软土地基上高层隔震结构模型振动台试验研究

通过对高层隔震结构模型在刚性地基和软土地基条件下进行对比振动台试验,研究软土地基上高层隔震结构的地震反应特性和隔震效果。采用叠层剪切型土箱以减小边界影响,采用粉质黏土作为模型土,考虑基底压力的相似,采用高宽比为4的5层钢框架作为上部隔震结构模型,设计了软土地基上高层隔震结构、非隔震结构以及刚性地基上隔震、非隔震结构的振动台试验模型。试验结果表明：土-结构相互作用（SSI）效应对隔震结构的影响程度较非隔震结构轻;SSI效应显著降低了隔震结构模型的自振频率、增加了体系的阻尼;软土地基上隔震结构能够有效减轻结构的地震反应,但是相对于非隔震结构的加速度反应比值增大,隔震效果降低;SSI效应可能增加也可能减小隔震结构的地震反应,不仅与地震动类型有关还与输入地震动强度相关;软土地基上高层隔震结构基础输入地震动与自由场地震动在反应谱水平上基本一致,采用自由场地震动确定基础输入地震动是可行的,且偏于安全,而非隔震结构基础输入地震动则与地基更深层的地震动接近。     

土-结构相互作用对隔震体系的影响

为研究地基-结构相互作用效应对基础隔震结构隔震效果的影响,以多层带地下室的基础隔震平面框架为研究对象,运用ANSYS有限元分析软件建立二维有限元模型,采用黏弹性人工边界来模拟无限域介质对计算区域的影响,利用等效荷载波动输入方法来实现地震波作用下人工边界上的波动输入,通过对不同场地类别下结构的动力特性进行分析,研究了考虑SSI时结构的地震响应。结果表明,考虑SSI效应会减小结构的自振频率,增大结构的动力响应,场地土较软时尤其显著;考虑SSI效应能减小隔震层相对于基底的位移量;软弱地基会降低隔震效果。     

考虑SSI效应的特高压输电塔风振响应分析

在地震作用下考虑土-结相互作用(SSI)效应对输电塔结构影响的研究已经比较成熟,而在风荷载作用下考虑SSI效应对输电塔结构影响的研究还相对较少。以一座特高压直流线路直线塔为例,建立了输电塔-基础-地基的完整数值模型,分析了风荷载作用下不同阻尼比和刚度的地基土对上部输电塔结构响应的影响。结果表明,地基土阻尼比较小时,考虑SSI效应后上部结构的响应增大;地基土阻尼比越大,上部结构加速度风振响应越小,而上部结构位移响应基本没有变化;地基土刚度越小,上部结构的加速度和位移响应越大。总体来说,SSI效应对输电塔结构不利。     

远场长周期地震动下桩-土-层间隔震结构振动台试验研究

软土地基条件下土-结构相互作用(SSI)效应会对隔震结构的减震效果及动力特性产生影响。远场长周期地震动使隔震建筑这类长周期结构地震响应强烈,考虑SSI效应后地震响应可能更大。开展软土地基上层间隔震结构模型振动台试验研究,对比分析远场长周期和普通地震动下隔震层和隔震结构的楼层加速度和位移响应,研究远场长周期地震动下桩-土-层间隔震结构动力响应规律及减震效果。结果表明：软土地基具有明显的滤波效应,抑制高频分量,放大中低频分量;普通地震动下层间隔震结构的减震效果较显著,随着输入加速度峰值增大,减震效果降低,而远场长周期地震动下的层间隔震结构的减震效果比普通地震动下的差;基础及隔震层的转动效应明显,隔震层对基础转动有一定放大效应,远场长周期地震动下的隔震结构的放大效应较普通地震动下的明显,并对隔震层位移反应的影响较大。     

基础隔震结构中上部结构与隔震层的刚度比限值研究

以控制结构变形为目标,将上部结构刚度与隔震层刚度的比值定义为隔震刚度比,作为反映上部结构与隔震层协同变形特点的指标。假定上部结构的地震作用沿高度为矩形分布,在一般结构单质点简化方法基础上提出一种隔震结构动力分析的等效简化方法。进一步分析双自由度等效模型的刚度影响和动力特性,以隔震刚度比的形式解释了结构位移需求、位移分配函数以及隔震刚度比对结构抗震性能的影响。基于抗震性能,推导出结构位移需求与周期关系式、临界隔震刚度比表达式、最大和最小隔震刚度比限值表达式。选取不同结构高度、地震烈度、阻尼条件等计算了上部形式为框架、框-剪、剪力墙结构的三类隔震结构在罕遇地震作用下的隔震刚度比限值。结果表明,一般隔震结构的隔震刚度比限值不宜小于4,低多层隔震结构主要由最小隔震刚度比控制,高层隔震结构在特定条件下需要满足最大隔震刚度比限值。计算结果整理成表格可供设计参考。     

考虑SSI效应及支座转动的隔震体系性能研究

土-结构相互作用对结构的地震反应有着重要的影响。隔震支座竖向变形引起的隔震层转动会加剧上部结构的摇摆,进而放大结构的地震响应。提出基于Timoshenko理论的考虑SSI效应及隔震层转动影响的隔震结构通用计算模型,推导并求解结构运动方程,采用虚拟激励法进行随机响应分析,进一步研究隔震层转动刚度、土体参数等对隔震结构地震响应的影响规律。分析表明：SSI效应降低了隔震效果,其对隔震结构楼层转角位移放大的影响与土-结构刚度比有关。隔震层转动刚度变化对隔震结构顶层加速度、基底倾覆力矩等影响较小,但对结构楼层转角位移有较大影响,隔震层转动刚度取值较小时,上部结构楼层转角甚至会出现大于抗震结构的情况。     

某核电厂隔震结构动力响应的参数敏感性分析

以某核电站厂房隔震结构设计为例,针对铅芯橡胶支座阻尼、屈服前刚度值以及隔震结构偏心等三类参数分别进行了隔震结构动力响应的敏感性分析,分析结果表明,隔震层阻尼大小对于隔震结构位移的影响程度远大于对加速度响应的影响,工程设计中应考虑隔震装置阻尼取值的多种不确定性因素;对于文中核岛厂房所采用的隔震设计方案及计算模型,单一考虑屈服前刚度取值在一定范围内变化,其对隔震结构水平向加速度响应和峰值位移几乎无影响,但还应综合考虑屈服力等其他参数的影响;上部结构自身的偏心与否对隔震结构的动力响应影响很小,而隔震层偏心虽然对上部结构的加速度响应影响很小,但其对位移响应的影响则较为敏感,工程设计中应特别关注隔震层偏心问题。     

Shaking table test of eccentric base-isolated structure on soft soil foundation under long-period ground motion

远场长周期地震动使基础隔震结构地震响应强烈，且软土地基-结构相互作用（SSI效应）使隔震结构地震响应更大，而偏心基础隔震结构在双向水平地震作用下将发生扭转效应，极易导致隔震层位移增加。为研究远场长周期地震动下软土地基SSI效应对偏心基础隔震结构地震响应规律及减震效果的影响，对高宽比为3的4层荷载偏心钢结构缩尺模型进行刚性、软土地基上的双向振动台试验。结果表明:软土地基上结构采用隔震技术后，周期延长比低于刚性地基结构体系，使减震效果下降；SSI效应在一定程度上会降低结构层间扭转响应，但在隔震层会出现较大扭转角；与普通地震动相比，远场长周期地震动下SSI效应对隔震结构响应影响程度更大，隔震层位移可能超限，总体减震效果较差。建议为保证软土地基上基础隔震结构的安全，应考虑SSI效应后进行结构设计，且远场长周期地震动的不利影响不可忽视。     

考虑碰撞效应的土-单层隔震结构的损伤性能分析

建立考虑碰撞效应的土-单层隔震结构分析模型,采用利用离散弹簧模拟土-结构相互作用并采用Kelvin模型模拟了隔震层的碰撞受力行为特征,分别考虑上部结构及隔震层的非线性特性,采用Park-Ang损伤模型定义了上部结构的损伤指数,采用近远场地震波作为输入对土-隔震系统进行了弹塑性时程反应分析。研究结果表明:无论是否发生碰撞,SSI效应对隔震结构损伤有一定影响;当发生碰撞时,SSI效应的影响较为显著,且结构损伤值对近断层地震波较敏感。研究结果可为隔震结构计算分析提供参考。     

土-结构相互作用效应对长周期地震动下层间隔震结构减震性能的影响

考虑土-结构相互作用(SSI效应)的层间隔震结构减震机理及振动特性有别于底部刚接于地基的层间隔震结构。长周期震动具有的丰富低频成分、大的速度与加速度脉冲、明显谐波成份等特性,对考虑土-结构相互作用的层间隔震结构具有更为不利的影响。为此,基于集总参数S-R(Sway-Rocking)模型建立一幢大底盘层间隔震框架结构,考虑不同场地类别下的影响,分析多类型长周期地震动作用下土-结构相互作用隔震体系的动力响应规律。结果表明:SSI效应使层间隔震体系的刚度弱化,结构周期延长,致使长周期地震动下Ⅲ、Ⅳ类场地上的层间隔震结构弹塑性层间位移角增大,且随着土质的变软,层间位移角增大越明显,而SSI效应对峰值层间剪力影响不大。此外,远场长周期类谐和地震动作用下的楼层峰值加速度与隔震支座变形值也均有所放大,长周期地震动下考虑SSI效应隔震结构体系的减震效果变差。     

In-situ horizontal cyclic loading tests on composite foundation composed of soilbags and piles

The authors have been developing a new composite foundation composed of piles and soilbags. The foundation is characterized by the laying of soilbags between the pile heads and the footing on which a superstructure stands. The expected effect of the foundation is to cut off the fixed connection between the piles and the footing in order to reduce the bending moment of the piles and the response acceleration of the structure. In this study, in-situ horizontal cyclic loading tests were conducted on the proposed composite foundation with two piles to investigate the seismic response characteristics of the foundation at real scale. It was found from the tests that the horizontal force reached its peak due to the uplift of the footing during horizontal loading, and that larger hysteresis damping was obtained than that of spread foundations due to the hysteresis effect in the shear deformation of the soilbags. As for the sectional force of the piles and the vertical stress inside the soilbags, it was found that the axial force and bending moment of the piles concentrated on the pile on the front side in the loading direction, and that the vertical stresses inside the soilbags concentrated just above the pile head on the front side in the loading direction. Although residual horizontal displacement and settlement occurred due to the cyclic load, little damage to the soilbags was observed.     

Shaking table testing of hard layered soil-pile-structure interaction system

Shaking table tests on a dynamic interaction system of hard layered soil, pile foundation and frame structure were carried out. The earthquake damage of the superstructure and foundation was reproduced. Based on these tests, several key issues about the seismic response of the dynamic soil-structure interaction (SSI) system were studied. The natural frequency of the system was less than that of the structure on rigid foundation if the SSI is not taken into account, while its damping ratio was larger than that of the structure. The mode shape of the system was different from that of the structure on the fixed base in that there were rocking and swinging at the foundation. Magnification or reduction of vibration transferred by soil was related to soil characteristic, excitation magnitude, and so on. Generally, sand magnifies vibration, while viscous powder soil dampens vibration. The components of the acceleration response at the top of the superstructure were based on the relative magnitude of the rocking stiffness, the swing stiffness of the foundation and the stiffness of the super-structure. The multi-direction excitations have little effect on the key issues of the horizontal SSI. __________ Translated from Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science), 2006, 34(3): 307–313 [译自: 同济大学学报 (自然科学版)]     

Large‐scale shaking table test on pile‐soil‐structure interaction on soft soils

The two large‐scale shaking table tests of tall buildings on soft soils in pile group foundations are performed to capture the effect of the seismic pile‐soil‐structure interaction (PSSI) on the dynamic responses of the pile, soil, and structure. The two different model conditions are observed, including a fixed‐base structure and a structure supported by 3‐by‐3 pile group foundation in soft soil, representing the situations excluding the soil‐structure interaction (SSI) and considering the SSI, respectively. In the tests, the superstructure is a tall building with 12‐story reinforced concrete frame. The pile‐soil‐structure system rests in a shear laminar soil container, which is designed to minimize the boundary effects during shaking table tests. The two models are subjected to various intensity seismic excitations of Shanghai bedrock waves, 1995 Kobe earthquake, and 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake events. According to the experimental and analytical results, SSI systems have longer natural periods than the fixed‐base structure. In addition, soft soil has amplification effect under smaller seismic excitations and isolation effects under larger earthquake intensities. The strain amplitude at the top of pile is large, and the strain at the middle and tip is relatively small. Whereas the contact pressure is small at the top of pile and large at the middle and tip. From the dynamic responses of the superstructure, it is found that the PSSI amplifies the peak displacements and interstory drifts of the structures supported by pile group foundations by comparing with the fixed‐base structure. Whereas the peak acceleration and interstory shear force of the structure are reduced considering seismic PSSI. The results show that the seismic SSI is not always favorable, however, it may increase certain dynamic responses of the structure. Consequently, the seismic SSI should be considered reasonably, providing insight towards the rational seismic design of buildings rested on soft soils.     

Dynamic characteristics and seismic response of frame–core tube structures,considering soil–structure interactions

In order to study the dynamic characteristics and seismic response of high‐rise buildings with a frame–core tube structure, while considering the effect of soil–structure interactions (SSIs), a series of shaking table tests were conducted on test models with two foundation types: fixed‐base (FB), in which the superstructure was directly affixed to the shaking table, and SSI, consisting of a superstructure, pile foundation, and soil. To increase the applicability of the model to the dynamic characteristics of real‐world tall buildings, the superstructure of test models was built at a scale of 1/50. This simulated a 41‐floor high‐rise building with a frame–core tube structure. The mode shape, natural frequency, damping ratio, acceleration and displacement response, story shear, and dynamic strain were determined in each of the test models under the excitation of simulated minor, moderate, and large earthquakes. The SSI effect on frame–core tubes was analyzed by comparing the results of the two test models. The results show that the dynamic characteristics and seismic response of the two systems were significantly different. Finally, these results were verified by performing a numerical analysis on the differences in the seismic responses of the FB and SSI numerical models under various simulated seismic conditions.     

群桩基础桥墩静力PUSHOVER分析

静力Pushover分析是应用能力谱法进行抗震分析的重要一步,也是研究结构非线性受力特征的重要方法之一。本文采用Pushover分析方法, 同时考虑地基土与桩构件的非线性,研究了群桩基础桥墩的侧向加载模式与非线性受力特征。研究结果表明:(1)侧向加载模式不同,获得的能力曲线不同。均匀分布和墩顶集中力加载模式分别反映了结构能力曲线的上、下限,一阶振型和SRSS分布介于两者之间。建议群桩基础的Pushover分析应采用SRSS加载模式。(2)墩高小于20 m时,高速铁路简支箱梁桥的水平惯性力主要集中在墩顶及承台处。(3)受拉侧单桩初始屈服后,群桩基础的承载能力还可继续增加,但横桥向多排桩(4排桩)群桩基础增加更明显。横桥向多排桩群桩基础的位移延性系数高于纵向两排桩的情况。     

输电线路桩板基础基桩的内力与变位计算

 通过对桩板基础的受力进行深入分析后,首先提出利用板顶地基土的竖向抗力系数计算其上拔抗力,并基于“m”法的幂级数解答,按桩顶处土的水平抗力系数不为0推导基桩桩顶刚度系数,然后通过建立底板受力平衡方程求出底板的变位,再利用底板的变位求出基桩的内力和变位,从而获得一种桩板基础基桩内力与变位的计算方法。最后,利用该方法对一个四桩桩板基础的基桩内力和变位进行计算并对结果进行分析和比较。     

地基液化条件下高层建筑结构动力响应振动台试验研究

为了研究地基液化对高层建筑结构的影响和破坏,利用室内模拟地震振动台,再现高层建筑结构倾斜大位移灾害。获取地基砂土层不同位置的液化程度,确定影响范围,分析高层建筑结构倾斜灾变过程中结构的水平位移、基频和阻尼比、振型曲线以及各部位动应变响应的变化规律,研究地基液化对高层建筑结构动力响应的影响。研究表明：随着地震波峰值加速度的不断增大,地基液化程度不断提高、液化范围不断加大;高层建筑结构水平位移与地基液化状态具有明显正相关性,结构水平位移增幅随地基超孔压增幅的增大而增大;随着地震波峰值加速度的不断增大,结构的基频逐渐下降,阻尼比逐渐升高;结构1阶振型具有弯剪型特点,试验过程中振型曲线的形状基本一致,说明结构损伤不明显,刚度变化很小;由于地基液化导致高层建筑结构倾斜灾变,结构发生应力重分布,重分布之后结构各部位应变值趋于稳定。     

基于材料非线性的结构抗震性能评价方法

利用基于材料非线性的精细化有限元模型,根据混凝土损伤和钢材等效塑性变形得到了结构材料、构件、楼层、整体结构的损坏等级并研究了将其作为抗震性能指标的合理性。为进一步丰富结构抗震性能评价指标,给出了楼层非线性耗能、整体结构的非线附加阻尼比、刚度退化系数的计算方法。将上述计算和评价方法在完全自主研发的非线性显式动力有限元分析软件SAUSAGE中完成开发。利用SAUSAGE分析了某超高层框架-剪力墙结构在7组地震动不同强度作用下的非线性动力响应。讨论了材料应力、截面内力、损伤、等效塑性应变作为抗震性能评价的可行性。对比了不同强度地震作用下结构层间位移角、层间剪力退化系数、楼层非线性耗能、楼层损坏等级作为楼层抗震性能指标并判断结构薄弱楼层的差异。研究了最大层间位移角、基底剪力退化系数、非线性附加阻尼比、刚度退化系数、损坏等级作为结构整体评价指标的合理性及对地震动的离散性;从统计意义上分析了最大层间位移角和其他指标的相互关系。     

成层软土地区高层建筑PHC管桩抗震性能研究#br#

以天津成层软土地质条件下采用桩筏基础的高层建筑为背景,利用有限元方法建立上部结构-桩-土相互作用模型,对PHC管桩在地震荷载下的内力进行研究。研究表明,桩筏基础在地震荷载作用下,角桩将产生较大的内力,减少承台对管桩转动自由度的约束可有效改善其抗震性能。有地下室的结构在地震荷载下的桩顶内力将小于无地下室的结构,但其影响范围在桩顶以下10倍桩径范围内,此外,桩顶周围软弱土层的存在也会对桩顶内力产生较大影响,因此在进行设计时,应充分考虑地下室和桩顶周围软弱土层的综合作用,仅考虑地下室的影响可能会使管桩在地震荷载下处于不利的受力状态,改良桩顶周围土体的性质可明显降低地震荷载作用下的管桩顶部内力。     

群桩基础水平动力响应简化边界元频域解答

在水平振动或地震作用下,建立圆形桩与土的动力相互作用简化边界元模型,采用动力相互作用因子对群桩基础顶部的惯性响应和运动响应进行分析。桩身运动方程考虑了群桩动力相互作用以及由土体位移引起的被动桩效应,得到了频域内固定群桩基础顶部的水平动力响应的弹性解答。结果表明,简化边界元模型通过土体位移系数,考虑了沿桩身长度方向的土体相互作用,较为准确地得到了桩身运动弯矩,将其运用到群桩基础的计算中,可以用于评估动力作用下群桩基础的桩顶水平阻抗和桩土运动响应。