High electron mobility transistor lightwave receiver for broad-bandoptical transmission system applications

The design and construction of a broadband transimpedance lightwave receiver which features packaged, commercially available high-electron-mobility transistors is described. The receiver was constructed on a standard teflon printed circuit board with packaged tailed 30-μm-diameter germanium avalanche photodiode as photodetector. A sensitivity of -25.5 dBm for 10^-9 bit error rate was achieved at 1.31 μm with a 5-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero pseudorandom sequence provided by a commercial data generator and 1:4 analog demultiplexing at the receiver output     

Error-free wavelength conversion at 160 Gbit/s in PPLN waveguide at room temperature

Tunable wavelength conversion of a 160 Gbit/s signal by means of cascaded sum frequency generation/difference frequency generation was performed on a periodically-poled lithium niobate waveguide. Operation at room temperature (25degC) is demonstrated. A maximum power penalty of 2.1 dB for a bit error rate of 10^-9 was achieved over a wavelength range of 29 nm.     

256 QAM Modem for Multicarrier 400 Mbit/s Digital Radio

This paper describes the performance of a 256 QAM modem with 400 Mbit / s transmission capacity. A variety of novel techniques are introduced as ways to achieve good performance. Key techniques include 1) an accurate 256 QAM modulator employing a new monolithic multiplier IC, 2) a carrier recovery circuit which satisfies such requirements: good phase jitter performance and no false lock phenomenon, 3) a highly stable high-level decision circuit, and 4) a forward error correcting code. As an overall modem performance, BER characteristics and signatures are presented. The equivalent CNR degradations of 1 dB(at BER of 10^-4) and 2 dB (at BER of 10^-9)are obtained using a single Lee-error correcting code and a seven-tap baseband transversal equalizer. The residual bit errors are decreased below the order of 10^-10. The performance of a 256 QAM multicarrier modem has given prospect for the development of 400 Mbit/s digital microwave radio system.     

Sensitivity of direct-detection lightwave receivers using opticalpreamplifiers

A simple technique for analyzing the sensitivity and bit-error-rate (BER) performance of direct-detection lightwave receivers using optical preamplifiers is presented. The analysis provides closed-form expressions for the system performance and includes the impact of phase noise. For a negligible linewidth, the theory predicts an average signal energy of 42.3 photons/bit at a BER of 10^-9. For comparison, a more accurate analysis predicts an average signal energy of 38 photons/bit under the same conditions     

9kHz～1.4GHz高精度快速随机跳频DDS频率合成器

为适应微波系统对频率合成器在高频率精度、频率捷变、随机跳频等方面的要求,文中设计了一种基于DDS芯片AD9914的频率合成器。论文阐述了优化频率控制字的计算方法,结合线性反馈移位寄存器LFSR产生随机跳频点,并利用FPGA对AD9914进行软硬件控制,使该频率合成器能够达到10 ^-5 Hz的频率精度以及百纳秒内的随机扫频。测试结果表明在输出9 kHz1.4 GHz频率时,该频率源频点准确,全频带扫频且跳频切换时间为90 ns,达到了高精度捷变频的目标,应用前景广阔。     

Probabilistic construction of large constraint length trellis codesfor sequential decoding

Probabilistic algorithms are given for constructing good large constraint length trellis codes for use with sequential decoding that can achieve the channel cutoff rate bound at a bit error rate (BER) of 10^-5-10^-6. The algorithms are motivated by the random coding principle that an arbitrary selection of code symbols will produce a good code with high probability. One algorithm begins by choosing a relatively small set of codes randomly. The error performance of each of these codes is evaluated using sequential decoding and the code with the best performance among the chosen set is retained. Another algorithm treats the code construction as a combinatorial optimization problem and uses simulated annealing to direct the code search. Trellis codes for 8 PSK and 16 QAM constellations with constraint lengths v up to 20 are obtained. Simulation results with sequential decoding show that these codes reach the channel cutoff rate bound at a BER of 10^-5-10^-6 and achieve 5.0-6.35 dB real coding gains over uncoded systems with the same spectral efficiency and up to 2.0 dB real coding gains over 64 state trellis codes using Viterbi decoding     

Feasibility study on QPSK optical-heterodyne detection system

The feasibility of a QPSK (quadrature-phase-shift-keying) optical heterodyne detection system for a high-speed and long-span coherent transmission is investigated. The key factors, which are the modulation method and the spectral linewidth requirement for optical light sources, are discussed. Through theoretical analysis and the simulation experiment, it is confirmed that the required beat spectral linewidth for QPSK coherent detection is less than 7.5×10^-5×bit rate. It is also shown that the required spectral linewidth for QPSK differentially coherent detection is less than 2.5×10^-5×bit rate. These results show that the gigabits-per-second range QPSK optical heterodyne detection can be realized with conventional external cavity laser diodes     

A 5-Gb/s CDR Circuit With Automatically Calibrated Linear Phase Detector

This paper presents a 5-Gb/s clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit which implements a calibration circuit to correct static phase offsets in a linear phase detector. Static phase offsets directly reduce the performance of CDR circuits as the incoming data is not sampled at the center of the eye. Process nonidealities can cause static phase offsets in linear phase detectors by adversely affecting the circuits in a way which is difficult to design for, making calibration an attractive solution. Both the calibration algorithm and test chip implementation are described and measured results are presented. The CDR circuit was fabricated in a 0.18-mum, six metal layer standard CMOS process. With a pseudorandom bit sequence of 2⁷ - 1 calibration improved the measured bit error rate from 4.6 x 10^-2 to less than 10^-13.     

Subband-multipulse digital audio broadcasting for mobile receivers

The audio quality, robustness and implementational complexity of a novel mobile digital audio broadcast scheme are addressed. The audio codec proposed is based on an efficient combination of subband coding (SBC) and multipulse excited linear prediction coding (MPLPC). The bit allocation is dynamically adapted according to both the signal power in different subbands and a perceptual hearing model. Typically a segmental signal to noise ratio (SEGSNR) in excess of 30 dB associated with high fidelity subjective quality was achieved for 2.67-b/sample transmissions at a bit rate of 86 kb/s. Perceptually unimpaired audio quality was achieved for a bit error rate (BER) of about 10^-4, when injecting random errors, which was degraded for increased BERs. In order to provide robust error protection, the audio codec was also subjected to a rigorous bit sensitivity analysis. Four different forward error correction schemes were investigated in order to explore the complexity, bit rate, and robustness tradeoffs     

Minimum bit rate of DPSK transmission for semiconductor laser with a long external cavity and strong linewidth reduction

A numerical model for a laser diode, weakly coupled to an external cavity, is presented. Using this model, the actual frequency noise spectrum is considered rather than a white frequency noise for estimating the minimum bit rate in a differential-phase-shift-keying (DPSK)-system. Despite possible linewidth reductions by up to 200 with long external cavities, the minimum bit rate (BER = 10^-9) remains nearly unchanged. However, a longer laser cavity (approx600 mum) connected to an external cavity of moderate length ( ≈10 cm) yields a significant reduction of the minimum bit rate (BER = 10^-9) for DPSK-systems at low feedback levels. If more stringent criteria are applied (e.g., receiver penalty < 1 dB) the minimum bit rate remains high also for longer laser cavities.     

Development of an Error-Correction Method for Data Packet Multiplexed with TV Signals

By using the vertical blanking period of television signals, it is possible to transmit coded data such as teletext, telesoftware, music, etc. However, the quality of data transmission on television transmission channels is very poor and a powerful error-correction code is required to reliably transmit coded data. From the results of simulations using error pattern data collected in field tests and the comparison of various error-correction codes under many conditions, it has been determined that the shortened (272, 190) majority-logic decodable difference-set cyclic code is a suitable code for NTSC TV signals. By using error-correction codes proposed to date for teletext, it has been difficult to obtain a page error rate (PER) of 10^-1in many measurement points. However, PER's of less than 10^-2can be obtained in this system, even when random noise, ghost interference, or waveform distortion are present and bit error rates (BER's) are 10^-2. This paper also gives an empirical equation according to the error data and shows that the error-correction capability increased equivalently up to 11 error-bits in a packet by modifying the decoding algorithm.     

Performance of adaptive equalization for indoor radiocommunications

Adaptive equalization is used to ensure that the outage probability is less than 10^-3 for a target bit error rate of 10^-4 in buildings with RMS delay spread of up to 100 ns. A time-division multiple-access system with four-level quadrature amplitude modulation point-to-point links strikes the right balance between flexibility and complexity. It is shown that such a system can support rates of at least 1 Mb/s     

Variable bit rate adaptive predictive coder

An adaptive predictive coder providing almost toll quality at 16 kb/s and minimal degradation when the bit rate is lowered to 9.6 kb/s is described. The coder can operate at intermediate bit rates and can also change bit rate on a packet-by-packet basis. Variable bit rate operation is achieved through the use of switched quantization, thus eliminating the need for buffering of the output. A noise shaping filter provides flexible control of the output noise spectrum. The filter, in conjunction with an enhanced way to adapt the quantizer step size, which tries to accommodate the quantization noise feedback, accounts for the toll quality. By quantizing the residue with more than one quantizer, the effective number of bits per sample can be controlled in a deterministic way regardless of the entropy residue. The lower limit of operation is at 9.6 kb/s. Performance of the coder under random bit errors is also presented. It has been found that only at error rates of 10^-2 and higher does the degradation becomes objectionable     

Influence of laser phase on 400-Mbit/s coherent optical DPSK system

The influence of laser phase noise on a 400-Mb/s optical DPSK (differential phase-shift keying) system is experimentally investigated with linewidths ranging from 1.2 MHz to 8 MHz. This range corresponds to linewidth to bit rate ratios ϵ of 0.33-2%. The system performance with these nonzero linewidths is evaluated against a negligible linewidth performance baseline. The sensitivity degradation at a bit error rate of 10^-9 increases from 1.8 to 7 dB as ϵ is increased from 0.33-1%. When ϵ is increased beyond 1%, bit error rate floors higher than 10^-9 develop. These findings agree well with the existing theories and allow the generalization of these results to other bit rates, as well as establishing practical criteria for lasers to be used in DPSK systems     

Remote-control signal of optical loopback for supervision of long-haul fiber-optic undersea cable systems

A remote-control signal for repeater supervision to be used in a remote-controlled optical loopback method of a long-haul optical undersea cable system is proposed on out-of-service basis and the results of its transmission experiment by a field trial system are theoretically analyzed. The remote-control signal is basically composed of a pseudo-random sequence with a periodicity corresponding to a repeater selection frequency. 500 repeater selection frequencies will be available using a monolithic crystal filter (MCF) as a detection filter. By a field trial experiment, the controllability was shown to be maintained even at a bit error rate (BER) of up to 10^-1with a control signal level which, being decreased by 1.9 dB, is still more than 30 dB over a filtered noise level due to random bit errors.     

Investigations on bit error performance for video over DAB

The digital audio broadcasting (DAB) system which was originally designed for high quality audio transmission to mobile receivers is investigated for transmission of compressed digital video and multimedia signals. The bit error performance is considered using various levels of error protection provided by the DAB system. As a result, a net bit rate of about 1.5 Mbit/s can be achieved. With additional error correction coding, a bit error ratio (BER) of less than 10^-10 can be realized. This is the requirement for compressed video signals. The SNR per bit is below 16 dB. The results are demonstrated and compared using computer simulations of the complete system     

Properties of an idealized traveling-wave charge-coupled device

In order to ascertain the operating capabilities and drive requirements of the charge-coupled device (CCD), it has been analyzed as a sinusoidal traveling-wave device. From this model, it has been possible to show the drive requirements and the lower bound to power dissipated in the substrate of an operating CCD. Signal loss in the sinusoidal model is due solely to surface-state effects, and varies with the amount of charge being transported through the device. Signal attenuation in digital devices is significantly reduced by using ZERO's that carry at least 10 percent as much charge as the ONE's. Some numerical extracts from the calculations will help illustrate what one can expect from charge-coupled devices. These numbers apply to a CCD with a wavelength (bit length) of 72 µ and a channel width of 20 µ, being driven with a 10-V p-p sine wave at 10 MHz. The drive power, almost purely capacitative, is 27 µW/bit in the absence of a signal and 320 µW/bit carrying a charge of 10^-12C. Due to the motion of this charge through the device, at least 2 µW/ active bit must be dissipated in the CCD substrate. Under these conditions, a uniform surface-state density of 10¹¹states/cm².eV will cause signal attenuation of 1.5 percent per bit with an alternating series of ONE's and empty ZERO's. If the ZERO's carry 0.2 10^-12C, the signal attenuation drops to 1 percent per bit. The reactive power estimates described here are expected to accurately reflect actual device requirements, apart from parasitics. Surface-state attenuation, which is relatively insensitive to frequency, will be supplemented at high frequencies by diffusion-limited transfer.     

基于光电倍增管单光子脉冲幅度分布的多比特光量子随机源

提出并验证了一种基于光电倍增管单光子脉冲高 度分布的多比特光量子随机源。将紫外LED发出 的光衰减成离散的单光子序列,光电倍增管探测到的单光子后,输出脉冲幅度随机分布的单 光子脉冲,通 过数字化单光子脉冲的峰值作为熵源来提取随机数,实现了一个单光子事件产生多个随机比 特位。为减小 所提取原始随机数存在的偏差,提出并实现了基于FPGA的SHA-256后 处理方法。光量子随机源工作在 500kc/s时,平均每个探测光子可提取7bit随机位,获得了3.5Mbit/s的随机位产生速率。运用随机性 测试程序ENT和STS对所获的随机位序列进行测试,测试结果表明,序列的随机性满足真随机 数的标准。     

Efficient soft-in-soft-out sub-optimal decoding rule for singleparity check codes

The authors present an efficient, sub-optimal, soft-in-soft-out decoding rule for single parity check (SPC) codes, which requires only three addition-equivalent-operations per information bit. Its application is demonstrated by the simulation results of a rate 5/6 four-dimensional concatenated SPC code, for which performance of BER=10 ^-5 at E_h/N₀=3.5 dB is observed, which is only ~1.2 dB from the theoretical limit