热丝激光熔覆17–4PH涂层组织与腐蚀磨损性能

目的 在低碳钢表面高效制备沉淀硬化马氏体不锈钢涂层,研究涂层在腐蚀磨损苛刻条件下耦合损伤行为。方法 采用热丝激光熔覆技术在20钢基材表面制备17–4PH马氏体不锈钢涂层,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等分析涂层的相组成和显微组织,采用电化学腐蚀摩擦磨损试验仪对涂层的摩擦磨损、极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)及腐蚀磨损耦合行为进行研究。结果 制备的涂层组织均匀、致密,无裂纹、气孔等缺陷,主要由马氏体相组成。熔覆区的平均硬度约为310HV0.1,约是基材硬度的1.5倍,自腐蚀电流密度为6.583×10^?8 A/cm²,具有优异的耐蚀性。在3.5%NaCl溶液中,随摩擦载荷的增加,涂层的开路电位下降,摩擦因数增大,自腐蚀电位下降,腐蚀电流密度增大,摩擦对腐蚀促进作用明显。结论 热材激光熔覆技术节能、高效,制备的17–4PH涂层结构致密、性能优异,可用于在腐蚀磨损苛刻环境下零部件的表面改性。     

激光熔覆Al_3Ti金属间化合物涂层的腐蚀及耐磨性能研究

采用5kW横流CO_2激光器在AA6063铝合金表面激光熔覆Al_3Ti金属间化合物涂层.研究了熔覆层的显微组织、电化学腐蚀和摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,熔覆层由树枝晶Al_3Ti和枝晶间仅.α-Al两相组成.并与基材形成良好的冶金结合.熔覆层在w(NaCl)=3.5%溶液中发生钝化,腐蚀电流密度约为基材的1/10;在载荷10 N、摩擦距离800m时,熔覆层的磨损质量损失低于基材的1/2,说明Al_3Ti金属间化合物涂层显著提高了基材的耐腐蚀和耐磨损性能.     

FeCrNiMo激光熔覆层组织与电化学腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究所设计FeCrNiMo激光熔覆层的组织结构及电化学腐蚀行为,用于解决液压支架表面防护与修复问题。方法 采用激光熔覆技术在27SiMn钢表面制备FeCrNiMo合金熔覆层,通过XRD、光学显微镜和SEM表征其微观组织结构,利用动电位极化与交流阻抗谱技术研究熔覆层电化学腐蚀行为。结果 在适宜工艺条件下实现了单道熔覆层厚度达2 mm以上,且无明显气孔、裂纹等缺陷。熔覆层具有胞状枝晶组织特征,枝晶内为马氏体,晶间富Cr、Mo的铁素体有效缓解了马氏体相变的高应力,达到了较好的强韧化匹配。熔覆层在3.5%NaCl和0.5 mol/L H2SO4溶液中均呈现出明显的钝化行为,钝化区间宽度分别为300 mV和1310 mV,自腐蚀电位分别为–140.2 mV和2.3 mV,自腐蚀电流密度分别为5.0×10^–8A/cm²和1.3×10^–3 A/cm²,极化电阻分别为3.5×10⁵ ?.cm²和6261.4 ?.cm²,具有较为优异的耐腐蚀性能,且显著优于基体材料,但其双相组织特征易导致微区发生选择性腐蚀。结论 所设计的FeCrNiMo合金及相应激光熔覆工艺,满足实际工程对于熔覆层高效制备、成形质量及耐蚀性的要求,可用于液压支架表面防护与修复。     

Cr3C2/WC的添加对Stellite 12熔覆层耐磨耐蚀性的影响

目的 提高Stellite 12熔覆层的耐磨耐蚀性能。方法 将Stellite 12合金粉末与碳化物(Cr3C2、WC)混合,采用激光熔覆技术在H13钢板上制备复合熔覆层。通过超景深显微镜和XRD分析其显微组织和物相,通过显微硬度测试、摩擦磨损试验和电化学腐蚀试验,分别评价熔覆层的硬度、耐磨性和耐蚀性,并通过超景深显微镜对磨痕形貌进行分析。结果 添加碳化物后,熔覆层的微观组织以柱状晶和树枝晶为主,物相主要由γ-Co固溶体和碳化物(M23C6、M7C3)组成;Cr3C2的添加使得熔覆层的硬度降低,由610HV0.2降至530HV0.2,但耐磨性得到提高,磨损量由0.45 mm³降至0.33 mm³,下降了28%,耐蚀性得到提高,腐蚀电位由−0.385 V增加到−0.264 V,腐蚀电流密度由9.269×10⁻¹⁰ A/cm²降至1.496×10⁻¹⁰ A/cm²,极化电阻由3.982×10⁷ Ω.cm²提升至2.424×10⁸ Ω.cm²,提高了1个数量级;WC的添加使其硬度由610HV0.2提高至750HV0.2,磨损深度变浅,磨损量由0.45 mm³降至0.19 mm³,下降了43%,但耐腐蚀性有所降低。3种熔覆层的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损。结论 WC的添加可以有效提高熔覆层的硬度和耐磨性,但耐腐蚀性有所降低;添加Cr3C2后,耐蚀性得到显著提高,耐磨性略微提升,但硬度降低。     

低碳钢表面激光熔覆不锈钢的组织和性能

采用JHM-1GY-400型脉冲Nb∶YAG固体激光器和316L不锈钢粉末在20低碳钢表面制备了激光熔覆层。利用OM、XRD、SEM等表征方法分析了不锈钢熔覆层的物相组成和显微组织,并分别利用旋转摩擦试验机和电化学工作站对熔覆层和基材的耐磨损和耐腐蚀性进行了研究。试验结果表明,不锈钢熔覆层厚度约为50 μm,由γ相(奥氏体)和α相(铁素体)组成,其显微组织主要包括细小的树枝晶、粗大的胞状晶以及平面晶;不锈钢熔覆层表面硬度约为基材的2倍,摩擦因数比基材低0.0418,磨损量更低,不锈钢熔覆层比基材具有更高的耐磨性。与基材相比,不锈钢熔覆层具有更低的自腐蚀电流和更高的自腐蚀电位,其耐腐蚀性能更优异。     

碳含量对激光熔覆CoCrFeMnNiCx高熵合金涂层摩擦磨损和耐蚀性能的影响

采用激光熔覆技术在 45 钢基体上制备了不同碳含量(等摩尔比)的 CoCrFeMnNiC_x( x = 0,0. 03,0. 06,0. 09, 0. 12,0. 15)高熵合金涂层。 通过 X 射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜( SEM)、HVS-1000A 型显微硬度计、RST5000 型电化学工作站、UMT-2 型摩擦磨损试验机等表征和测试手段研究了不同碳含量对激光熔覆 CoCrFeMnNiC_x 高熵合金涂层物相结构、显微硬度、摩擦磨损及耐腐蚀性能的影响。 结果表明,当碳含量 x 由 0 逐渐增加至 0. 09 时,高熵合金相结构由 FCC 固溶体转变为 FCC 固溶体和 M23C6 相共存,合金微观组织变得细小;熔覆层硬度由 183. 20 HV_{0. 2} 增加至 223. 48 HV_{0. 2} ; 涂层的摩擦因数降低,耐磨性能变强;腐蚀电位由-469 mV 增大至-348 mV,腐蚀电流密度由 14. 95 μA·cm^-2 减小为 2. 29 μA·cm^-2 ,耐腐蚀性增强。 当碳含量 x 由 0. 09 逐渐增加至 0. 15 时,合金相结构再次转变为 FCC 固溶体,且合金微观组织恢复粗大状态;熔覆层硬度与耐腐蚀性降低,但耐磨性能却先减弱后增强。 合金在碳含量为 0. 09 时,硬度最高且耐腐蚀性能最强;在碳含量为 0. 15 时,耐磨性最强。     

U71Mn轨道表面激光再制造FeCrNiB覆层工艺与组织性能

针对U71Mn轨道表面磨损及激光再制造的表面耐磨性不足、气孔缺陷易发等再制造难点,提出并验证了脉冲激光熔覆制备轨道表面FeCrNiB覆层的工艺与方法。试验结果表明：熔覆层顶部主要分布细小致密的等轴晶、中部交错存在较多的树枝晶,树枝晶晶粒具备长大条件已存在初次晶臂和二次晶臂,覆层低部呈现出的胞状晶组织,大致垂直于界面;熔覆层中Cr₇C₃硬质相和纳米级极细粒状和片状珠光体组织的存在,使熔覆层具有较高硬度及耐磨性,熔覆层的平均硬度由310 HV_0.2提升至750HV_0.2;在同等的摩擦磨损条件下,熔覆层的耐磨性提高了5倍;对接试样的抗拉强度略小于基体抗拉强度,但仍能满足钢轨使用要求。     

热流密度对高速钢刀具多道熔覆WC/Co陶瓷层组织与性能的影响

目的 研究高速钢刀具表面激光多道熔覆WC/Co陶瓷层时,热流密度对熔覆层道次间的影响规律,以及多道熔覆层制备时的参数选择。方法 建立多道单层激光熔覆理论模型,并利用模拟仿真和实验的方法,以热流密度作为评价指标,对激光热源的不同参数和熔覆层组织与性能进行耦合分析。结果 当热流密度小于24.06×10⁶ W/m²时,熔覆层内形成细长的枝状晶。当热流密度在36.09×10⁶~39.82×10⁶ W/m²变化时,熔覆层内形成以胞状、枝状为主要强化相的多晶体混合组织。当热流密度大于44.11×10⁶ W/m²时,熔覆层组织形成稳态的块状结构。不同热流密度下,熔覆层的物相组织均由Fe3W3C、Co3W3C、Mo3Co3C、W2C、WC、Cr3Mo、(Cr,Fe)7C3和多种间隙化合物组成。结论 当第n道熔覆层制备完成后,受到后续第n+1道熔覆层制备时热流密度的影响较大,而此后道次的影响较小。熔覆层内部组织形态随着热流密度的增加从细长的枝状晶向胞状晶转变,再逐渐形成稳态块状晶。熔覆层内各位置的显微硬度值随着热流密度的增加而先增大,随后逐渐减小。较大的热流密度会导致基材参与熔覆的质量增加,但降低了基材的抗弯曲强度,加大了熔覆层及基材断裂的可能性。当热流密度为36.09×10⁶ W/m²时,是一组较为理想的工艺参数选择。     

1Cr18Ni9Ti 不锈钢表面电火花熔覆 WC 涂层特性研究

目的研究1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢经电火花强化后,WC涂层的显微组织和性能。方法采用电火花熔覆技术在不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti基体表面制备WC熔覆层,并分析熔覆层的表面形貌、显微组织、显微硬度、耐磨性,采用线性极化法研究熔覆层在3.5%(质量分数)Na Cl腐蚀溶液中的耐腐蚀性能。结果熔覆层组织均匀、连续、致密,与基体呈冶金结合。显微硬度最大值达到1680HV0.3,平均值为1336HV0.3,比不锈钢基材提高了4倍,耐磨性是不锈钢基材的4倍。在3.5%Na Cl腐蚀溶液中,熔覆层的自腐蚀电位较不锈钢减小了约165 m V,击破电位低于不锈钢基材,维钝电流密度高于不锈钢基材。结论熔覆层具有高硬度和高耐磨性能,磨损机理主要是粘着磨损和磨粒磨损,但在3.5%Na Cl腐蚀体系中,耐腐蚀性能低于1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢。     

铸铁表面激光熔覆哈氏合金C276组织及性能

目的 提高铸铁表面耐磨、耐腐蚀性能.方法 采用激光熔覆技术在铸铁表面制备哈氏合金C276涂层,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究其显微组织、化学成分、相组成.通过摩擦磨损试验机和电化学试验站,对基体和熔覆层的摩擦磨损性能及耐腐蚀性能进行测试.结果 熔覆层中有析出性气孔,未见裂纹.在激光高温热源的作用下,熔覆层中的合金元素扩散到了铸铁基体中,且过渡平稳,形成了良好的冶金结合,在界面处形成了马氏体和莱氏体.熔覆层主相为γ-Ni及Ni6Mo6C、M6C(Ni3Mo3C、Ni2W4C)等碳化物.熔覆层从底部到顶部依次形成了平面晶、胞状晶、柱状树枝晶、发达树枝晶、胞状树枝晶和少量等轴树枝晶.熔覆层的平均硬度为370HV0.2,平均摩擦系数为0.28,1 h的磨损量为0.081 g,自腐蚀电位Ecorr为–0.32 V,自腐蚀电流密度Jcorr为8.51×10–7 A/cm2.基体的耐磨性较差,腐蚀倾向较大,平均硬度为180HV0.2,平均摩擦系数为0.34,1 h的磨损量为0.318 g,自腐蚀电位Ecorr为–0.79 V,自腐蚀电流密度Jcorr为3.31×10–6 A/cm2.结论 在铸铁表面采用激光熔覆技术制备C276哈氏合金涂层,成形效果良好,耐磨性能和耐腐蚀性能显著提高.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.