阻尼绕组对凸极同步发电机空载电势波形的影响

采用二维瞬态涡流场有限元法，对装有阻尼绕组的凸极同步发电机的空载电势波形进行了计算，分析了阻尼绕组节距对空载电势波形的影响。结果表明，阻尼绕组可以削弱定子齿谐波分量，而对与阻尼绕组节距有关的谐波分量则有加强作用。     

贯流式水轮发电机空载电压波形优化与阻尼条发热抑制

改善空载电压波形、降低阻尼条损耗发热是优化电能质量、保障发电机与电网运行稳定性的重要问题。为此,采用调节阻尼绕组节距与定子斜槽措施相结合的设计方案,对1台30MW的大型贯流式水轮发电机空载电压波形和额定负载工况的阻尼条损耗发热进行了优化设计,并利用多层运动电磁场场路耦合时步有限元模型和三维温度场有限元模型进行了分析与计算。结果表明,在合理增大阻尼绕组节距的基础上,结合斜槽措施,既能明显地优化空载电压波形,又能有效地防止阻尼条过热故障的发生。计算结果与实测数据相符合。该研究结果对提高发电机的设计水平并改善发电机与电网的运行稳定性具有参考价值。     

Verification of effect of damper windings on the transient condition of synchronous generator

This paper describes the results of an experimental investigation on the effects of the damper winding of a four‐pole synchronous generator at a synchronous generator transient. It is known from simulations that the damper winding acts effectively under synchronous generator transient conditions. However, experimental proof has not been obtained yet. Thus, experiments on damper effects were conducted using a laboratory‐scale power system. The damper winding of the tested generator consisted of five damper bars for each pole; the number of working damper bars could be changed manually. The damper currents at each bar were measured by a Rogowski coil. FFT analysis was applied to both the damper currents and armature currents under different operating conditions. The relationships between damper currents in the rotor and armature currents in the stator were made clearer than before. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 180(2): 33–42, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21278     

定子斜槽十二相发电机-整流系统的非线性二维场-路耦合方程

本文提出了采用二维有限元技术近似计算定子斜槽时电机内三维电磁场的新方法,阐述了其计算原理.基于此方法,建立了考虑定子斜槽时十二相(四Y移15°相带)同步发电机整流系统的非线性二维瞬态涡流"场-路"耦合方程,并对电机内的电磁场以及空载电势波形进行了计算,分析了定子斜槽对齿谐波电势的削弱作用,得出了与谐波磁导分析法完全相同的结论,验证了二维有限元技术计算斜槽电机内电磁场的可行性和有效性.     

双定子混合励磁同步发电机电磁设计分析及实验研究

针对风力发电用永磁同步电机具有转速随机性较强导致端电压不稳定的特点,设计了一种双定子混合励磁同步发电机,并给出其电磁设计方法.利用三维有限元方法分析励磁电流变化时的电机空载磁场分布,并计算绕组磁链、感应电动势及电感等参数.研制了一台8极27槽样机,测试了发电机内外定子相电动势波形及空载特性.实验结果验证了理论分析的正确...     

A Novel Dual-Stator Hybrid Excited Synchronous Wind Generator

This paper presents a novel dual-stator hybrid excited synchronous wind generator and describes its structural features and operation principle. The no-load magnetic fields with different field currents are computed by 3-D finite-element method. Static characteristics, including the flux-linkage and EMF waveforms of stator windings, and inductance waveforms of armature windings and field winding, are analyzed. The simulation results show that due to the dual-stator structure, the air-gap magnetic flux can be easily controlled, while the output voltage can be increased effectively. Tests are performed on the prototype machine to validate the predicted results, and an excellent agreement is obtained.      

采用不对称磁极优化水轮发电机空载电压波形

改善空载电压波形是发电机优化设计、保证电能质量的重要问题。采用极靴偏心与阻尼条偏心等不对称磁极结构设计方案，对一台45 MW的大型水轮发电机空载电压波形进行优化设计，并利用二维运动电磁场场路耦合时步有限元模型，进行分析与计算。结果表明，合理偏移极靴和阻尼条位置，可以明显削弱齿谐波，改善气隙磁场分布和空载电压波形。计算结果与实测数据相吻合。研究成果已在3个电站的大型水轮发电机上得到工程实际应用。     

爪极发电机空载漏磁计算

用三维有限元方法计算一台电励磁爪极发电机和一台新型混合励磁爪极发电机漏磁系数。爪极结构的特殊性决定了爪极发电机磁场呈三维分布,需用三维数值方法计算。采用有限元商用软件包通过前处理、加载和后处理等程序,得到电励磁爪极发电机和混合励磁爪极发电机不同结构参数下的空载漏磁系数,并总结出不同结构参数下漏磁系数的变化规律,对于不同类型爪极发电机的结构设计、磁场分析以及参数优化设计等方面的研究提供一定的理论参考。     

贯流式水轮发电机空载电压波形畸变与阻尼条损耗发热抑制

为改善水轮发电机电能质量,预防阻尼绕组过热,保证机组与电网运行安全,基于电机电磁场、电路及传热学理论,建立了水轮发电机三维分层非线性时变运动电磁场-电路结合模型与磁极系统三维稳态温度场模型。进而针对一台q=1的36 MW贯流式机组的128种结构设计方案,通过电磁场-温度场综合计算,广泛深入地分析了定转子槽距比、定子斜槽程度以及每极阻尼条根数等结构参数对空载电压波形畸变率和额定工况阻尼绕组损耗发热的影响,在此基础上,讨论了同时抑制空载电压波形畸变率与阻尼绕组损耗发热的设计措施。计算结果与实测数据相吻合。     

抑制分数槽永磁电机轴电压定子斜槽法

特定极槽配合的分数槽永磁电机在空载情况下会产生固有轴电压,对轴承有着不可忽视的危害,同时对电机运行的稳定性及安全性也会造成极大的影响。斜槽作为电机性能优化的常用方法,对谐波的削弱也有着很好的效果,故可以采用定子斜槽法来削弱永磁电机空载轴电压的主要谐波。首先,基于磁路原理和法拉第电磁感应定律,推导出考虑斜槽时的分数槽永磁电机空载轴电压的解析模型,分析轴电压的主要谐波成分与斜槽数的关系,给出可使轴电压得到削弱的最佳斜槽数,然后利用二维有限元法分析了不同斜槽度下的4台分数槽永磁电机的空载轴电压,结果证明了解析分析的正确性和有效性。     

FE calculation of transient eddy currents in thin conductive sheets using dynamic boundary conditions

This paper presents an FE modelling approach for the calculation of transient eddy currents in thin conductive layers, where the complexity of the geometry prohibits both a detailed FE modelling and the use of analytical tools. The method allows an estimation of the maximum values of eddy currents at a highly reduced modelling effort and the use of a commercial FE software package. A prerequisite is a slowly varying magnetic field that can be assumed to be unaffected by the eddy currents. It is shown that neither the source of the magnetic field nor the insulating environment has to be modelled. The model is built up exclusively from 2D elements and is excited via the magnetic vector potential. The spatial distribution of the latter is calculated separately in a magnetostatic calculation based on Biot–Savart's law. It is then applied in time-varying form as a dynamic boundary condition at every node of the model. The method was applied to a simple problem for which the results of a detailed FE calculation were available, to document its validity. Further numerical results are presented for the plasma vessel and the heat radiation shield of the Wendelstein 7-X fusion experiment in the case of an emergency discharge. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of magnetic saturation in a salient‐pole synchronous machine after sudden three‐phase short circuit

In order to evaluate magnetic saturation under subtransient and transient states of a large‐sized salient‐pole synchronous machine, the currents and leakage inductances after sudden three‐phase short circuits are analyzed by a two‐dimensional nonlinear transient finite element method (FEM). The currents are calculated both by direct and indirect methods. The direct method uses the FEM and considers fluctuation of the magnetic saturation after the short circuit. The indirect method solves Park's differential equations without fluctuation. Results of the direct method agree well with measurements. When the preshort voltage is large, fluctuation of the leakage inductances after the short is large and it greatly affects values of the short‐circuit currents. As the preshort voltage becomes large, the damper leakage inductances saturate at first, then the field leakage inductances, and finally the armature leakage inductances saturate. Although the indirect method considers saturation under the preshort condition, it gives inaccurate results and they are nearly the same as the results by the linear FEM. In general, it is thought that saturation of the leakage flux should be considered when subtransient conditions with large disturbance are analyzed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 145(4): 46–55, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10240     

Design of axial eddy-current couplers

This paper presents different analytical and numerical approaches devoted to the analysis and design of axial eddy-current couplers. The main part of the work regards a pure analytical procedure based on variable separation method (VSM). This methodology requires a preliminary linearization of the structure to reduce the three-dimensional (3-D) problem to a two-dimensional (2-D) one. The 2-D analytical model is compared with 2-D finite-element (FE) analysis and the comparison shows the reliability of the proposed model. The analytical procedure is then largely employed for a detailed parametric study to give useful information to the designer of eddy-current couplers. A double-sided stator with permanent magnets and single and multilayer conductive disk rotors are considered. In order to take into account 3-D effects, two different models are proposed. In the first one the VSM is coupled to a 2-D FE model; in a second model a closed analytical formula allows us to consider 3-D effects. All the models are validated with experimental results and with 3-D FE analysis.     

变压器环形铁芯建模和剩磁测量

大型电力变压器进行空载合闸操作时,铁芯中的剩磁可能会引起励磁涌流,导致变压器无法正常投入运行。文章介绍了一种新的分析和测量剩磁的方法,该方法是在外加正反向直流电压激励的基础上实现的。通过分析剩磁产生的原理,建立了基于Jiles-Atherton磁滞理论模型的变压器环形铁芯仿真模型。在环形铁芯绕组上先后施加大小相等方向相反的直流电压,可以得到两个不同的响应电流,结合场路暂态分析,可以判断剩磁的方向,并且找到响应电流和剩磁之间的关系。该方法可以在对变压器铁芯中原有剩磁影响不大的情况下准确测量剩磁的大小和方向。通过自主搭建的实验平台对环形铁芯中的剩磁进行了测量,验证了仿真结果的合理性。     

FAST ACCURATE TRANSIENT STABILITY SIMULATIONS

ABSTRACT

The paper describes a Simultaneous Implicit (SI) approach for transient stability simulations based on an iterative technique using traingularised admittance matrix [1]. The reduced saliency of generator in the subtransient state is taken advantage of to speed up the algorithm. Accordingly, generator differential equations, except rotor swing, contain voltage proportional to fluxes in the main field, dampers and a hypothetical winding representing deep flowing eddy currents, as state variables. The simulation results are validated by comparison with two independent methods viz. Runge-Kutta simulation for a simplified system and a method based on modelling damper windings using conventional induction motor theory[2].     

以特征值为判据的异步发电机自激建压过程分析

为研究自激电容对异步发电机空载暂态建压过程的影响并确定最小建压电容值,采用了以状态方程矩阵特征值计算为基础的分析方法。从自激异步发电机ab坐标系下的等值电路出发,推导了异步发电机空载建压时的状态方程,通过对状态方程进行局部线性化,进而计算出线性状态矩阵的特征值。根据不同自激电容值所对应特征值实部的符号并应用系统稳定性理论,以此判断电容为该值时电压是否得以建立,空载暂态建压过程的仿真波形与实验波形较为一致,说明了分析方法的有效性。把特征值实部绝对值选为目标函数并结合一维优化方法计算了异步发电机空载最小建压电容值,此值与传统方法计算结果相吻合,进一步证实了分析方法的正确性。     

同步发电机非线性电阻灭磁仿真研究

同步发电机通常采用非线性电阻灭磁方式,建立了非线性电阻（包括碳化硅和氧化锌）灭磁的Matlab仿真模型。其中考虑了空载特性的非线性和转子阻尼绕组的效应。通过对某水电站的667 MW水轮发电机进行灭磁仿真,最终得出了磁场电流、电压、d轴阻尼绕组电流的变化情况,以及非线性电阻等各部分吸收的磁能和灭磁时间,从而更真实直观地展示了非线性电阻灭磁过程。     

电压源励磁下非线性电磁机构瞬态过程的研究

本文通过推导连续域下的磁通链的积分表达式,建立了电压源励磁下非线性瞬态场的数学模型——微分—积分方程。通过有限元法与积分方程法耦合,得出了求解电压源励磁下非线性瞬态磁场的直接求解方法。该方法进一步同磁场中媒质的机械运动问题相耦合,从而求解电压源励磁下,考虑导电媒质中的涡流,铁磁材料非线性及媒质机械运动等条件下的瞬态过程问题,并编制了二维及轴对称场的计算程序。文中以螺管电磁铁为实例,实验结果与计算结果比较吻合。     

磁性槽楔对高压感应电动机电磁参数和性能的影响

针对传统方法很难定量分析磁性槽楔对电机性能影响的缺点,提出采用场-路-运动耦合时步有限元分析磁性槽楔影响的方法.以一台使用磁性槽楔的710 kW的高压感应电机为例,通过建立二维瞬态场数学模型,准确计算了气隙磁密分布、槽漏抗及附加损耗等电磁量,并在此基础上,深入分析磁性槽楔相对磁导率的变化对电机电磁参数、相电流、转矩和径向电磁力等的影响.计算结果表明,磁性槽楔可以有效减小气隙磁密中的谐波含量,降低表面损耗和径向电磁力波.     

控制合闸电压幅值的变压器励磁涌流抑制方案

在分析变压器励磁涌流的影响因素和推导励磁涌流与各影响因素间数学关系的基础上,提出了一种基于合闸电压幅值控制的变压器励磁涌流抑制方案。该方案通过选择适当的合闸电压幅值控制曲线,对合闸电压的幅值进行控制,确保变压器空载合闸过程中产生的磁通不超过饱和磁通,从而达到抑制空载合闸励磁涌流的目的。根据磁通不等式约束与暂态磁通分量衰减规律给出了电压幅值控制函数,并推导了电压幅值控制函数中初值与变化斜率两个参数的上下限。采用PSCAD/EMTDC软件分别对单相和三相变压器不同状态下的空载合闸过程进行了仿真,并对磁通、励磁涌流、差动电流等参数进行了对比分析。仿真结果表明,通过控制合闸电压的幅值达到控制励磁电流大小的目的,能够将励磁涌流控制在数值较小的范围内,从而克服励磁涌流的影响。