河南省浅层地下水水化学特征研究

为了全面反映河南省地下水环境问题及其严重程度,使已有的环境地质调查成果更好地服务于国民经济建设。本文在充分收集前人环境、水文、地质资料的基础上,以重点城市居住区为研究对象,在地下水问题严重区加密取样、核查,并基于含盐量,划分了氟化物、碘化物、锰、铁以及不同水化学类型的分布范围和分布面积;同时将不同年度含盐量进行类比,找出了各地区地下水环境演化过程和污染原因,总结了原生劣质地下水的成因及存在地区;并对河南省开采运用地下水提出有效、切实可行的合理化建议。     

浅层地下水的腐蚀机理综述

引起浅层地下水病蚀的主要因素是高浓度的腐蚀性离子、溶解的气体及微生物。系统总结了水中各主要盐类,阴、阳离子、腐蚀性气体、生物细菌等,对金属及混凝土桩的腐蚀机理。为合理有效地采取保护措施提供参考。     

国内地下水水质演化规律研究综述

通过搜集相关文献,综述了地下水水质演化规律研究的发展历史,并且重点分析了地下水水质演化规律研究所需要考虑的三个方面的内容:地下水水质监测范围和地下水水质评价方法;土地利用方式;地下水敏感性分析,得出分析水质演化的指标.     

四川省泸沽湖地区地下水水化学特征研究

通过研究区的泉点、地表水的水化学组成、氢氧同位素分析,结合水文地质条件,阐述了研究区地下水环境特征,分析表明,研究区地下水化学类型以HCO3-Ca,HCO3.Cl-Ca.Na为主,大气降水为该区各水体主要补给来源。     

南四湖流域平原区浅层地下水氮污染特征

本文在对浅层地下水"三氮"迁移转化原理和"三氮"污染控制因素进行分析的基础上,阐明了南四湖流域平原区浅层地下水"三氮"含量分布规律,并分析了形成原因。从区域分布看,NO3-N含量呈现湖东山前冲洪积平原区高于湖西冲积湖积平原区的特点;NO2-N含量虽然较低,但含量大于0.01mg/L的地段主要分布于南四湖沿岸和山前冲洪积平原部分地区;NH4-N绝大部分地区未检出。浅层地下水"三氮"含量的上述分布规律与非饱和带的岩性组成、地下水位埋深、农田灌溉方式、土壤含水量等密切相关。最后针对研究区浅层地下水氮污染的特点提出了"三氮"污染防治对策。     

武汉市金口垃圾填埋场对浅层地下水水质的影响

垃圾填埋作为当前处理生活垃圾比较主流的方法,其弊端越来越受到人们的重视,主要是垃圾渗滤液会随着时间的增长而不断累积,对地下水造成不可修复的污染。以武汉市金口垃圾填埋场为对象展开研究,通过现场勘探钻孔取样,分析了垃圾填埋场对周边不同深度地下水的污染情况。结果表明,部分地下水已经受到了污染,其污染深度不超过50m。上层滞水受到了垃圾场渗滤液影响,形成了轻微污染,主要污染物为氨氮化合物与氯化物污染,没有检测到其他化学污染;下部承压水由于垃圾渗滤液暂时还未侵入,其水质相对较好。     

用时空Kriging方法预测地下水水质的演化规律

研究了时空Kriging方法模拟预测地下水水质的问题,并给出了应用实例,实验结果证明,在一定条件下采用地质统计学方法比用有限元或有限差等数值方法更为有效。     

沧州市城区浅层地下水合理开发及利用研究

本文通过沧州城区浅层地下水水文地质条件分析、浅层地下水开采资源量计算及结合沧州城区的实际情况来合理确定地下水位埋深、规范成井技术、浅井与建筑物安全距离等,通过工程实例来加以论证说明井与建筑物的安全距离,为沧州城市浅层地下水合理开发利用提供了科学依据。     

茂名市浅层地下水pH值偏低的原因分析

原生地质环境、工业废气 (酸雨 )、酸性工业废水及工业废渣共同造成了茂名市浅层地下水pH值偏低。     

陕西咸阳地区潜水水化学特征及成因分析

基于咸阳地区103个水样的主要离子及其他相关指标,通过数理统计方法、Piper三线图、相关性分析、因子分析法及Gibbs图等多种方法,分析研究了区域内潜水水化学场的空间分布特征及演化成因。研究结果表明,潜水阴离子主要为HCO_3~-,阳离子为Na~+、Mg~(2+),空间差异小,F-富集,SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-受地质因素和人为因素控制空间分异显著,区域性污染导致NO_3~-含量高。沿补排路径及渭河流向,水化学类型呈条带状变化。区内水化学场形成的主要控制因素是地质地貌及水文气候条件,在黄土台塬和冲积平原上,以溶滤作用为主,蒸发浓缩作用为辅,冲洪积平原反之,全区同时存在阳离子交替吸附作用和混合作用;次要控制因素是人类活动,并且作用日益增强。     

青海托拉海冲洪积扇区水文地质及水质分析

研究区位于沙松乌拉山前托拉海冲洪积扇区,区内沉积了厚度较大的第四系松散沉积物,其岩性主要为卵砾石、砂砾石及砂层。含水层厚度大于50 m,为赋存地下水提供了良好的空间场所。该区因降水稀少,蒸发量大,松散岩类孔隙水主要接受托拉海河水的下渗补给,主要河水补给来源于托拉海东沟、西沟,其中托拉海西沟年平均流量较小。洪积扇中前部地区地下水位埋深一般为20~65 m,水量较丰富,水质较好。     

Evaluation of river water quality monitoring stations by principal component analysis

The development of a surface water monitoring network is a critical element in the assessment, restoration, and protection of stream water quality. This study applied principal component analysis (PCA) and principal factor analysis (PFA) techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of the surface water quality-monitoring network in a river where the evaluated variables are monitoring stations. The objective was to identify monitoring stations that are important in assessing annual variations of river water quality. Twenty-two stations used for monitoring physical, chemical, and biological parameters, located at the main stem of the lower St. Johns River in Florida, USA, were selected for the purpose of this study. Results show that 3 monitoring stations were identified as less important in explaining the annual variance of the data set, and therefore could be the non-principal stations. In addition, the PFA technique was also employed to identify important water quality parameters. Results reveal that total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, total nitrogen, dissolved nitrate and nitrite, orthophosphate, alkalinity, salinity, Mg, and Ca were the parameters that are most important in assessing variations of water quality in the river. This study suggests that PCA and PFA techniques are useful tools for identification of important surface water quality monitoring stations and parameters.     

Comparative study of the Cd. Cu and Pb determination by AAS and by ICP-AES in river water : Application to a mediterranean river (Congost river, Catalonia, Spain)

The accuracy, precision, detection limit and rapidity in the determination of Cd, Cu and Pb in river water by AAS determination, previous extraction with APDC-MIBK system, is compared with direct determination method ICP-AES. Both methods show a similar detection limit and an analogous accuracy by the addition standard method. With a calibration curve only ICP-AES presents good accuracy, this technique is advantageous in long term precision and requires minimum sample preparation. The sample stability at different temperature conservation is studied. Finally both methods are applied to the determination of Cd, Cu and Pb in Congost river water.     

Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis

22 Physico-chemical variables have been analyzed in water samples collected every three months for two and a half years from three sampling stations located along a section of 25 km of a river affected by man-made and seasonal influences. Exploratory analysis of experimental data have been carried out by box plots, ANOVA, display methods (principal component analysis) and unsupervised pattern recognition (cluster analysis) in an attempt to discriminate sources of variation of water quality. PCA has allowed the identification of a reduced number of “latent” factors with a hydrochemical meaning: mineral contents, man-made pollution and water temperature. Spatial (pollution from anthropogenic origin) and temporal (seasonal and climatic) sources of variation affecting quality and hydrochemistry of river water have been differentiated and assigned to polluting sources. An ANOVA of the rotated principal components has demonstrated that (i) mineral contents are seasonal and climate dependent, thus pointing to a natural origin for this polluting form and (ii) pollution by organic matter and nutrients originates from anthropogenic sources, mainly as municipal wastewater. The application of PCA and cluster analysis has achieved a meaningful classification of river water samples based on seasonal and spatial criteria.     

宁河地区深层地下水水质影响因素的R型因子分析

利用R型因子分析法对宁河地区第四系深层地下水样的水化学数据进行分析,识别出影响地下水化学组成的4个主因子,通过对这4个因子分析研究可知:该地区深层地下水水化学组分主要受含水介质中易溶盐分组成和补给水高碳酸含量的影响;地下水中NH4+、NO3-和NO2-的广泛检出反映了化肥和农药的广泛施用、城镇生活污水和工业污水的污染等人类活动对地下水化学组分的影响。     

山西定襄段牧马河水质改善技术方案研究

牧马河流域的治理由来已久,各地技术专家给出很多解决方案,目前主要有3种方案,一种是ZHB-SS絮凝剂一体化技术,一种是生物槽处理技术,一种是稳定剂技术应用。这3种方案如何应用才能达到节约的目的。经过多次了解情况,现场做了污水处理试验对比以及取样后室内做对比试验,确定了最佳的治理改善方式。     

Hydrological and chemical factors controlling the concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn and As in a river system contaminated by acid mine drainage

The seasonal variations in the trace element concentrations and flow rates in the Carnon River system, south west England have been investigated on a monthly basis for a period of 1 yr. Approximately 85% of Fe, Zn and As, and 45% of Cu originate from mine waters. A strong seasonal dependence of the flux of trace elements in the natural and mine waters is observed. There appears to be a direct correlation between trace element concentrations and the proportion of infiltrated surface drainage in mine waters. Rises in these concentrations in the Carnon River due to increased fluxes from mine waters in winter months are offset by higher flow rates in surface discharge.Iron is transported predominantly in the particulate phase in Carnon River waters and virtually all dissolved Fe (< 0.45 μm) precipitates in estuarine waters. Dissolved concentrations of Cu, Zn and As appear to be regulated by sorptive processes particularly with Fe oxyhydroxides in both fresh and saline waters.     

Evaluation of the water quality in the Guadarrama river at the section of Las Rozas‐Madrid,Spain

The variation of the water quality of the Guadarrama river and its tributaries in a section of Las Rozas‐Madrid, Spain, was studied during the time period between January 2003 and January 2008. The parameter water quality index (WQI) was used to determine the water quality based on the conventional parameters of pollution. It was found that the WQI was slightly affected in the section evaluated. The value of the WQI was in the range of 56–64, which corresponded to the classification of ‘good quality’. It was determined that 64.3% of the organic matter present in the river was removed in the section of Las Rozas‐Madrid. The river acted as a plug flow reactor and a first‐order kinetics governed the ultimate biological oxygen demand (BOD₅) (BOD_U) decay. The value of the first‐order constant demonstrated the river's high self‐purification capacity. In addition, a high linear relationship was found between the WQI and the dissolved oxygen deficit (D). Therefore, a quick determination of WQI may be carried out if the values of D are known. These are easily obtainable by field measurements.     

Norovirus pathway in water environment estimated by genetic analysis of strains from patients of gastroenteritis, sewage, treated wastewater, river water and oysters

In this study, Norovirus (NV) capsid gene was detected from patients of gastroenteritis, domestic sewage, treated wastewater, river water and cultivated oysters in geographically close areas where all of samples were collected. In order to improve recovery efficiency of NVs from oysters, a new method using a spallation apparatus was developed. As a result, 18 of 30 oysters (60%) were positive for NV gene, while 7 of 30 (23%) oysters from the same sampling point were positive with the conventional ultracentrifugal method between November 2003 and February 2004. These results indicate that our new method exhibits the higher efficiency of recovering NVs than the conventional ultracentrifugal method. Six of 8 samples (75%) of river water were positive for NV gene between November 2003 and February 2004. Furthermore, 8 of 9 samples (89%) of treated wastewater and all 9 samples of sewage were positive for NV gene in the same period. These results indicated that treated wastewater would be one of the main sources for NV pollution in this area. The phylogenetic analysis in isolated NV capsid genes was conducted, in which high identities of gene sequences between NVs from patients, domestic sewage, river water and cultivated oysters were observed. These results implied that there would be a geographically associated circulation of NVs between human and cultivated oysters via water environment. It would be important to quantitatively analyze the moving pathway of NVs, which directly link to the development of a new scheme for preventing water environment and cultivated oysters from NV contamination.