4-氨基安替比林分光光度法测定水中挥发酚的不确定度评定

用4-氨基安替比林分光光度法测定水中挥发酚含量并对测定结果的不确定度进行评定。通过对测定过程中的各种不确定度分析,得到了测定结果的不确定度主要由测量的重复性、工作曲线和标准溶液引入的不确定度组成,其他方面引入的不确定度较小,在实际评定中可以忽略。最后给出了扩展不确定度。     

发射光谱法测低合金钢中硅结果不确定度评定

用火花源原子发射光谱法测定低合金钢中的硅,并对测定结果的不确定度进行评定,通过的测定过程中的各种不确定度的分析,得到了测定结果的不确定度主要由测量的重复性、工作曲线拟合、高低标校正、标准样品的不确定度、基体不一致性引入的不确定度组成。最后给出了扩展不确定度。     

活性炭富集分离-碘量法测定金矿石中金的不确定度评定

运用不确定度的理论,对活性炭富集分离-碘量法测定金矿石中金含量的不确定度来源及其对不确定度的影响进行分析,并对引起不确定度分量进行了量化计算,建立了活性炭分离富集-碘量法测定金矿石中金的不确定度的评定和计算方法,得出了标准不确定度、扩展不确定度,并以不确定度的形式给出测试结果。     

重铬酸钾滴定法测定铁矿石中全铁含量的不确定度评定

通过铁矿石中全铁的重铬酸钾滴定法测定其含量的不确定度评定实践,分析了该方法测定过程的不确定度来源、建立了数学模型并计算了各标准不确定度分量、合成标准不确定度、扩展不确定度等。     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定不锈钢中镍含量的不确定度评定

通过对火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定不锈钢中高含量镍的实验过程分析,建立了该法测定不锈钢中镍不确定度评定的数学模型,计算了各不确定度分量、合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度,找出影响测定不确定度的主要因素。     

碘量法测定阳极铜中铜含量的不确定度评定

本文对碘量法测定阳极铜中铜含量进行了不确定度评定,分析了该方法测定过程中的不确定度来源,包括称样质量、标准溶液的配制、标准滴定液的标定和样品滴定等.通过建立数学模型对各不确定度分量进行了计算,然后按方根和得到的不确定度评定结果,合成标准不确定度为0.20％,扩展不确定度为0.40％.该实验及结果表明,碘量法测定阳极铜中...     

微波消解ICP-AES法测定铁矿石中砷含量的不确定度评定

通过对微波消解ICP-AES测定铁矿石中砷的实验过程分析,对其测量不确定度进行了研究,阐述了测定过程中各不确定度的主要来源,并对各不确定度的分量进行了评定和合成,得出了合成不确定度、扩展不确定度及一个样品的置信区间。     

电解法测定铜含量的不确定度评估

对电解法测定铜及铜合金中铜含量的不确定度进行了评估。评估了测量的重复性、样品的称量、电极的称量、溶液中残余铜量的测定等不确定度分量。结果表明,最大的不确定度分量是溶液中残余铜量的测定引入的不确定度,其他称量过程等引入的不确定度分量较小。使测量准确度提高的办法是尽量使电解完全,降低残余铜量,从而减小残余铜量的测定引入的不确定度。     

高频红外吸收法测定普碳钢中硫的不确定度评定

按照国家标准用高频红外吸收法测定了普碳钢中硫含量并对影响测定结果的不确定度各个因素如质量,温度,体积,标样重复测定以及仪器校正等方面进行分析。经过分析得出测定结果的不确定度主要来源于试样称量、标准溶液配制、校准曲线拟合、仪器的分辨率和测量重复性。按照不确定度评定步骤,计算出各个不确定度分量并将其合成,求得了扩展不确定度,为测定的准确性提供了理论基础。     

重铬酸钾滴定法测定地质样品中氧化亚铁结果的不确定度评定

对滴定法测定地质样品中氧化亚铁含量的不确定度来源进行了详细分析,对测定过程中的主要不确定度分量进行了合理评定,包括样品和标准物质重铬酸钾的称量引入的不确定度,重铬酸钾的纯度引入的不确定度,容量瓶和滴定管的体积引入的不确定度,相关元素的摩尔质量引入的不确定度以及测量的重复性引入的不确定度。最后合成标准不确定度乘以95%置信概率下的扩展因子2获得测量结果的扩展不确定度。     

Attentional mechanisms in simple visual detection: A speed–accuracy trade-off analysis.

Recent spatial cuing studies have shown that detection sensitivity can be increased by the allocation of attention. This increase has been attributed to one of two mechanisms: signal enhancement or uncertainty reduction. Signal enhancement is an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio at the cued location; uncertainty reduction is a reduction in the uncertainty associated with the location of the target. In displays with low uncertainty, cuing effects are typically found only if targets are backwardly masked. This phenomenon is known as the mask-dependent cuing effect. This effect was investigated in four experiments using the response signal paradigm, which controlled for speed–accuracy tradeoffs. For unmasked targets, cues failed to improve detection accuracy when uncertainty was absent (Experiment 1), but large cuing effects were obtained when uncertainty was present (Experiment 2). For masked targets, stronger cuing effects were obtained with a backward pattern mask (Experiment 3) than with a simultaneous noise mask (Experiment 4). We conclude that the cuing effects in simple detection with well-localized targets are due to a dynamic signal enhancement mechanism. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

测量不确定度对En值法评价气体检测能力验证结果的影响探究

在环境空气检测能力验证工作中,由于气体容器、充装方法等影响,气体样品的制备通常会采用逐瓶制备的方式,每瓶气体样品的指定值会存在一定的差异,因此气体检测能力验证结果往往采用E_n值法进行评价。采用E_n值法时,实验室测量不确定度直接影响能力验证评价结果,实验室正确评定其测量不确定度是E_n值法得以正确合理使用的必要条件。以空气中二氧化硫检测能力验证计划为例,通过分析E_n值与不确定度的关系,确定实验室测量不确定度的有效范围,并据此给出两组实验室的能力评定标准差分别为0.64 μmol/mol和1.23 μmol/mol;有效的不确定度范围分别为0.34~1.92 μmol/mol和0.66~3.69 μmol/mol,为有效采用E_n值法评价实验室结果和指导实验室正确评定测量不确定度提供参考。     

铝管力学性能检测结果准确性评定

本文通过了解铝管力学性能的检测过程及方法,识别出影响检测结果的因素,进一步对检测结果的不确定度进行评定。     

A theory and model of conflict detection in air traffic control: Incorporating environmental constraints.

A performance theory for conflict detection in air traffic control is presented that specifies how controllers adapt decisions to compensate for environmental constraints. This theory is then used as a framework for a model that can fit controller intervention decisions. The performance theory proposes that controllers apply safety margins to ensure separation between aircraft. These safety margins are formed through experience and reflect the biasing of decisions to favor safety over accuracy, as well as expectations regarding uncertainty in aircraft trajectory. In 2 experiments, controllers indicated whether they would intervene to ensure separation between pairs of aircraft. The model closely predicted the probability of controller intervention across the geometry of problems and as a function of controller experience. When controller safety margins were manipulated via task instructions, the parameters of the model changed in the predicted direction. The strength of the model over existing and alternative models is that it better captures the uncertainty and decision biases involved in the process of conflict detection. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

标准偏差和平均值的标准偏差探讨

在等精度测量、服从正态分布的前提下,主要针对标准偏差和平均值的标准偏差的意义进行较深入的探讨,以解决人们对其模糊认识和在化学检测领域的实际应用等问题。主要涉及的具体问题是:标准偏差和平均值的标准偏差的具体意义;计算公式中符号的规范化使用;标准物质定值中,标准偏差与不确定度A类评定方法的关系;在中国合格评定国家认可委员会(CNAS)组织的实验室现场评审工作中,化学分析检测结果不确定度A类评定方法的正确应用。     

Unconscious vigilance: Worldview defense without adaptations for terror, coalition, or uncertainty management.

Individuals subtly reminded of death, coalitional challenges, or feelings of uncertainty display exaggerated preferences for affirmations and against criticisms of their cultural in-groups. Terror management, coalitional psychology, and uncertainty management theories postulate this “worldview defense” effect as the output of mechanisms evolved either to allay the fear of death, foster social support, or reduce anxiety by increasing adherence to cultural values. In 4 studies, we report evidence for an alternative perspective. We argue that worldview defense owes to unconscious vigilance, a state of accentuated reactivity to affective targets (which need not relate to cultural worldviews) that follows detection of subtle alarm cues (which need not pertain to death, coalitional challenges, or uncertainty). In Studies 1 and 2, death-primed participants produced exaggerated ratings of worldview-neutral affective targets. In Studies 3 and 4, subliminal threat manipulations unrelated to death, coalitional challenges, or uncertainty evoked worldview defense. These results are discussed as they inform evolutionary interpretations of worldview defense and future investigations of the influence of unconscious alarm on judgment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

X射线荧光光谱法测定贵金属含量的不确定度评定

依据GB/T18043-2013对金项链含金量进行测定,考虑标准物质、测量重复性、样品均匀性、标准曲线线性等因素对X射线荧光光谱法测定贵金属含量的不确定度进行评定,结果表明测量重复性所产生的不确定度所占分量最大。本文采用的评定方法,能够广泛运用到贵金属含量检测。     

Spatial uncertainty and sampling efficiency in amblyopic position acuity

Spatial uncertainty and undersampling are two of the major hypotheses for the losses of amblyopic spatial vision. To test these two hypotheses, equivalent spatial uncertainty and spatial integration efficiency in spatial position judgments were quantified with a spatial perturbation paradigm. Specifically, three-line bisection thresholds were measured for the amblyopic eyes of two strabismic and two anisometropic amblyopes, and for normal controls. The horizontal stimulus lines comprised discrete dark dots distributed randomly around the mean line position according to a gaussian function. Line separation, the number of dots on each line (N), stimulus contrast (C), and the vertical standard deviation (sigma e) of the dot distribution were varied. An ideal observer analysis quantified the magnitude of equivalent spatial uncertainty (sigma s), the effective number of dots used (k), and spatial integration efficiency (k/N). At the optimal separation, equivalent spatial uncertainty (sigma s) is approximately ten-fold higher in both types of amblyopic visual systems than in control observers, even when stimulus visibility is accounted for. This apparent increase in sigma s is largely due to a shift in spatial scale of analysis in the amblyopic eye. Integration efficiency (k/N) increases in proportion to stimulus contrast or visibility (in units of detection threshold). Unlike sigma s, k/N is different between the two types of amblyopia. For the anisometropic observers, k/N is quantitatively similar to that of control observers. For the strabismic observers, on the other hand, k/N is reduced even after taking stimulus visibility into account. The decreased spatial integration efficiency in the strabismic visual system suggests that spatial undersampling may occur at a secondary stage of visual processing, beyond the detection stage.     

四极杆电感耦合等离子体质谱仪检出限的不确定度评定

依据JJF1159-2006《四极杆电感耦合等离子体质谱仪校准规范》,使用标准溶液GBW(E)130242(Be, In, Bi混合溶液)校准了四极杆电感耦合等离子体质谱仪的检出限,并对其可能引入的不确定度分量（空白溶液测量列的标准偏差、测量重复性、标准溶液的定值以及仪器的分辨力等）进行了分析,建立了数学模型,最后以合成标准不确定度乘以95%置信概率下的扩展因子2获得检出限的扩展不确定度。     

金属构件磁粉探伤机校准的磁化电流不确定度分析

在金属工件的无损检测之中磁粉探伤是非常关键的一种检测方式,一般被运用到工件表面或者近表面的缺陷及裂纹检测上。为了防止在给金属件进行探伤的时候发生结果不精准或者是漏检的情况,就必须要定期对该设备实施校准。本文就将重点通过磁轭式的探伤机的校准及金属构件磁粉探伤机的校准,对其磁化电流的不确定度进行分析评定,以供参考。