灰色模型在西藏需水量预测分析中的应用

根据西藏地区1998年—2002年的用水情况,采用灰色模型对其2010年和2020年的需水量进行了预测,并分析了其不同时期的需水情况。结果表明,随着经济的发展,全区的用水量仍会较快增长,但增长速度渐缓,并逐步趋于稳定;用水部门的需水结构也将发生变化,农村生活用水比例增加、农业用水比例降低。这一研究成果有助于西藏地区采取合理的用水规划措施,减少成本开支。     

The economic 'revolution' in Melbourne's west

Historically, Melbourne's western suburbs were known as industrial areas suffering from relative disadvantage when compared to the rest of the metropolitan area. But economic commentators have claimed that a resurgence has occurred in the west, in terms of industrial investment and employment generation, since the mid-1990s, due to increasingly globalised economic connections which have reversed the region's previous disadvantages. This article engages with these 'western resurgence' claims in three ways. First, it examines the recent economic history of the western region, relative to global economic processes. Second the article examines the empirical basis for the reported recent economic resurgence in the west. Finally, the article concludes with some observations concerning regional economic development under contemporary global processes.     

New light on mechanism of air-water oxygen exchange in quiescent systems

Experiments employing novel apparatus which permits measurement of the rate of oxygen transport across liquid strata indicate that the diffusivity of oxygen through water immediately adjacent to the free air-water interface of a quiescent system is the same as its molecular diffusivity in bulk water remote from an interface. A molecular diffusivity of 2.07 × 10⁻⁵cm²s⁻¹ is reported. Water strata of thickness ranging from 0.3 to 3.6 mm are shown to be effectively isotropic with respect to their resistance to oxygen transport. Thicker strata were found to exhibit a reduced but significant resistance consistent with the spontaneous development of a mechanically disturbed bulk zone between the boundary layers.     

Biosphere reserves and the “Yucatán” syndrome: another look at the role of NGOs

After centuries of cultural and economic conquest of the Americas by European and Euro-American conquistadors, contemporary rhetoric in ex-colonial powers heralds the decline of material and ideological imperialism. Instead, it is purported that today's world is peopled by a great brotherhood, with the more affluent striving to relieve their less fortunate, underdeveloped kith. This conviction is inherent in organizations which dispense money, information, training, and other resources in the name of community development and endangered species and environmental conservation. What is rarely perceived – and practically never said – is that these “benevolent” foreign aid activities typically result in the concentration of resources and power in the hands of a few, the building of empires, and the compounding of already difficult situations, counter-productive to stated objectives. The Yucatán Peninsula is a classic case of persistent imperialism: the geographic name is a corruption of the Mayan “matan cub a than” (“I do not understand you”), while contemporary development and conservation programs habitually exhibit cultural ignorance and dominance. This paper explores a diverse literature on non-governmental organizations, reflects on likely consequences of cultural dominance, and implores professional anthropologists to be adventurous in propagating anthropological knowledge relevant to environmental protection.     

Community planning and urban design in contested places. Some insights from Belfast

Although social conflict due to the presence of different groups divided by cultural, religious or ethnic issues plagues many contemporary cities, community and participatory planning methods still pay little attention to segregation in contested spaces as a specific matter of concern. This paper aims to contribute to filling this gap through the development of a novel tool to be implemented during community planning processes in contested cities, particularly in (visual) mapping processes. The pilot area for developing the lexicon has been selected within the city of Belfast, which has been struggling for years with problems related to inter-religious sectarian conflicts. The material effects on the urban structure of the long process of defensive planning during the so-called Troubles and within the post-conflicts peace programmes have been investigated by analysing urban artefacts including edges, borders, barriers, doors, visual control points. The paper suggests that a simple, recognizable lexicon may contribute to honing community planning methods in contested places by integrating the traditional methodology of visual mapping with a tailored taxonomy of elements of urban conflict, which may be used at many stages of the planning process, including developing a visual map, design and planning, and developing and implementing an action plan.     

Location choice and land use in an isolated state

The purpose of this study is to develop an urban model describing an economic dynamics of three parts — the CBD, the residential area and the agricultural area — in an isolated urban system. The system consists of three — agricultural, industrial, and service — sectors. The model describes dynamic interactions among capital and knowledge accumulation with endogenous urban structure. The model may be considered, in a broad sense, as a synthesis of new urban economics (Alonso's model), urban economic growth theory with endogenous knowledge and Thünen's economic system. We show that the urban dynamics may have either a unique or multiple equilibria and may be either stable or unstable, depending upon creativity of various economic activities. We also examine effects of changes in some parameters upon the long-run urban structure.     

Urban planning and a Europe transformed: The landscape politics of scale in Valencia

This paper explores how urban planning in a European, regional capital—Valencia—is shaped by economic globalization and political restructuring. Employing the vocabulary and concepts of the emerging literature on scale, this paper examines how planning efforts—like Valencia’s massive new redevelopment project, the City of the Arts and Sciences—are driven by the wider “re-scaling” or “re-territorialization” of the European political economy. This is a case study that moves beyond abstract theorizations about scale to the complex details of planning strategy in a regional context. More, it argues that an analytical shift from abstract theory to the empirical detail of a European city reveals two basic points. First, the re-scaling of Europe is more contested locally than this literature would suggest, negotiated politically as planners attempt to “re-scale” urban spaces. Second, the planned re-scaling of the city is about more than just space, but is also about the cultural landscape. Planned efforts to transform cities like Valencia in the image of global capitalism or European integration must navigate these complex, cultural politics. Theories of European re-scaling must account for the cultural politics in which planning is embedded, since planners must surely do so.     

漳州佛教建筑概况

漳州是座历史文化名城,民族和宗教都出现较早.距今一万年就有先民在这片沃土上繁衍生息.漳州的宗教产生、活动也比较早.隋唐时期,佛教、道教已流传于漳州各地,鼎盛时期,漳州一度被称为佛国.漳州有佛教、道教、天主教和基督教四大宗教,至2002年已依法登记的寺观教堂363座,其中佛教寺院就有163座.     

Auckland's Motorway System: A New Zealand Genealogy of Imposed Automotive Progress 1946-66

This paper explores the historical development of the Auckland region's motorway-predicated transportation system. It posits that in the system's sometimes biased policy formulation, overseas expertise, technical opinion and even rationality were considered privileged over that of the local. This has resulted in the inadvertent embedding of American liberal cultural values within Auckland's spatial settlement pattern. The paper suggests that this foreign legacy is a significant contributing factor behind the region's current dispersed non-sustainable urban form and car dependency.     

Epilogue: on meaning and experience (or images versus practices)

The essay presents an alternative idea of what Islamic architecture could be from what is termed as a ‘value-centred’ approach. To date, the theory of Islamic architecture has been mainly derived either from a formalistic analysis of historically selected buildings from the past, or from the works of Sufism which claim to be the form generator of the Islamic spirit. There are also the works of regionalist architects that maintain the idea of Islamic architecture as being a product of cultural and environmental as well as geographical forces. The essay instead presents the argument that since modernist architecture was the product of a value-centred discourse ranging across political, religious and environmental issues, then Islamic architecture could also be derived from an examination of the values inherent in the hadith or traditions of the Prophet Muhammad. The body of hadiths contains many accounts of the Prophet's values concerning life practices of which some can be used in order to derive a framework of architectural design. With this framework, a re-evaluation of past historical works can be carried out and new building designs can be made from the interpretation of hadiths within the context of the cultural, geographical, economic and political settings of each project.     

Quantifying progressive pre-peak brittle fracture damage in rock during uniaxial compression

This paper presents the findings of an extensive laboratory investigation into the identification and quantification of stress-induced brittle fracture damage in rock. By integrating the use of strain gauge measurements and acoustic emission monitoring, a rigorous methodology has been developed to aid in the identification and characterization of brittle fracture processes induced through uniaxial compressive loading. Results derived from monocyclic loading tests demonstrate that damage and the subsequent deformation characteristics of the damaged rock can be easily quantified by normalizing the stresses and strains observed in progression from one stage of crack development to another. Results of this analysis show that the crack initiation, σ_ci, and crack damage, σ_cd, thresholds for pink Lac du Bonnet granite occur at 0.39σ_UCS and 0.75σ_UCS, respectively. Acoustic emissions from these tests were found to provide a direct measure of the rapid release of energy associated with damage-related mechanisms. Simplified models describing the loss of cohesion and the subsequent development of microfractures leading up to unstable crack propagation were derived using normalized acoustic emission rates. Damage-controlled cyclic loading tests were subsequently used to examine the effects of accumulating fracture damage and its influence on altering the deformation characteristics of the rock. These tests revealed that two distinct failure processes involving the progressive development of the microfracture network, may occur depending on whether the applied cyclic loads exceed or are restrained by the crack damage stress threshold.     

How Art and Culture Happen in New York

Problem: In the last two decades, urban economic development has shifted its focus from industrial recruitment to talent and human capital, including art and culture. Many have argued that talented people are drawn to artistic and cultural amenities, but few have examined art and culture as a production system and drawn meaningful insights for urban planning and economic development based on understanding its inner workings.

Purpose: This article looks closely at the mechanisms that structure and drive the cultural economy and suggests possible avenues for cultural economic development and policymaking based on these mechanisms. I focus on the ways cultural producers obtain jobs, advance their careers, gain value for their goods and services, and interact with each other.

Methods: I conducted 80 interviews with cultural producers, cultural gatekeepers, and owners and managers of entertainment venues these groups frequent.

Results and conclusions: I find that not only are artistic and cultural producers densely agglomerated, but that key social mechanisms structure and inform this clustered production system. These industries depend on unique kinds of social interaction, from nightlife to gallery openings, to thrive. This is more than just fun and games, and is critical to the operation of this economic sector.

Takeaway for practice: Cultural producers rely heavily on their social lives to advance their careers, obtain jobs, and generate value for their goods, so that the local arts social milieu is critical to the cultural economy. Cultural producers also tend to cross-fertilize, collaborating to create goods and services, review each other's products, and establish new careers, meaning the ability to live and work in close proximity to one another is important. Finally, a large concentration of creative people and an active cultural milieu has made New York culture a known brand. While New York is unique, the cultural life of other cities and regions can also be economic development assets. Places can strategically cultivate the social milieus that are most conducive to the production of art and culture.     

Ethical pleasure,visual dzikir,and artistic subjectivity in contemporary indonesia

ABSTRACT

Drawing from a long-term ethnographic collaboration with Indonesian painter A. D. Pirous, this article examines the mingling of art and religion for what it may tell us about subjectivity and the senses in a predominantly Muslim public culture. Recent statements describe subjectivity as the site of a social actor's sensibility, reflexivity, and judgment and as an annex to prevailing social, cultural, and ideological circumstances. Following some brief reflections about artistic and religious subjectivity, this essay discusses the Islamic revival in Indonesia since the 1970s, a revival that has given spirituality, and Sufism in particular, new popularity and appeal. It then turns to a set of artistic practices that Pirous associates with “ethical pleasure” and with dzikir, the “mindfulness of God” that Muslims, and Sufis in particular, are careful to cultivate. Subjectivity acquires artistic and religious dimension in these practices, particularly as the senses engage with paint and canvas in devotional-aesthetic acts of “visual dzikir.” We see that the intermingling of aesthetic and religious ideologies in the reflexive, sensorial sphere of subjectivity is not an interior or ethnographically unavailable phenomenon, but one that is cultural and public, worked out in the sensuous materiality of things and the world of social discourse.     

Consideration on the urban spatial morphology and operation of Taiyuan,China from the religious building perspective

Understanding the physical characteristics and cultural connotations of the historical city is essential for the preservation of their hereditary and cultural values. This work aims to gain a more in-depth understanding of the historical city by identifying the relationship between religious buildings and the urban spatial morphology and the urban operation.Taiyuan, a northern city in China, is a suitable case for exploring this research idea. Cities with frequent foreign exchanges and distinct living groups tend to have more prosperous religious cultures than those in the central areas. The expansion of Taiyuan in the Ming Dynasty and the presence of Prince Jin, who respected Buddhism and Taoism, exacerbated the impact of the religious building on urban development. With regard to the evolution of Taiyuan in the Ming Dynasty, we highlight the changes in urban space brought by the religious buildings through the content analysis of the historical documents. Furthermore, the social functions of religious buildings are revealed, fleshing out the trajectory of the mutual development of religious buildings and Taiyuan in the Ming Dynasty.On this basis, the research findings are linked to the current needs of historical city preservation through the survey of reality. We suggest to coordinate the protection of religious architectural heritage and urban characteristics brought by religious factors and emphasize the utilization of religious architectural heritage as a potential culture and economic regeneration pathway.     

Emergence and the Forms of Metabolism

Earlier this year, Michael Weinstock published a seminal book, The Architecture of Emergence: The Evolution of Form in Nature and Civilisation, which challenges established cultural and architectural histories. The conventional worldview is expanded by placing human development alongside ecological development: the history of cultural evolution and the production of cities are set in the context of processes and forms of the natural world. As well as providing a far-reaching thesis, Weinstock's book gives lucid and accessible explanations of the complex systems of the physical world. In this abridged extract from Chapter 5, Weinstock explains the dynamics of individual and collective metabolisms from which intelligence and social and spatial orders emerge. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Accumulation de quelques metaux lourds (Cd, Cu, Pb et Zn) chez l'eperlan (Osmerus mordax) preleve sur la rive Nord de l'Estuaire du Saint-Laurent

Heavy metals in trace amounts are normal constituents of marine organisms. At sufficiently high concentrations, heavy metals are toxic to living organisms and so it is important to know by how much their concentration may be increased before effects on marine or estuarine populations can be detected or commercial species become unsuitable as food. A method of removing metals is by storage in a particular tissue. Several different sites for storing metals were investigated and concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were examined in muscle, liver and gonads of the smelt (Osmerus mordax) from the North shore of the St Lawrence estuary. Copper and zinc are constituents of several enzymes and are absolutely essential for normal growth and development, while cadmium and lead are not known to have necessary physiological function. A modified wet digestion procedure was used to prepare biological samples for the determination of trace elements by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry procedure, using calibration standards made up in a matrix of similar acidity (Table 1). NBS reference material bovine liver was analyzed along with the samples and the results were within the specified tolerance (Table 2). Analyses were reported on a dry weight basis (Table 3) and the correlations with total body weight were determined by regression analysis. Copper (range 0.3–3.3 μg g⁻¹) and zinc (range 19–38 μg g⁻¹) in muscle fillets were found to be negatively correlated with total body weight (Fig. 1). Apparent decreasing concentrations in these two metal levels in muscle sample with increasing body weight were possibly due to factor such as dilution with growth. Growth may dilute metal concentrations in an organism if tissue is added faster than metal. Livers and gonads contained greater levels of the four metals than somatic muscle. Liver metal concentrations of Zn (range 29–108 μg g⁻¹) and Cd (range 0.06–0.37 μg g⁻¹) increased with total body weight. All equations fit data at P < 0.01 (Fig. 2). Positive correlations between size and metal concentrations suggest that net uptake may occur. Inessential, slowly exchanging metals such as Cd appear to reflect an uptake which tend to become a cumulative process (age dependence of concentrations). The occurrence of insignificant correlation between liver concentrations of Cu (mean value: 4 μg g⁻¹) and environmental concentrations of this metal was consistent with equilibration. Since fish are known to possess the metal binding protein metallothionein, a sequestering agent, detoxification of these metals in fish liver may be by sequestration rather than elimination. Increasing metal concentrations in liver may represent storage of sequestered products in that organ. In the gonads, no significant relationship exists between total body weight and trace metal contents. Results of t-test indicated that females had significantly greater Cu and Zn concentrations, but no significant difference existed between males and females for Cd concentrations (Figs 3 and 4). Thus, the relation between concentration and total body weight appears to be specific as to the species, tissues analyzed and environmental conditions. The comparison of metal concentrations in fish to assess variations in contamination levels requires understanding the relationship between metal concentration and body size within each population.     

Parametric stress distribution in shell-of-revolution sludge digesters of parabolic ogival form

Egg-shaped sludge digesters have become popular in relatively recent times owing to their superior functional performance and lower maintenance costs in comparison with conventional cylindrical digesters. These innovative structures are usually constructed as thin shells of revolution in concrete, designed to withstand principally the hydrostatic pressure loading from the contained liquid. As regards the precise shape of the egg shell, a number of mathematical shell surfaces may be envisaged, and the stress distribution will very much depend on the chosen form. In this paper, it is desired to explore the possible adoption of the parabolic ogival shell as a sludge digester. The stress distribution in such a shell is expressed in terms of a single governing parameter ξ, greatly facilitating the investigation. For various values of ξ covering the most practical range for egg-shaped digester shells, recommendations are made regarding the positioning of supports. Taking into account maximisation of tank capacity, minimisation of peak stress resultants in the shell, and ease of prestressing, the best range of ξ for parabolic ogival digester shells is identified. The overall conclusion is that from a structural and functional point of view, the parabolic ogival profile is suitable for adoption in the design of egg-shaped concrete sludge-digester shells.     

Influence of Built Heritage on Sustainable Development of Landscape

The concept of sustainable development has influenced the evolution of many scientific and practical activities. An application of this concept to landscape, as a product and a field of interaction of human and natural processes, is possible and necessary. It is evident that concepts of landscape and cultural heritage are closely interrelated: cultural heritage can obviously exist in a landscape and influence it as well as landscape can be treated as cultural heritage. The interrelationship between these concepts makes possible the search for links between cultural heritage and sustainable development of landscape. Built heritage, the abundant category of cultural heritage encompassing historic buildings, their ensembles, and other structures, has an indisputable influence on landscapes and is crucial for their sustainable development. In order to determine the influence of built heritage on sustainable development of landscape, four main dimensions of sustainability representing the integration of human and natural processes (i.e. cultural, economic, environmental, and social) are distinguished and analysed in this paper.     

The SEQ Regional Landscape Framework: Is Practice Ahead of Theory?

Current research into the peri-urbanisation associated with the rapid population growth of preferred Australian metropolitan regions has shown that their landscape values are put at risk and the region's quality of life (QoL) and the community's standards of liveability are consequently threatened. Whilst the concept of a landscape framework as an analytical, policy and management tool has general acceptance, there appears to be few if any working examples where this concept has been operationalised. To date, the conventional approaches utilised by regional planning agencies and local government have not been able to deliver the necessary tools to incorporate the essential landscape planning principles let alone planning processes to address the regional landscape values at risk in the peri-urban areas of rapidly growing regions. However, promising initiatives have emerged from allied planning fields such as landscape planning. Despite shortcomings in the theoretical development of this conceptual framework, a regional landscape framework has been incorporated into the recently released SEQ Regional Plan 2005-2026, a statutory planning instrument for the South East Queensland (SEQ) region, Australia's fastest growing metropolitan region. Whilst it is conceivable that in the SEQ case, practice may be ahead of theory, there is now an imperative to develop this framework in a manner that it can be utilised as a regional policy framework and as an integrating instrument to address the values of regional landscapes including the range of existing and emerging rural values of the critical urban-rural interface.     

Problems of global geomechanics,seismology, and earthquake-resistant construction

Theoretical aspects of the formation of the Earth's structure and the development of internal convective processes, which govern the movement of continents and the origin of earthquake centers are addressed. Means of deriving quantitative laws characterizing processes within the terrestrial sphere are proposed. Possibilities of predicting earthquakes and rational consideration of seismic effects during construction in seismically active regions are demonstrated. An outcome may be a unique program that unites the entire chain of events — from earthquake development to specific problems of earthquake-resistant construction.Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamanty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 6, pp. 4–9, November–December, 1992.