高等教育多学科研究的认识偏向与实践误区——兼议高等教育学的学科发展方向

"多学科研究方法可能是高等教育研究的独特方法"这一论断令高教界颇为振奋。多学科研究方法在很大程度上瓦解了传统"三独立"的学科标准对高等教育学作为一门学科的苛求,缓解了高等教育学的学科身份危机。但是目前学界对多学科研究方法存在着诸多认识偏向——多学科"研究"究竟是研究的具体方法,观点,视角,范式,还是方法论?"多学科"研究是不是"多个学科"的研究?与"跨学科"研究是不是一回事?研究结论是否会陷入价值相对主义?在具体操作中,研究者也存在着许多实践误区——"多学科"研究与"单学科"、"他学科"研究是否有区别?"借鉴"是多学科研究的初衷?多学科研究必将高等教育学引向"研究领域"?这些问题都限制了多学科研究方法在高等教育研究中的有效性。因此,澄清多学科研究方法的诸多误区对促进高等教育学学科建设具有积极意义,而"松散型学科"恰恰是多学科研究为高等教育学学科建设指明的未来发展方向。     

学科理智:一流学科制度建设的旨归

知识演化是学科产生的原点,在知识规划视角下进行的学科建设遵循的是"政治性的权力规划"逻辑,而非"学术性的理性规划",从而使得学科出现"碎片化"、"无根状"、"泛主体"和"等级化"。福柯的"治理术"为我们提供了一个学科建设的视角,即学科治理语境中,政治权力的运作应当通过而非强加于学科及学者,学科建设所面对的是具有积极性的主体,而非被动的客体。因此,我们认为,让学科回归大学、用一流学科制度促进知识生产和人的发展、以"理智"化解学科冲突、使学科发展扎根中国大地是一流学科制度建设的标向。     

民国国立中央大学学科变革的历史考察(1928-1937)

民国1928-1937年间,国立中央大学学科建设走出了理想与现实"非此即彼"的价值困惑,确立了"实践本位"新的学科建设价值观念,学科发展走出了学习引进和模仿的阶段,不断走向成熟。这一时期的中央大学学科建设是学科内在基因与外部环境互动生成的结果。具体体现于确立了"建立有机体民族文化"的学科宗旨,为大学建设提供强大的实践整合机制和新的目标导向;建构基于学科建设实践"立体化"的学科结构;建立本土化"校务会"学科管理体制。等等这些,对当前我国大学学科建设具有重要的启示与借鉴价值,即大学学科建设应当凸显学科的实践批判性品质。     

学科建设话语的反思与批判

学科建设是以建设为中心的政治话语经由政策转换在高等教育领域中的投射。作为一种政策话语,表面上学科建设反映了政府对大学科研工作的重视,但实质上学科建设话语背后所体现的则是政治和行政权力对于大学学科发展的控制。经过30多年的不断重复和滥用,当前学科建设作为一种政策话语已经"破旧不堪",愈来愈沦为一种"罐头思维",难以应对科学研究和学科发展的新问题。基于此,我们对于学科建设的话语体系以及隐藏在其背后的思维方式必须有所反思和批判,力争在高等教育理论和实践中逐渐抛弃这种已经"过时"的话语方式,并建立符合学科发展时代精神的新思维。     

中国教育学一级学科排名分析——以美国教育学院排名为参照比较

以教育部学位与研究生教育发展中心发布的三次教育学一级学科排名的结果为基础,透视中国大学教育学科地位的发展变化,可见教育学科师范大学领先占优、综合大学或多科性大学逐渐崛起、一些大学的排名差距在逐渐缩小。以近10年美国教育学院排名为参照进行比较分析,显示出美国教育学院排名变动和起伏都相当大,中国教育学科排名前5名的高校较为稳定。一级学科整体水平评估对促进高校加强学科建设、提高办学水平具有重要意义,中国大学教育学科在国际上的排名还有待提高。     

发挥学科牵引作用 推动军地协同创新——记徐滨士院士推动学科发展之路

<正>前言：作为徐院士的学生、学术助手,自2004年跟随徐院士做博士后,出站后留院任教至今,从讲师、副研究员,再到研究员（教授）,每个阶段都耳濡目染了徐院士的大师风范。徐院士作为教育工作者,深知学科建设是院校建设和发展的核心,学科的建设发展体现了院校的育人指向、办学实力、学术地位和核心竞争力。徐院士的教学科研生涯、学术成就和崇高声誉,与学科的创建和创新密不可分。谨以此文追忆恩师学科创建路径,追思恩师学科建设源泉,追求恩师学科创新灵魂。     

试论学科文化在学科建设中的地位和作用

学科具有文化特质,学科文化在文化体系中属于亚文化。学科文化不仅是学科成熟的标志,也影响着学科发展的趋势和学科前沿的演进,它能促进优势学科的发展,也是一些“研究领域”发展成为分支学科、相关学科、相互整合形成交叉学科、边缘学科的内在动力,它通过规范人的行为培养具有学科文化特征的学者,是学科建设中应加强建设的重要方面。     

领域、学科之争与高等教育概念体系的建构

本文从对领域与学科关系的重新认识入手，对以往学科建设中关于高等教育研究是属于一门学科还是一个领域的问题进行了反思。论文认为，无论高等教育研究是作为一个领域，还是作为一门学科，构建高等教育的概念体系都是高等教育研究中最为基础的工作。     

高等教育学的学科建设新思维——从“认识论”到“价值论”的逻辑转向

高等教育学的学科地位问题始终是高等教育研究最基础和最前沿的议题。长期以来,我国高等教育研究者一直将"认识论"视为高等教育学学科建设的基本理路。这种思维方式主要是受到近代主流哲学思想的影响以及经典学科标准的误导。"认识论"的学科建设逻辑并不能从根本上改变高等教育学作为"次等学科"的命运,反而通过"路径依赖"机制不断巩固这一既定事实。学科价值是高等教育学学科建设中不可绕过的前提性命题。实践价值是高等教育学的理论归宿,使其成为"学科之上的学科";整合价值是高等教育学对人类知识结构的重大贡献,使其成为"学科之间的学科";生命价值体现高等教育学谋求人类福祉的独特魅力,使其成为"学科之内的学科"。因此,从"认识论"到"价值论"的学科建设逻辑转向,可以实现高等教育学学科地位的逆转。未来的高等教育学需要以独特的学科价值论为前提,以学科对话的方法论为手段,实现高等教育学的认识使命,从而形成价值论-方法论-认识论的学科建设新思维。     

封闭嵌套与开放交叉:一流学科建设行动结构探究

一流学科建设行动结构包括行动主体、具体行动及行动关系三个要素。国家、地方政府、高校作为主要行动主体,在一流学科建设上呈现三环封闭嵌套的行动关系。这种封闭嵌套的行动结构造成建设逻辑和生成逻辑的冲突、理性偏航与学科失衡、学科文化与历史的断裂,从而阻碍一流学科建成。一流学科建设应该在行动结构上实现开放与多元,从三环封闭嵌套走向三环交叉嵌套,政府应该在顶层设计中有所为有所不为,高校要成为基于内部理解的自主建设实体,学科框架和学科评价应该持续优化。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。