslides have occurred along the Dadu River, in particular in the middle section of the river, located on the eastern edge of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The large-scale Lantianwan landslide was triggered by the 1786 Moxi earthquake (M_s = 7.75) at Luding, Sichuan province, China. Field investigations and 3D discrete element methods were used to examine the landslide formation mechanism and simulate landslide movement. The evolution of the landslide can be divided into four stages: initiation, high-speed motion, debris flow, and accumulation and river blocking. The results indicate that tension cracking and horizontal sliding were the geological origins of the Lantianwan landslide. The Moxi earthquake combined with the magnifying effect of the topography and the back slope formed deep-dip tensile structural planes in the Lantianwan slope, which triggered the landslide.

     

大型顺层岩质滑坡渐进破坏地质力学模型与稳定性分析

 大型顺层岩质滑坡广泛存在于自然界中,是滑坡的重要类型之一,也是滑坡领域关注与研究的重点。根据滑坡滑面发展形态,将顺层岩质滑坡划分成两大类：前进式渐进破坏模式和后退式渐进破坏模式。从力学角度揭示顺层岩质滑坡渐进破坏过程的本质是滑坡力学参数弱化的过程。具体体现在滑带本构方程中为初始剪切刚度的降低。由此,定义弱化后滑带的剪切刚度与初始剪切刚度比值为滑带弱化系数,并引入S型曲线表述滑带弱化系数空间特征。在总结大型顺层岩质滑坡特点的基础上,提出渐进锁固力学模型,同时给出该模型的数学表达式。该模型能很好地体现滑坡渐进破坏过程中滑带力学参数的时效性及空间变异性特点。最后,给出该地质力学模型下渐进破坏过程中斜坡稳定性计算公式及步骤,并应用于武隆县鸡尾山滑坡中,分析其临滑前滑坡稳定性变化情况。     

Landslide phenomena related to major fault tectonics: rift zone of Corinth Gulf,Greece

Landslides in the Gulf of Corinth rift zone, Greece, are mainly in the vicinity of major active faults. The current study reports a representative landslide in this structurally controlled region which periodically moved, triggered/reactivated by heavy rainfall and earthquake activity. The composite landslide developed on structurally complex formations including sheared and weathered flysch—the most landslide-prone geological formation in Greece. The experience on the site during the last thirty-five years has contributed to a better understanding of the particular landslide mechanism and helped in the consideration of the effectiveness of various remedial works.      

强震区断裂活动与大型滑坡关系研究

 活动断裂带与大型滑坡之间的关系一直是人们关注的热点问题。通过汶川Ms8.0级地震活动断裂和大型滑坡调查,阐述龙门山活动断裂带大型滑坡形成的地质背景,总结活动断裂带大型地震滑坡的分布特征、形态特征、启动特征和分段特征及其相关影响因素。基于野外调查资料,以龙门山中央断裂带谢家店子滑坡为例,采用离散元方法模拟分析滑坡的启动和快速运移过程,提出高速远程滑坡的致灾后果决定于启动方式、飞行路径和堆积特征3个方面。本项研究对于认识断裂活动与大型滑坡之间的关系以及滑坡成灾后果预测具有重要的指导作用。     

金鼓高速远程滑坡形成机制及动力稳定性

综合运用多学科理论和方法,对汶川地震触发的金鼓高速远程滑坡形成机制及动力稳定性进行研究。在工程地质定性研究方面,通过对滑坡区的地形地貌、地层岩性、构造与地震以及水文地质条件的综合研究,分析高速远程滑坡的形成机制,将其划分为紧密发生的2个演化阶段：第一阶段为上部滑体被抛掷分离,第二阶段为下部受铲刮发生二次滑坡。在岩土力学定量研究方面,进行以下3个方面的工作：(1) 以FLAC3D作为动力分析的数值计算引擎,采用自行开发的基于多层次微粒群的非圆弧最危险滑动面搜索并行程序,获得滑坡的动力稳定系数时程及其对应的最危险滑动面的空间分布规律,研究动力稳定系数的频域特征;(2) 通过2种潜在破坏模式的对比研究,指出金鼓高速远程滑坡2#滑动面簇发生主导破坏的可能性更大,并可触发二次滑坡;(3) 依据空气动力学定量计算,论述上部滑体长距离抛掷是完全有可能的。综合研究表明,岩土力学定量分析结果与工程地质定性成果相吻合,进而将金鼓高速远程滑坡孕育的先决条件归纳为以下4条：力学性质差、高位剪出、下降空间开阔、初速度足够大。     

大光包滑坡滑带岩体碎裂特征及其形成机制研究

 大光包滑坡是“5•12”汶川地震触发的最大规模滑坡,滑坡南侧暴露长约1.8 km顺层滑带,其岩体高度碎裂,引起广泛关注,6 a来对此开展了持续研究。在前期工作基础上(工程地质测绘、坑槽探及浅孔钻探(钻孔声波)等),对滑带岩体的碎裂特征进行了充分的揭露和系统的描述,结果表明,滑带发育的地质基础是滑前坡体内部发育的层间剪切错动带。强震过程中,由于靠近发震断层的强烈垂向地震动,从而导致坡体沿相对软弱的层间错动带分离,并产生垂向振冲或夯击效应,导致层间错动带的进一步碎裂化。对滑带的细观分析表明,这种强震滑带碎裂化现象不仅存在,而且还表现出伴随碎裂过程的扩容效应。采用物理模拟和PFC数值模拟,进一步验证了强震过程中滑带的碎裂和扩容过程,揭示其产生的内在机制。研究表明,滑带岩体碎裂化及扩容现象具有特殊的工程地质和岩体力学意义：一方面滑带岩体的进一步碎裂、细粒化从物理上降低了滑带的摩阻力;另一方面,也是更为重要的是,由于滑带的夯击扩容,地下水将强力挤入扩容空间,从而可能激发水击作用机制,导致孔隙水压力激增,滑带抗剪能力急剧降低,从而促使滑坡骤然启动,产生高速滑动。     

唐家山滑坡变形运动机制的离散元模拟

 地震是滑坡灾害的一个重要触发因素,而这类形式的滑坡通常危害较大。以汶川地震触发的唐家山滑坡为例,在野外现场调查基础上,采用离散元数值模拟技术,对滑坡由变形累积到破坏滑动的全过程进行模拟,以研究地震作用下顺层岩质滑坡的变形破坏过程。结果表明：在地震力及滑体重力作用下,坡顶首先形成应力集中,滑体沿中后部的软弱面产生蠕变变形,随着持续的地震动力输入,应力不断向中前部的锁固段集中,使得变形沿接触面不断向坡脚方向扩展,最终从坡脚剪出,破裂面贯通形成滑带;通过滑动过程模拟表明,唐家山滑坡运动模式为：启动→高速滑动→碰撞停积→自稳过程,滑坡滑动过程中,斜坡表层部分块体在地震水平力作用下发生临空抛射现象,表层岩体在滑动过程中,受地震竖向作用力而发生垂直抛落现象;地震力作用下坡体中质点加速度、速度具有高程放大效应,表现为水平加速度放大系数大于竖向加速度放大系数、水平速度放大系数大于竖向速度放大系数,对比结构面监测点和基岩监测点加速度、速度放大系数,表明滑坡启动时具有较大的加速度,也说明不连续结构面对岩质边坡的动力反应起着控制性作用。     

Numerical simulations of kinetic formation mechanism of Tangjiashan landslide

Tangjiashan landslide is a typical high-speed landslide hosted on consequent bedding rock.The landslide was induced by Wenchuan earthquake at a medium-steep hill slope.The occurrence of Tangjiashan landslide was basically controlled by the tectonic structure,topography,stratum lithology,slope structure,seismic waves,and strike of river.Among various factors,the seismic loading with great intensity and long duration was dominant.The landslide initiation exhibited the local amplification effect of seismic waves at the rear of the slope,the dislocation effect on the fault,and the shear failure differentiating effect on the regions between the soft and the hard layers.Based on field investigations and with the employment of the distinct element numerical simulation program UDEC(universal distinct element code),the whole kinetic sliding process of Tangjiashan landslide was represented and the formation mechanism of the consequent rock landslide under seismic loading was studied.The results are helpful for understanding seismic dynamic responses of consequent bedding rock slopes,where the slope stability could be governed by earthquakes.     

某学院滑坡稳定性分析及防治措施

根据滑坡所在地区的地质环境条件,分析研究区滑坡危害和存在的建筑物开裂变形、水平滑移等问题,通过实地勘察,并进行室内岩土力学试验,分析粉砂质泥岩滑坡的滑动与形成机理。采用极限平衡法对自重、自重+地震、自重+暴雨,三种工况下边坡的稳定性进行分析,并提出相应的防护措施。     

地震作用下诱发堆积层滑坡的机制分析

为了分析堆积层滑坡在地震作用下的成因,本文对多种因素进行了详细分析。通过分析竖直地震力、水平地震力、滑床刚度、孔隙水压力、累进破坏、减阻效应、压推扩展效应,分别指出了各种因素下的作用机理。结果表明,在地震这一复杂作用下,多种因素都使得坡体破坏加剧,减小了稳定性系数,最后造成堆积层滑坡的形成。     

Twin tunneling–induced deep-seated landslide in layered sedimentary rocks

Tunnel excavation in mountainous areas can sometimes reactivate or trigger landslides. The problem of tunneling-induced landslides may be influenced by not only the tunnel location and slope geological conditions but also construction deficiency without timely treatment. This paper presents a case study of Jimei landslide in Sichuan Province, China. This dormant landslide was largely induced by the excavation of a twin tunnel in the landslide body. Field investigation, slope movement monitoring, and numerical simulations show that the formation mechanism of the Jimei landslide triggered by tunneling can be summarized as follows: (1) The adverse geological conditions of stratified sliding mass consists of multilayer sliding surfaces and cracked sliding blocks. (2) The rock surrounding the tunnel underwent large and continuous deformation because of construction deficiency without timely treatment. (3) There was a reduction in the shear strength and increase in the bulk density of the sliding mass because of rainfall infiltration during the rainy season.

     

金沙江支流冲江河巨型滑坡及其局部复活机理研究

中国西南三江活动构造带是大型滑坡的高发区。笔者在滇西北金沙江支流冲江河螺丝湾电站一带发现的巨型滑坡——冲江河滑坡,位于区域性活动断裂带的阶区,属于古地震造成的巨型古滑坡或坐落体,体积可达5.8×10⁸ m³。该巨型古滑坡在后期演化中经历了趋稳和局部再复活的过程,其内部存在若干次级滑坡,且表现出级序越低、稳定性越差的特点。在野外调查的基础上,对复活次级滑坡的滑带土进行了环剪试验研究,获得了不同部位滑带土在较大剪切位移条件下的抗剪强度变化规律,认为活动构造带斜坡岩体破碎软弱、坡脚处于应力集中区是冲江河巨型滑坡局部复活的重要因素;在剪切作用下,饱和或近饱和的滑带土因超孔隙水压力而发生液化作用,促进了坡体大变形的发生。试验结果很好地解释了公路坡脚部位,即使少量开挖就可以引起缓慢、持续发生的大变形现象。从滑坡复活机理角度,加强坡面排水和坡前采用抗滑桩技术可以有效控制坡体稳定性。     

水布垭水利枢纽新塘滑坡地质成因与力学机制

新塘滑坡是清江水布垭水利枢纽水库区一巨型顺层深层基岩滑坡（体积5．08亿m^3）,其规模之大实属罕见,引人瞩目。本文通过对地质调查资料的系统总结,阐述了新塘滑坡的基本地质背景与基本地质特征,利用工程地质学与岩体力学理论与方法分析了滑坡形成的地质成因与力学机制,可作为多夹层、多剪切带的缓倾顺向坡结构边坡工程勘察与研究的参考。     

汶川地震触发窝前滑坡特征及失稳机制探讨

 为弄清汶川地震触发窝前滑坡特征,探讨该滑坡的失稳机制,笔者先后多次赴滑坡区开展调研。调研结果表明：(1) 窝前滑坡为上陡下缓、上硬下软型地形地质结构,属于拉裂–走向滑移型的斜坡失稳破坏模式;(2) 由于石坎断层活动,在近断层上盘效应、强地震动集中性、地震波长持时累积效应、地形放大效应和地震动水平加速度效应作用下,直接触发的一起剧动式高速远程滑坡;(3) 表现出一系列与一般重力环境下滑坡迥异的运动和堆积特征,如高陡粗糙的滑坡壁、弯道超高和侧向抛撒、颗粒分异堆积等特征,运动中形成滑源区、陡坡加速区、碎屑流通区(流槽区和爬高区)、堆积区和抛撒区;(4) 主要经历山体震动拉裂、高速溃滑、碎屑流和堆积4个阶段。滑坡运动至800 m左右时,峰值速度达56.1 m/s,全程运动时间约57.1 s,平均速度35.6 m/s;高位势能和滑体碎屑化是窝前滑坡产生高速远程运动的主要原因。     

强震过程滑带超间隙水压力效应研究:大光包滑坡启动机制

大光包滑坡是汶川地震触发的最大规模滑坡,其滑带地质背景为埋深400 m的饱水层间构造破碎带。为研究强震过程该带间隙水压力(孔隙和裂隙水压力)响应特征,设计夹饱水软弱层地质体单元模型,并开展系列振动台试验,结果表明:振动过程软弱层超间隙水压力显著大于上下硬层,且具有瞬态生成和逐渐累积特性,进一步揭示依赖模型非协调变形的"振动冲压-拉张"和"振动剪切"是瞬态超间隙水压力成因、依赖软弱层非协调变形的动力损伤是超间隙水压力累积成因,从而建立了垂直和水平振动耦合作用下包含间隙水压力系数r_w和间隙水压力作用的有效面积系数h的地震滑坡滑带有效应力模型。对于大光包滑坡,滑带h估测范围为0.7~0.9,当r_w为0.73~1.04时滑带抗剪强度可降为0;振动台试验表明,汶川强震过程大光包滑坡区地震动参数可使r_w达到这一水平。最后,提出大光包滑坡启动的"强震作用-层间错动带控滑-动力非协调变形致损、扩容-超间隙水压力激发-滑坡启动"演化过程机制。     

基于GIS的汶川地震滑坡灾害影响因子确定性系数分析

 2008年5月12日14时28分,四川省汶川发生了8.0级大地震,地震诱发了数以万计的滑坡灾害。在大约48 678 km2的区域内,采用震后航空像片与多源卫星影像解译并结合野外调查验证的方法,共圈定出48 007个地震滑坡灾害。在此基础上,选取地层、岩性、断裂、地震烈度、宏观震中、地表破裂调查点、地形坡度、坡向、顺坡向曲率、高程、水系与公路共12个影响因子作为汶川地震诱发滑坡影响因子,利用GIS强大的空间分析能力与确定性系数方法,对这12个影响因子进行敏感性研究。研究结果表明：(1) 寒武与震旦系是地震滑坡易发地层,侵入岩组、灰岩为主的岩组是地震滑坡发育的高敏感性岩组;(2) 地震滑坡受中央断裂影响最大,同时还受控于前山断裂,受后山断裂的影响较小;(3) 地震滑坡易发性分别随着地震烈度、与震中的距离、与地表破裂点距离的增加而减少;(4) 坡度大于40°是地震滑坡的易发坡度,E,ES方向为地震滑坡的易发坡向,高程范围为1 000～2 000 m,尤其是高程1 000～1 500 m范围为地震滑坡易发区;(5) 400 m水系缓冲区和2 000 m公路缓冲区范围内滑坡易发性较高。确定研究区内各地震滑坡影响因子最利于滑坡发生的数值区间,为进一步地震滑坡区域评价及预测奠定基础。     

Geological characteristics of landslides triggered by the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake in Mt. Aso volcano,Japan

On 16 April 2016, a M_w 7.0 earthquake occurred in Kumamoto city, Japan. The main shock induced two large landslides, namely the Aso Bridge landslide and the Aso Volcanological Laboratory landslide. Their topographical and geological conditions and motion features were investigated by using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and portable dynamic cone penetration tests (PPTs). The Aso Bridge landslide lies between elevations of 385 m and 725 m, with a total estimated volume of about 1,980,000 m³. The main body is composed of cohesive soil with lapilli and block. The Aso Volcanological Laboratory landslide lies on a slope between 483 m to 582 m, and the total volume is about 81,000 m³, with an average thickness of 4.5 m. The main body is composed of Kusasenrigahama volcanic pumice tephra beds. The material compositions and deposits of both landslides have low cohesion and easily induced shear failure for the two landslides. The sliding distance of the Aso Bridge landslide was long, the sliding direction almost unchanged from the scarp to the toe, and the sliding speed was rapid. The sliding distance of the Aso Volcanological Laboratory landslide, however, was short, the sliding direction changed from the N-direction at the scarp to the NW-direction at the toe, and the sliding speed was slow.

     

Numerical and safety considerations about the Daguangbao landslide induced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake resulted in a large number of fatalities and caused significant economic losses.Thousands of landslides,many of which are very large,were triggered by the earthquake.A majority of catastrophic landslides were distributed along the central Longmenshan fault system,at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Some of the landslides resulted in sudden damming of rivers causing flooding,which in turn induced secondary sliding disasters.Among the most significant landslides,the Daguangbao landslide was the largest in volume with the maximum thickness.For this,a numerical model of the Daguangbao landslide,using the material point method(MPM),was developed to simulate the interaction of the seismic loads imposed on the slope.The numerical results then are compared with the post-earthquake profile.As a consequence of the landslide,a nearly vertical head scarp with a maximum height of about 700 m was generated.This is considered as a high risk situation that requires constant monitoring and evaluation.Finally,we propose a methodology based on Bayesian networks(BNs) to manage the risk associated with the stability of the rockwall at the Daguangbao landslide site.     

唐家山滑坡堵江机制及堰塞坝溃坝模式分析

 在对唐家山滑坡及其堰塞坝现场进行详尽地质调查结果基础上,结合早期(地震前)资料开展研究,结果表明,该滑坡形成及堵江过程可概括为：顺层岸坡结构地震诱发→滑坡体前缘剪切、后缘拉裂→高速下滑、形成气浪、前缘刨蚀河床、对岸阻化隆起→后缘边坡坐落下滑→堰塞堵江。对堰塞坝体地质结构、不同水位条件下堰塞坝整体及上下游部位不同工况稳定性分析表明,堰塞坝以沟槽部位表层松散体水流逐级淘刷的“溢流破坏”方式为特点,整体溃坝可能性小。