面向卫星网络的TCP传输性能的研究

卫星信道的长时延、高误码率、大延时带宽积等的特性使TCP协议的性能受到了很大的影响.为了提高卫星网络下TCP的性能,在不破坏TCP端到端语义的前提下,文中利用在异构网络的边界处设置具有传输控制功能的性能增强代理(Performance Enhancing Proxies,PEP)的理论模型,在SACK TCP协议下对该模型实现了一种卫星网络的拥塞控制和拥塞恢复策略.仿真实验表明,新模型能够充分利用卫星网络的带宽,达到获得最佳有效吞吐量的目的.     

TCP/IP协议的拥塞控制策略

网络拥塞问题会导致网络性能下降,对网络正常运行有很大影响,严重时会导致死锁的产生.文中分析了网络拥塞的产生的原因,并着重讨论了传统端到端的TCP拥塞控制的策略和方法,传统TCP拥塞控制策略提出了改进策略和网络层的IP拥塞控制策略.最后对基于TCP和IP拥塞控制策略进行了对比探讨.     

基于显式速率的TCP友好的UDP拥塞控制策略

本文提出了一种基于显式速率的UDP拥塞控制策略：通过源端和网络中的路由器相互配合，使得实时UDP应用能够根据网络的反馈以瓶颈链路的公平带宽为速率发送数据。此种控制策略对TCP应用是友好的，并且提高了网络的吞吐量和利用率。仿真结果表明：基于显式速率的UDP拥塞控制策略与采用TFRC(TCP—Friendly Rate Control)的UDP拥塞控制策略相比，在吞吐量、TCP友好性等方面性能有较大提高。     

基于拥塞控制的多速率MAC协议的研究

在IEEE 802.11b协议中有四种速率用于数据传输,节点可根据信道情况选择传输速率,致使802.11DCF公平的退避机制不再适用.为了让高速节点能更容易的竞争到信道以体现多速率协议的优势,提出了基于拥塞控制的速率自适应机制.竞争信道的节点根据拥塞情况来选择合适的退避窗口.通过NS2软件仿真证明该机制进一步提高了竞争窗口自适机制的性能.     

一种异构网络TCP拥塞控制算法

针对互联网中端对端带宽、时延和丢包率等的差异性日益加剧,导致TCP传输性能严重退化,该文提出一种链路自适应TCP拥塞控制算法(INVS)。INVS在拥塞避免阶段初期采用基于指数函数的凸窗口增长函数,以提高链路利用率;在窗口增长函数中引入了自适应增长因子实现窗口增长速率与链路状态相匹配;采用了自适应队列门限的丢包区分策略以提高无线环境下TCP的性能。性能分析和评估表明,INVS提高了TCP拥塞控制算法的吞吐量、公平性、链路利用率和RTT公平性。     

网络中的拥塞控制管理算法分析与比较

随着网络技术的发展,网络拥塞日益严重,如何解决拥塞,充分、高效地利用网络资源,成为当今急需解决的问题.由于Internet上大多数业务都采用TCP协议,因此TCP的拥塞控制机制对控制网络拥塞具有特别重要的意义.本文介绍了TCP基于窗口的拥塞控制策略和目前常用端到端拥塞控制算法,并对它们的性能进行比较.     

Ad Hoc 网络中一种基于端节点的启发式TCP改进方法

针对无线移动自组织网络(Mobile Ad Hoc Network,MANET)中网络拥塞和较高误码所引起的TCP性能下降的问题,本文提出了一种端到端的、启发式TCP改进机制.通过该机制,接收端可以推断出网络丢包的真正原因,以及可能的网络拥塞.根据推断结果,发送端采用ECN和(或)ELN机制向发送端尽早反馈,使得发送端可以针对不同的情况采取合适的措施,从而可以改进TCP在MANET中的性能.NS-2试验结果表明在MANET中该方法的性能优于传统TCP.     

TCP拥塞控制技术研究

TCP拥塞控制机制对Internet的稳定运行起着重要作用.针对三种典型的TCP拥塞控制算法--Tahoe、Reno和Vegas的性能作出分析,Tahoe和Reno是目前TCP拥塞控制中最常用的;Vegas是在对Reno的发送端算法进行修改的基础上提出的一种拥塞控制算法.最后,对这些算法做了详细的比较和总结,并指出了进一步改进TCP拥塞控制的必要性.     

一种改进的TCP over OBS网络拥塞控制策略

首先深入分析了TCP over OBS网络中造成TCP性能下降的各种原因.在此基础上,考虑将近年来提出的GAIMD算法与OBS网络的特点相结合,提出了一种改进的拥塞控制策略.该策略能在一定程度上改善OBS网络由于随机竞争丢包给TCP性能带来的负面影响.     

认知网络下TCP协议性能分析

首先在无线环境下的基础上搭建认知平台,当主用户想要占次用户信道时,通过基站的频谱监测,频谱分配,分配次用户到其他空闲信道继续通信.其次,在此平台下分析TCP Reno,TCP Newreno,TCP Sackl和TCP vegas协议的性能,包括拥塞窗口、吞吐量.最后定量分析主用户活跃程度、切换后信道带宽和信道误比特率...     

A cross-layer congestion and contention window control scheme for TCP performance improvement in wireless LANs

Neither the current TCP protocol nor the standard backoff algorithm of IEEE 802.11 protocol is able to distinguish corruption loss from congestion or collision loss. Hence, high transmission errors and a varying latency inherent in wireless channel would have a seriously adverse effect on the performance of TCP. In this paper, we propose a novel and pragmatic cross-layer approach with joint congestion and contention window control scheme to improve the performance of TCP in IEEE 802.11 wireless environments. In addition to theoretical analysis, simulations are conducted to evaluate the proposed scheme. As it turns out, our design indeed provides a more efficient solution for frequent transmission loss and enables TCP to distinguish between congestion loses and transmission errors, thus to take proper remedial actions.     

TCP transmission rate control mechanism based on channel utilization and contention ratio in AD hoc networks

In ad hoc networks, both contention and congestion can severely affect the performance of TCP. In our work, we first show that the over-injection of conventional TCP window mechanism results in severe contentions, and medium contentions cause network congestion. Furthermore, introducing two metrics, channel utilization (CU) and contention ratio (CR), we characterize the network status. Then, based on these two metrics, we propose a new TCP transmission rate control mechanism based on Channel utilization and Contention ratio (TCPCC). In this mechanism, each node collects the information about the network busy status and determines the CU and CR accordingly. The CU and CR values fed back through ACK are ultimately determined by the bottleneck node along the flow. The TCP sender controls its transmission rate based on the feedback information. Simulation results show that the proposed TCPCC mechanism significantly outperforms the conventional TCP mechanism and the TCP contention control mechanism in terms of throughput and end-to-end delay.     

Modeling TCP SACK performance over wireless channels with semi-reliable ARQ/FEC

Providing reliable data communications over wireless channels is a challenging task because time-varying wireless channel characteristics often lead to bit errors. These errors result in loss of IP packets and, consequently, TCP segments encapsulated into these packets. Since TCP cannot distinguish packet losses due to bit corruption from those due to network congestion, any packet loss caused by wireless channel impairments leads to unnecessary execution of the TCP congestion control algorithms and, hence, sub-optimal performance. Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) and Forward Error Correction (FEC) try to improve communication reliability and reduce packet losses by detecting and recovering corrupted bits. Most analytical models that studied the effect of ARQ and FEC on TCP performance assumed that the ARQ scheme is perfectly persistent (i.e., completely reliable), thus a frame is always successfully transmitted irrespective of the number of transmission attempts it takes. In this paper, we develop an analytical cross-layer model for a TCP connection running over a wireless channel with a semi-reliable ARQ scheme, where the amount of transmission attempts is limited by some number. The model allows to evaluate the joint effect of stochastic properties of the wireless channel characteristics and various implementation-specific parameters on TCP performance, which makes it suitable for performance optimization studies. The input parameters include the bit error rate, the value of the normalized autocorrelation function of bit error observations at lag 1, the strength of the FEC code, the persistency of ARQ, the size of protocol data units at different layers, the raw data rate of the wireless channel, and the bottleneck link buffer size.     

Improving Transport Layer Performance in Multihop Ad Hoc Networks by Exploiting MAC Layer Information

The traditional TCP congestion control mechanism encounters a number of new problems and suffers a poor performance when the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol is used in multihop ad hoc networks. Many of the problems result from medium contention at the MAC layer. In this paper, we first illustrate that severe medium contention and congestion are intimately coupled, and TCP's congestion control algorithm becomes too coarse in its granularity, causing throughput instability and excessively long delay. Further, we illustrate TCP's severe unfairness problem due to the medium contention and the tradeoff between aggregate throughput and fairness. Then, based on the novel use of channel busyness ratio, a more accurate metric to characterize the network utilization and congestion status, we propose a new wireless congestion control protocol (WCCP) to efficiently and fairly support the transport service in multihop ad hoc networks. In this protocol, each forwarding node along a traffic flow exercises the inter-node and intra-node fair resource allocation and determines the MAC layer feedback accordingly. The end-to-end feedback, which is ultimately determined by the bottleneck node along the flow, is carried back to the source to control its sending rate. Extensive simulations show that WCCP significantly outperforms traditional TCP in terms of channel utilization, delay, and fairness, and eliminates the starvation problem     

Dropping Policy with Burst Retransmission to Improve the Throughput of TCP Over Optical Burst-switched Networks

A major concern in optical burst-switched (OBS) networks is contention, which occurs when more than one bursts contend for the same data channel at the same time. Due to the bufferless nature of OBS networks, these contentions randomly occur at any degree of congestion in the network. When contention occurs at any core node, the core node drops bursts according to its dropping policy. Burst loss in OBS networks significantly degrades the throughput of TCP sources in the local access networks because current TCP congestion control mechanisms perform a slow start phase mainly due to contention rather than heavy congestion. However, there has not been much study about the impact of burst loss on the performance of TCP over OBS networks. To improve TCP throughput over OBS networks, we first introduce a dropping policy with burst retransmission that retransmits the bursts dropped due to contention, at the ingress node. Then, we extend the dropping policy with burst retransmission to drop a burst that has experienced fewer retransmissions in the event of contention at a core node in order to reduce the number of events that a TCP source enters the slow start phase due to contention. In addition, we propose to limit the number of retransmissions of each burst to prevent severe congestion. For the performance evaluation of the proposed schemes, we provide an analytic throughput model of TCP over OBS networks. Through simulations as well as analytic modeling, it is shown that the proposed dropping policy with burst retransmission can improve TCP throughput over OBS networks compared with an existing dropping policy without burst retransmission.     

Impact of Doppler spread and adaptive modulation on TCP throughput in Rayleigh fading channels

A number of wireless systems have recently adopted adaptive modulation (AM) schemes to improve its efficiency. In this letter, our aim is to study the impact Doppler spread and adaptive modulation has on transmission control protocol (TCP) throughput in Rayleigh fading channels. We consider a finite state Markov channel (FSMC) model, which is a useful model for analyzing radio channel with nonindependent fading. Furthermore, we use a Markov model for TCP evolution and evaluate the TCP performance by computer simulations. In our simulations we have compared the TCP Reno scheme with TCP Tahoe scheme. The results indicate that a large Doppler spread leads to lower TCP throughput due to more frequent transitions of channel states and modulation schemes which make it difficult for the TCP congestion control mechanism to accommodate the dynamic link characteristics.     

Novel Fastest Retransmission and Rate Control Schemes for Improving TCP Performance in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

A number of different authors have considered the problem of performance degradation of transmission control protocol (TCP) in wireless ad hoc networks. We herein show that pauses in packet transmission due to packet losses are the fundamental cause of performance degradation of TCP in wireless ad hoc networks. To minimize the duration of packet transmission pauses, we propose a fast retransmission scheme for improving TCP performance in consideration of the inter-operability of previously deployed TCPs in wireless ad hoc networks. We also propose an additional rate control scheme for TCPs to reduce the probability of packet contention. Using OPNET and NS2 simulations, we show that our proposed schemes can provide a much better performance than conventional TCPs.     

Multilayer multicast congestion control in satellite environments

It is well known that long and variable link delays, link errors, and handoffs in satellite environments seriously interfere with transmission control protocol's (TCP's) congestion control mechanisms. These channel characteristics also adversely affect existing multilayer multicast congestion control schemes when they are used in satellite environments. In addition, these schemes still have problems with fairly sharing bandwidth with TCP flows, controlling the overhead of frequent grafting and pruning, and handling misbehaving receivers. In this paper, we present a new multilayer multicast congestion control scheme that is suitable for satellite environments and overcomes most of the disadvantages of existing schemes. Our scheme is not affected by the long and variable delays of satellite links. Link errors also do not decrease the performance of our scheme. Further, our scheme has very limited control overhead. In addition to these advantages specific to satellite environments, our scheme achieves good fairness in sharing bandwidth with TCP sessions and is not sensitive to misbehaving receivers.     

一种提高无线环境中TCP性能的改进方案

本文针对无线信道的特点提出了一种用于提高无线环境中TCP性能的改进方案－Wireless-TCP，通过尝试对TCP的拥塞控制中时间的算法进行调整并增加Probe模块以应对无线信道中的长时间中断，保证TCP连接的存在，通过爱立信通信实验室的仿真实验验证了该改进方案的有效性。