Efficient ARQ protocols for exploiting cooperative relaying in wireless sensor networks

Cooperative relaying is an efficient technique to provide diversity in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we exploit the limited feedback from the destination and propose a novel cooperative ARQ protocol, which combines the incremental relaying and selection relaying schemes. A relay node is requested to repeat the erroneously received packet, instead of the source node. Both simple and hybrid type I ARQ schemes are studied. An analysis model is established to analyze and compare the data link layer performances of different ARQ protocols in slow fading wireless channel. We prove two SNR thresholds of the relay–destination channel, above which the cooperative ARQ protocols have better performances than the traditional counterparts. In addition, the diversity performances of the various protocols are investigated and it is demonstrated that full order diversity (second-order in this case) can be exploited by the proposed cooperative ARQ protocol. Simulation results are given, which verify the theoretical analysis and comparison.     

一种可靠组播的报文修复机制

反馈重发是实现可靠组播的一种有效方式,在利用该方式的一些可靠组播协议中,报文修复机制存在的某些不足影响了可靠组播的效率,其中主要的影响因素是修复报文的发送次数和扩散程度.分析了一些典型可靠组播协议中的报文修复机制,提出了一种新的报文修复机制,该机制利用反馈消息判断出需要修复的大体区域,然后采取措施将修复报文约束在该区域内,最后对该机制的特性进行了分析,并与其它修复机制做了一定的比较.     

以太网上多连接通信协议的设计,实现及管理

以太网上多个站点之间以永久连接方式进行通信。本文设计并实现其通信协议。该协议采用广播分组同时对多连接进行应签，对加续ＡＲＱ和选择ＡＲＱ进行了综合，简化了协议处理和缓冲区管理、提高了以太网胶卵利用率。     

Design of ARQ protocols for two-user cooperative diversity systems in wireless networks

Automatic repeat-request (ARQ) protocols for two-user cooperative diversity system employing Alamouti space-time coding are investigated in this paper. A whole cooperative transmit frame of an original cooperative system consists of three sub-frames. According to different feedback schedules in a transmit frame at the destination, two basic ARQ protocols, namely post-cooperating and pre-cooperating, are proposed and analyzed. We show that both proposed ARQ protocols can improve the throughput in two-user cooperative system. Pre-cooperating protocol yields 50% gains in users’ throughput than post-cooperating protocol if both users have high user-destination average received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the destination. Nevertheless, if both of user-destination average received SNRs are low, post-cooperating protocol is more effective than pre-cooperating protocol. Proposed protocols provide useful basic tools for designing more complicated ARQ protocols. Finally, simulation results verify our analysis.     

An efficient cooperative ARQ protocol for wireless relay networks

An efficient cooperative Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) protocol for distributed space–time coded cooperative networks is proposed in this paper. Conventional cooperative ARQ protocol just utilizes the relays which can decode the packet from the source in direct transmission. However, relays which can not receive the packet successfully have the ability to listen to the retransmission and decode the packet with high probability. Therefore, we consider to let these relays join in the next possible retransmission. We prove that the proposed cooperative ARQ protocol has a lower packet loss rate and average retransmission number than conventional ARQ protocol. Finally, the simulation results verify our theoretical results and show that the proposed ARQ protocol is suitable for the relay networks where the source node is close to the relay nodes.     

基于集成FEC的可靠多目广播及性能评价

对点对点通信，数据的传输常使用自动重复求技术，而前向纠错多用于半可靠实时传输。然而，ＡＲＱ用于多目广播的性能不佳。     

A progressively reliable transport protocol for interactive wireless multimedia

We propose a progressively reliable transport protocol for delivery of delay-sensitive multimedia over Internet connections with wireless access links. The protocol, termed “Leaky” ARQ, initially permits corrupt packets to be leaked to the receiving application and then uses retransmissions to progressively refine the quality of subsequent packet versions. A Web server would employ Leaky ARQ to quickly deliver a possibly corrupt first version of an image over a noisy bandlimited wireless link for immediate display by a Web browser. Later, Leaky ARQ's retransmissions would enable the browser to eventually display a cleaner image. Forwarding and displaying corrupt error-tolerant image data: (1) lowers the perceptual delay compared to fully reliable packet delivery, and (2) can be shown to produce images with lower distortion than aggressively compressed images when the delay budget only permits weak forward error correction. Leaky ARQ supports delaying of re-transmissions, so that initial packet transmissions can be expedited, and cancelling of retransmissions associated with “out-of-date” data. Leaky ARQ can be parametrized to partially retransmit audio and video. We propose to implement Leaky ARQ by modifying Type-II Hybrid/“code combining” ARQ.     

基于噪声信道的ARQ系统时延性能及最小滑动窗口控制研究

基于噪声干扰信道（包括正向链路和反馈链路）,并考虑到达信息包的随机拆分、滑动窗口长度、分组长度以及数据链路上的传播时延等影响因素,建立了传输分组批到达情况下链路层上退回N步ARQ系统（GBN-ARQ）和选择重发式ARQ系统（SR-ARQ）的MX/G/1排队时延模型．求得了两系统时延以及归一化的最大吞吐量的表达式．进而获得了在既定系统传输条件下确定最小滑动窗口长度、实施窗口控制的模型和方法．仿真表明,通过自适应地改变滑动窗口长度可以降低GBN-ARQ系统的时延,提高其传输效率,因而在一定条件下可以用GBN-ARQ代替SR-ARQ而避免后者较高的系统实现复杂度．     

OFDM的AMC/ARQ跨层设计及优化

针对OFDM频域并行传输及时、频二维资源分配特点和AMC/ARQ跨层设计存在的建模复杂、频谱效率低等问题,基于OFDM频域子信道FSMM模型,建立了AMC/ARQ双向反馈模型,通过时延、丢包率等参数将ARQ参数传递到AMC,通过对FSMM性能评估,将AMC参数反馈到ARQ,,既充分考虑了AMC/ARQ间的相互作用,又避免了内嵌MARKOV链导致的计算复杂性。给出了该跨层设计的优化算法,通过穷尽搜索获得最优的FSMM门限,在保证QOS参数的条件下,使频谱效率达到最优。仿真计算证明优化后的AMC/ARQ跨层设计系统频谱效率有较大提高。     

Performance analysis of a random ARQ initialized cooperative communication protocol in shadowed Nakagami-<Emphasis Type="Italic">m</Emphasis> wireless channel

In this paper, we develop and analyze an energy efficient ARQ (automatic repeat request) initialized transmit diversity protocol for cooperative communications. Medium access control (MAC) layer packet retransmission limit (similar to aShortRetryLimit or aLongRetryLimit [802.11–1997]) has been used as an actuator for transmit cooperative diversity initialization. We take the channel state information (CSI) as a function of retransmission tries and the number of retransmission tries is modeled as a random variable. Relays close to the source node are chosen for the transmit cooperation. Closed form expressions are obtained for symbol error rate (SER), outage capacity and outage probability for the proposed scheme in shadowed fading channels. This cooperative scheme achieves lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), stumpy outage probability, higher bandwidth, and transmit energy efficiencies for desired average symbol error rate (ASER) than the preceding ARQ based cooperative protocols. Finally, the results of computer simulations are included to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed scheme and to verify the accuracy of the analytical expressions. Supported by the National Natral Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60602058), the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2006AA01Z257)     

无线传感器网络中ARQ协议能量有效性分析

综合无线传感器网络节点电路能耗和信道传输能耗,建立了ARQ协议传输每比特负载数据的等效能耗数学模型和以链路最低能耗为有效性优化目标,通过MATLAB仿真计算,分析研究了高斯白噪声信道条件下,ARQ协议的能耗与传输帧长和误帧率的关系以及一定范围内电路参数对能耗性能的影响,讨论了最低能耗状态下的最佳帧长和最佳误帧率。     

混合ARQ机制的性能分析

高速无线数据服务的需求的增长,要求下一代无线网络显著提高其吞吐量。文章研究了自动重发请求(ARQ)机制,来满足这些新的要求。针对基于速率兼容纠错码的速率自适应I类混合ARQ机制和增量冗余重传II类混合ARQ机制,提出了一种系统框架,并对其在无线瑞利衰落信道上的性能进行了分析。数值结果表明,增量冗余重传(IRR)II类HARQ机制与速率自适应(RA)I类HARQ机制相比,有较高的吞吐量,而RAI类HARQ机制的延迟较小。     

一种水声通信中的自适应ARQ方案

在水声通信系统中,由于水声信道的半双工、时变和长传播时延等特性,导致用于水声通信中的停等自动重传请求(SW ARQ)方案的吞吐性能显著下降。本文首先利用扩频通信技术,将单个信道分成两个子信道：一个用于前向信道(从发送方到接收方),另一个用于反向信道(从接收方到发送方),充分地利用水声信道。在此基础上,结合选择自动重传请求(SRARQ)方案与返回-n自动重传请求(GBNARQ)方案的混合式自动重传请求(SR GBNARQ)方案的优良性能,提出了一种随水声信道的时变特性改变分组长度的自适应ARQ方案。仿真结果表明：该方案能有效地提高水声通信系统的吞吐性能。     

基于多个无线信道的自适应联合选择重发ARQ

文章提出了一种基于多个马尔可夫信道的自适应联合选择重发ARQ协议。这个协议可以根据参与数据传输的信道的状态好坏来动态地排列这些信道,把重要的数据分配给状态比较好的信道。文中信道的状态采用马尔可夫链的形式来模拟和预测。仿真结果表明,这种协议在数据包的迟延和迟延的抖动方面,优于使用循环方式排列信道的ARQ协议。如果反馈信道不可靠,多重应答可以保护应答信息免遭破坏,相对单独应答而言可以提供吞吐量。自适应联合选择重发ARQ和多重应答结合,可以成为未来的无线网络上数据传输协议的重要组成部分。     

无线传感器网络基于通信距离的协作ARQ策略

提出了一种适用于无线传感器网络的基于通信距离的多中继协作ARQ策略,从而为无线数据传输提供了可靠性,同时获得了较高的吞吐率和能量效率.首先根据ARQ机制和在链路层将数据包分割为若干个数据帧的规律,建立一种马尔科夫链模型;在此基础上,分析饱和吞吐率、数据包丢弃概率、平均时延和能效的性能随通信距离的变化规律;最后提出了基于通信距离的协作ARQ策略.针对线性无线传感器网络,分析比较了所提协作ARQ与传统ARQ的通信性能.数学分析结果表明,所提协作ARQ能获得比传统ARQ更优的饱和吞吐率、可靠性和能效.     

Delay Constraint Error Control Protocol for Real-Time Video Communication

Real-time video communication over wireless channels is subject to information loss since wireless links are error-prone and susceptible to noise. Popular wireless link-layer protocols, such as retransmission (ARQ) based 802.11 and hybrid ARQ methods provide some level of reliability while largely ignoring the latency issue which is critical for real-time applications. Therefore, they suffer from low throughput (under high-error rates) and large waiting-times leading to serious degradation of video playback quality. In this paper, we develop an analytical framework for video communication which captures the behavior of real-time video traffic at the wireless link-layer while taking into consideration both reliability and latency conditions. Using this framework, we introduce a delay constraint packet embedded error control (DC-PEEC) protocol for wireless link-layer. DC-PEEC ensures reliable and rapid delivery of video packets by employing various channel codes to minimize fluctuations in throughput and provide timely arrival of video. In addition to theoretically analyzing DC-PEEC, the performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed by simulating real-time video communication over “real” channel traces collected on 802.11b WLANs using H.264/AVC JM14.0 video codec. The experimental results demonstrate performance gains of 5–10 dB for different real-time video scenarios.      

An efficient delay-constrained ARQ scheme for MMT packet-based real-time video streaming over IP networks

The MPEG has recently Querydeveloped a new standard, MPEG media transport (MMT), for the next-generation hybrid media delivery service over IP networks considering the emerging convergence of digital broadcast and broadband services. On account of the heterogeneous characteristics of broadcast and broadband networks, MMT provides an efficient delivery timing model to enable inter-network synchronization, measure various kinds of transmission delays and jitters caused by the transmission delay, and re-adjust the timing relationship between the MMT packets to ensure synchronized playback. By exploiting the delivery timing model, it is possible to accurately estimate the round-trip time (RTT) experienced during MMT packet transmission. Based on the measured RTT, we propose an efficient delay-constrained automatic repeat request (ARQ) scheme, which is applicable to MMT packet-based real-time video streaming service over IP networks. In the proposed ARQ scheme, the receiver buffer fullness at the time of packet loss detection is used to compute the arrival deadline, which is the maximum allowed time for completing the requesting and retransmitting of the lost MMT packet. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed delay-constrained ARQ scheme can not only provide reliable error recovery, but it also achieves significant bandwidth savings by reducing the number of wastefully retransmitted packets that arrive at the receiver side and exceed the allowed arrival deadline.     

Performance improvement in wireless networks using cross-layer ARQ

This paper presents a novel cross-layer approach (LLE-TCP) designed for performance enhancement of TCP over a large variety of wireless networks. LLE-TCP avoids TCP ACK packet transmission over the wireless channel. As a result, the saved time can be utilized by the nodes for data packet delivery. The proposed scheme enhances the protocol stacks of the wireless sender (or a base station) and the receiver with cross-layer ARQ agents which support ACK suppression. ARQ agent suppresses the outgoing ACKs at the receiver side and generates them locally at the sender or base station.The performance evaluation of the proposed approach is performed via simulations as well as IEEE 802.11 testbed experiments for single-hop and infrastructure network scenarios. LLE-TCP demonstrates the performance improvement in the range of 20–100% depending on the transmitted TCP/IP datagram size.Among the factors contributing to performance enhancement are: medium busy time reduction, reduced sensibility to link errors, reduced round trip time (RTT), and improved congestion control.A good level of throughput fairness as well as a fair coexistence with state-of-the-art TCP modifications ensures proper functionality of the proposed approach, while performance advantages extended even on non-LLE-TCP users favor an incremental deployment of the technique in existing networks.     

A programmable state machine architecture for packet processing

The Internet is expanding rapidly and constantly adding new protocols and features. To shorten the design cycle, many companies have adopted a common hardware platform for a variety of products. In these products, specialized packet processors tailored for packet processing handle multiple protocols and feature changes. A packet processor usually incorporates multiple RISC engines that are configurable as several instances of parallel processors, working simultaneously or in a pipelined fashion. In either approach, packet processors are complex and expensive. Packet processing has many levels of programmability requirements. Some tasks require only mild programmability and can't justify the use of a full-fledged packet processor. A finite scare machine (FSM), on the other hand, has high performance but cannot adapt to protocol changes. The solution is something in between: fast, programmable, but not as complicated as a packet processor. A programmable state machine (PSM) is such an idea.     

无线网络中自适应调制编码联合ARQ的性能分析

自适应调制编码(AMC)利用无线信道衰落的特点,灵活调整发射速率,能有效提高带宽资源的利用率.自动要求重传(ARQ)利用错误重传来提高传输的可靠性.对自适应调制编码联合自动要求重传这一典型跨层设计问题进行了性能分析,分析了队头分组的发送过程,数学推导了队头分组的传输时间及其概率分布和平均传输时间.最后,研究了平均信噪比和多普勒频率对传输时间的影响.