高温大曲中的微生物研究

通过对茅台高温大曲制曲发酵过程进行跟踪检测,初步分离出地霉属、汉逊酵母属、假丝酵母属、毕赤酵母属、丝孢酵母属、红酵母属6种酵母;枯草杆菌群、地衣芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌等41种细菌;曲霉属、毛霉属、根霉属、犁头霉属、红曲霉属、青霉属、拟青霉属等51种霉菌,共98种微生物.研究发现,高温大曲发酵过程中的微生物总数以细菌为主,高达2.118x107cfu/g·曲;霉菌次之,为6.446x106cfu/g·曲;酵母最少,仅有6.6×104cfu/g·曲.种类却以霉菌为最多,高达51种;细菌次之,为41种;酵母最少,仅发现6种.随着发酵过程的进行,微生物呈现出不同的消长规律,前期以细菌为主,中后期霉菌大幅度增多,在前期和后期酵母偶有发现.     

绿衣观音土曲培养过程中微生物及酶系的动态变化

通过对绿衣观音土曲中微生物总数进行平板计数以及相关酶类进行跟踪检测,并结合分子生物学方法对分离获得的菌株进行鉴定,分析绿衣观音土曲培养过程中微生物及相关酶类的变化规律。结果表明,观音土曲培养过程中细菌数量最多,霉菌最少。酵母数量呈逐步上升趋势,培养后期数量达到峰值;细菌数量先上升后下降,在培养中期数量达到峰值;霉菌数量在培养后期最多。共分离鉴定出酵母8种、霉菌7种、好氧细菌7种和乳酸菌5种,酵母分别是酿酒酵母、异常威克汉姆酵母、库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母和扣囊复膜酵母等;霉菌主要为曲霉属、米根霉和毛霉等;细菌以芽孢杆菌和乳杆菌为主。糖化酶酶活最高,其次为淀粉酶,酸性蛋白酶酶活最低,3种酶活力均呈先下降后上升的趋势。     

多菌种混合制曲过程中微生物分布的研究

制曲是酱油酿造的关键环节,直接影响酱油最终产品的质量和原料利用率。实验对总好氧菌(TMAB)、总芽孢菌(Bacterialendospores)、乳酸菌(LAB)、肠道菌群(Enterobactericeae)及真菌(Fungi)在多菌种原池浇淋工艺制曲过程中的分布状态进行了研究。结果表明,制曲前15h,主要是好氧性细菌、乳酸菌、肠道菌及酵母菌迅速繁殖,制曲15h时基本达到最大值,其中TMAB及LAB数量均109cfu/g,乳酸菌是优势菌,并造成曲料pH值下降。米曲霉在制曲15h后迅速繁殖,21h后对细菌及酵母菌表现出抑制效果。     

不同工艺制曲过程中微生物分布与蛋白酶变化研究

制曲是酱油酿造的关键环节,直接影响酱油最终产品的质量和原料利用率.实验对原池浇淋及低盐固态2种工艺下制曲过程中总好氧菌(TMAB)、总芽孢菌(Bacterial endospores)、乳酸菌(LAB)、肠道菌群(Enterobactericeae)及真菌(Fungi)的分布状态及蛋白酶变化进行了研究.结果表明,2种工艺制曲12h～15h,主要是好氧性细菌、乳酸菌、肠道菌及酵母菌在迅速繁殖,至制曲15h时基本上达到最大值,其中TMAB及LAB数量均大于109cfu/g,乳酸菌是优势菌,并造成曲料pH值下降.米曲霉在制曲15h后迅速繁殖,21h后对细菌及酵母菌表现出抑制效果.不同工艺制曲对蛋白酶影响不显著,细菌对蛋白酶活有一定的贡献.     

复合菌株共培养制曲改善郫县豆瓣成曲酶系活力

为改善郫县豆瓣成曲酶系活力,对传统酿造酱制品中高产蛋白酶霉菌进行分离鉴定,并以蚕豆瓣为原料,利用单一菌株和复合菌株共培养制曲,比较2种制曲方式主要酶活力。实验中分离到2株高产蛋白酶菌株QM-6和QH-3,经形态学和生物学鉴定分别为米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)。米曲霉QM-6和黑曲霉QH-3共培养制曲比单一菌株周期短,且豆瓣成曲曲香浓郁;利用复合菌株制曲,中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、氨肽酶比单一米曲霉制曲酶活力高,最高分别为1 532、1 164和151 U/g,酸性蛋白酶、纤维素酶和淀粉酶活力最高分别为513、121和574 U/g,比单一米曲霉或黑曲霉制曲提高约1倍。综合制曲过程中的曲料菌丝、孢子、颜色、气味、质地等变化与酶活力比较,米曲霉QM-6和黑曲霉QH-3共培养复合制曲能有效提高蚕豆曲酶系活力,弥补单菌株制曲酶活力不足的缺陷,且成曲品质优良。     

鲜辣椒微生物区系的研究

为在生产中抑制原料辣椒中的有害微生物,对提高辣椒加工产品品质提供理论依据.实验采用GB4789.2-2003、GB4789.15-2003方法分别对细菌、酵母菌和霉菌进行计数,对分离纯化细菌进行鉴定.结果显示:辣椒表面的细菌和酵母菌数量最高,均超过107cfu/g,细菌和酵母菌是优势菌,霉菌数量相对较少.鉴定出辣椒表面细菌以革兰氏阳性菌为主,多为乳酸菌,以乳杆菌为主,也分离到一些革兰氏阴性杆菌,主要是肠杆菌科细菌.     

西藏青稞小曲中优良微生物的筛选与鉴定

为生产具有西藏地区特色的青稞小曲产品,确保青稞酒产品风味的稳定性,采用传统培养法对收集的21个青稞小曲样品中的微生物进行分离纯化和分子生物学鉴定,利用透明圈法初筛和制曲复筛选择优良菌株。结果表明,西藏青稞小曲中共分离出278株菌,主要包括蜡样芽孢杆菌、沙福芽孢杆菌、短小芽孢杆菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、解淀粉芽孢杆菌和Kocuria marina 6种细菌,扣囊复膜孢酵母、酿酒酵母、Saccharomycopsis malanga、米根霉、卷枝毛霉、总状毛霉、白囊耙齿菌、伞状毛霉菌、米曲霉、黄曲霉、黑曲霉、Coriolopsis trogii和毛栓菌13种真菌。复筛得到糖化力为(1 382±77. 38) mg/(g·h)的米根霉M12,中性蛋白酶活力为(1 035. 56±40. 09)μg/(g·min)的解淀粉芽孢杆菌Q4。该研究结果为优化制曲工艺和提升青稞酒品质提供了研究基础。     

三种原料对种曲微生物种类及变化影响研究

以早籼米、杂交粮和糯米为原料制备种曲,探讨其生产过程中微生物种类变化,并对分离菌株进行鉴定。结果表明,3种种曲中酵母菌、细菌、乳酸菌均呈上升趋势,早籼米和杂交粮种曲二烧时酵母菌最高,分别为4.7×109 CFU/g和6.2×109 CFU/g,糯米种曲三烧时酵母菌最高,为1.2×109 CFU/g;杂交粮种曲在二烧时细菌、乳酸菌最高,分别为2.4×1010 CFU/g和3.2×1010 CFU/g;早籼米、杂交粮、糯米种曲中霉菌先下降至二烧时最低,分别为3.8×104 CFU/g、7.1×103 CFU/g、7.5×103 CFU/g,之后上升至四烧时最高,分别为1.7×105 CFU/g、2.3×105 CFU/g、4.2×105 CFU/g。共分离纯化126株菌,其中酵母菌37株,主要为荚复膜孢酵母（Saccharomycopsis capsularis）、库德毕赤酵母（Pichia kudriavzevii）和三叶酵母（Saccharomyces mikatae）;霉菌29株,主要为横梗霉（Lichtheimia ramose）;细菌60株,主要有蔬菜芽孢杆菌（Bacillus oleronius）和乳酸片球菌（Pediococcus acidilactici）。     

菌种接种方式对黄豆酱品质的影响

以沪酿3.042米曲霉、AS 3.35黑曲霉、AS 3.324甘薯曲霉、沪酿3.130毛霉、AS 3.972红曲霉、米根霉和枯草芽孢杆菌为菌种进行制曲、发酵,通过测定发酵7 d后蛋白酶活力和氨基酸态氮含量,研究单菌种制曲发酵、曲料混合发酵和多菌种混合制曲发酵方式对黄豆酱品质的影响。结果表明:曲料混合发酵产蛋白酶活力和氨基酸态氮含量效果最好,其次为多菌种混合制曲发酵和单菌种制曲发酵。曲料混合发酵和多菌种混合制曲发酵中,2菌种和3菌种组合产蛋白酶活力和氨基酸态氮含量整体较高,其中曲料混合发酵5号(沪酿3.042米曲霉、AS 3.35黑曲霉和枯草芽孢杆菌)产蛋白酶活力和氨基酸态氮含量最佳,分别达到713 U/mL和0.89 g/100 g。研究发现,沪酿3.042米曲霉成曲、AS 3.35黑曲霉成曲和枯草芽孢杆菌成曲按照曲料混合发酵方式接种更有利于得到品质较优黄豆酱。     

米曲霉和乳酸菌混合制曲对小麦大曲制曲效果的影响

本文研究了米曲霉和乳酸菌混合制曲(KR)及米曲霉单独制曲(KP)条件下,小麦大曲中菌落总数、中性蛋白酶活力、酸性蛋白酶活力、总酸以及发酵液品质,探讨了多菌种制曲的可行性,以期为高品质小麦基调味料的生产提供理论指导。研究结果表明:KR工艺中小麦大曲的乳酸菌和霉菌均繁殖良好,12 h时乳酸菌达到了4.15×108 cfu/g,乳酸菌的繁殖对霉菌的生长有一定的抑制效果;米曲霉和乳酸菌混合制曲比米曲霉单独接种制曲效果好,制曲48 h时,KR工艺所得到的大曲中性和酸性蛋白酶与米曲霉纯种制曲相比,分别提高了22.79%和22.26%;KR大曲发酵液的全氮含量、氨基酸态氮含量均高于KP工艺,发酵60 d时KR发酵液的游离氨基酸含量高于KP,其中谷氨酸含量明显提高,对比KP工艺提高了24.21%,具有更明显的鲜味口感。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.