高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定人参皂甙Rb1、Re、Rg1含量

建立了高效液相色谱法检测功能食品中人参皂甙Rb1、Re、Rg1的含量。本法色谱条件:SymmetryShieldTMRP18色谱柱,乙腈-水作梯度洗脱流动相,二极管阵列检测器,检测波长205nm,流速0.9mL/min,柱温30℃。三种人参皂甙Rg1、Re和Rb1的平均回收率在95%以上,测定结果相对标准偏差≤6%。本法准确、省时、重现性好,可作为功能食品中人参皂甙质量控制的检测方法。     

Updating chemical profiling of red ginseng via the elucidation of two geometric isomers of ginsenosides Rg9 and Rg10

With the increasing popularity of dietary supplements, the quantitative analysis and quality control of their constituents have emerged as a significant regulatory and safety challenge. Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng, has been used as a folk medicine to improve immunity, provide nutrition and diminish fatigue. Steam-processed ginseng, commonly called “red ginseng” in Korea and China, is prevalent as a dietary supplement. The different processing methods for the production of ginseng products could lead to quantitative and qualitative variations in biologically active compounds, such as the ginsenosides, present in the products. Herein, we have verified that ginsenoside Rf was transformed into two geometric isomers of ginsenoside Rg9, e.g., (20E)- and (20Z)-ginsenosides Rg9, and another ginsenoside here designated Rg10, which was inappropriately reported as ginsenoside Rg8 in a previous study. This study could be of practical use in the establishment of a comprehensive chemical profile of red ginseng for the quality control and standardization of commercial dietary supplements.     

人参皂苷Rg分子轨道微扰理论的研究

人参皂苷Rg是具有生理活性的物质，它包括三个异构体：Rg1；Rg2；Rg3其中R83具有很强的抗癌作用。本文通过休克尔分子图形理论对Rg异构体的各分子轨道进行约化，并且根据分子轨道微扰理论求出它们不同本征多项式和本征值。     

人参皂苷Rg5的提取制备工艺研究

在柠檬酸作用下,以人参须根粉为原料直接提取制备人参皂苷Rg5,以达到简化试验步骤、节省时间、绿色制备的目的。通过单因素试验探索提取温度、酸浓度和固液比对人参皂苷Rg5得率的影响,响应曲面分析法对人参皂苷Rg5的提取制备工艺进行优化,通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对人参皂苷Rg5进行定量分析。试验结果表明,人参皂苷Rg5的加样回收率为99.73%~101.72%,平均加样回收率为100.37%;人参皂苷Rg5以在溶液中48 h内稳定性良好;在柠檬酸的催化下,水-正丁醇=8∶2(体积比)的混合溶剂为提取剂,提取温度为112℃,酸浓度为0.14 mol/L,固液比为1∶28(g/m L),人参皂苷Rg5得率为1.54%。     

人参皂苷Rg1缓解免疫抑制小鼠运动性疲劳的作用研究

研究人参皂苷Rg1对免疫抑制小鼠运动性疲劳的作用效果。选取40只雄性BALB/c小鼠随机分为空白静止组(NCS)、空白运动组(NCE)、免疫抑制模型组(MR)、人参皂苷Rg1低剂量组(L, 12.5 mg/kg)、高剂量组(H, 25 mg/kg)。除空白组外,小鼠腹腔注射环磷酰胺,造成免疫低下模型后给予不同剂量的人参皂苷Rg1灌胃。通过游泳训练造成运动性疲劳后,记录小鼠体重、脏器指数和爬杆时间,以及血清尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、肌/肝糖原等指标的变化情况。结果表明:人参皂苷Rg1高剂量组较空白运动组与模型组小鼠爬杆时间分别增加了38.6%、84.1%;高剂量的人参皂苷Rg1可显著降低小鼠血清中的BUN含量和肝、骨骼肌中MDA含量。由此可见,人参皂苷Rg1可显著提高实验小鼠耐力及调节血清、肝和骨骼肌中疲劳相关生化指标的水平,对于免疫抑制小鼠具有较好的抗运动性疲劳的功效。     

人参须根粉直接制备人参皂苷Rg5的工艺研究

以人参须根粉为原料,盐酸为催化剂,水饱和正丁醇溶液为提取溶剂,研究常压下加热回流直接提取人参须根粉中的人参皂苷Rg5,通过单因素实验和正交实验优化人参皂苷Rg5的提取工艺,同时进行精密度实验、稳定性实验、重复性实验和加样回收率实验,采用高效液相色谱法对人参须根粉提取物中的人参皂苷Rg5进行定量分析。结果表明,当固液比为1∶20 g/mL,酸浓度为0.06mol/L,于70℃提取5 h,人参皂苷Rg5的得率为2.48%。人参皂苷Rg5在48 h内表现出良好的稳定性,加样回收率在99.32%~103.70%之间,RSD为1.33%。该方法较大地提高了人参皂苷Rg5得率、缩短了提取时间,操作简单、重现性好。     

正交试验优化超声辅助法提取三七有效成分工艺

研究超声辅助法提取三七有效成分的工艺。通过单因素试验研究乙醇溶液体积分数、料液比、超声波频率和提取时间对三七人参皂苷Rg1提取率的影响。在单因素试验基础上对4个因素安排L9(34)正交试验,得出影响三七有效成分人参皂苷Rg1提取率的先后次序为：乙醇体积分数＞提取时间＞料液比＞超声频率。选出最佳提取工艺为：乙醇体积分数70%、料液比1:12(g/mL)、超声频率59kHz、提取时间60min。在此最佳工艺下,得到三七干燥后的人参皂苷Rg1含量为1.85%。     

HPLC法快速测定三七提取物中皂苷的含量

本文采用Kinetex核-壳技术色谱柱快速测定三七提取物中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和Rb1的含量。样品用甲醇超声波提取法提取,采用Phenomenex Kinetex C18100A(50mm×4.6mm,2.6μm)色谱柱,柱温常温,流动相乙腈:水,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0mL/min,检测波长为203nm,柱温为室温,对R1、Rg1和Rb1进行定量分析。结果表明:R1、Rg1和Rb1的线性良好,重复性试验中R1、Rg1和Rb1的相对标准偏差分别为3.2%、3.8%和2.6%,最低检出限为0.001μg;R1、Rg1和Rb1的加标回收率分别为99.3%、100.4%和100.7%。本方法快速、节省试剂,可用于三七提取物中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和Rb1的测定。     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法测定人参固本口服液中人参皂苷的含量

目的建立人参固本口服液中人参皂苷Rg1和Re含量测定的方法。方法色谱柱为C18柱;流动相为乙腈-水(22:78,调甲酸pH至2.4);流速1.0 ml.min-1;ELSD参数:漂移管温度110℃,空气流速3.0 L.min-1。结果人参皂苷Rg1在0.4～2.4μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.997 0),平均回收率为98.9%,RSD=0.32%;Re在0.2～1.2μg的浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.998 6),平均回收率为97.7%,RSD=0.25%。结论用此法分析结果准确可靠,适用于此制剂的质量控制。     

人参皂苷Rg3的脂肪酸衍生物的合成及其体外抗肿瘤活性

以人参皂苷Rg3和棕榈酸酰氯为反应原料,二氯甲烷为溶剂,K2CO3为缚酸剂,在40℃条件下加热搅拌6h合成人参皂苷Rg3衍生物,经硅胶柱柱层析纯化后得到一种新的人参皂苷衍生物,并利用紫外、红外色谱、高效液质联用、核磁共振等方法鉴定其结构。用MTT法检测该衍生物对人乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7的生长抑制作用。结果表明:从10～100μg/mL质量浓度范围内,药物作用时间越长,质量浓度越大抑制率越高。药物作用24、48、72h的IC50值分别为146.68、122.39、101.95μg/mL。提示人参皂苷Rg3衍生物是一种较有潜力的药物原料。     

Therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on mastitis experimentally induced by lipopolysaccharide in lactating goats

Escherichia coli is a cause of subclinical and clinical mastitis in dairy cattle and goats, and sometimes causes severe clinical disease that may result in death of the animal. Previous investigation showed that ginsenoside Rg1 extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae) has an anti-inflammatory effect on the sepsis induced by E. coli lipopolysaccharide via competitive binding to toll-like receptor 4. We hypothesized that intravenous injection of Rg1 had therapeutic effect on mastitis experimentally induced by intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide in lactating goats. In this study, 9 lactating goats were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 groups: (1) lipopolysaccharide intramammary infusion + saline intravenous injection, (2) lipopolysaccharide intramammary infusion + Rg1 intravenous injection, and (3) saline intramammary administration + saline intravenous injection. Because no adverse clinical signs were observed after intramammary infusion of saline and intravenous injection of Rg1 in a preliminary experiment, and available qualified goats were limited in this study, this treatment was not included in this study. One udder half of each goat received intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide (50 μg/kg of body weight; groups 1 and 2) or saline solution (group 3), and the other half was infused with 2 mL of saline solution at h 0. Afterward, intravenous injections of saline solution (groups 1 and 3) or Rg1 (2.5 mg/kg of body weight; group 2) were administered at h 2 and 4 post-lipopolysaccharide challenge. Blood and milk samples were collected 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 48, and 72 h post-lipopolysaccharide challenge, and clinical signs were monitored hourly after lipopolysaccharide challenge within the first 10 h and at the same time points as blood samples. The results showed that Rg1 treatment downregulated rectal temperature, udder skin temperature, udder girth, milk somatic cell count, and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and upregulated milk production, lactose, and recovered blood components, such as white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, total proteins, albumin, and globulin. Considering the positive therapeutic effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in goats presented in this study as well as the anti-inflammatory activity found previously, the botanical Rg1 deserves further study as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of E. coli mastitis in dairy animals.     

人参皂苷Rg1对LRRK2突变致帕金森病果蝇的治疗作用探讨

探讨人参皂苷Rg1对LRRK2突变致帕金森病果蝇模型的脑神经保护作用及其机制。使用TH-GAL4;UASLRRK2-1915T品系果蝇(简称1915T)进行实验,使用1915T品系果蝇作为病理模型组,TH-GAL4品系果蝇作为阴性对照组。给予不同浓度的人参皂苷Rg1,饲养一定时间后,将帕金森综合征(parkinson's syndrome,PD)病理模型组与对照组进行比较,利用果蝇寿命实验,检测生命周期,筛选最佳药物作用浓度。利用该浓度进一步检测神经元凋亡,同时取果蝇头部提取蛋白质,采用Western blot方法检测P-LRRK2、Nrf2、GCLC、P-P38MAPK、ERK、TH等蛋白表达的变化。结果表明:人参皂苷Rg1最佳药物浓度确定为0.4 mmol/L,将0.4 mmol/L人参皂苷Rg1于果蝇幼虫发育时期和成虫发育时期同时给与药物干预后,可以显著挽救LRRK2突变导致的果蝇存活率降低、爬行能力降低以及多巴胺含量的降低。人参皂苷Rg1能有效降低PD模型果蝇的病理症状,作用途径可能是通过其作用于P-38信号通路以保护PD中的多巴胺能神经元。     

Stereospecificity of Ginsenoside Rg3 in the Promotion of Cellular Immunity in Hepatoma H22‐Bearing Mice

Previous investigations have demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) has many actions including antitumor, antioxidative, and immunomodulatory effects. However, Rg3 exists as 2 stereoisomeric pairs, 20(S)‐ginsenoside Rg3 [20(S)‐Rg3] and 20(R)‐ginsenoside Rg3 [20(R)‐Rg3], which have disparate pharmacological actions because of their different chemical structures. In this study, the 2 epimers were compared for their effects on the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma H22 transplanted tumors and the immune function of H22‐bearing mice. In vivo efficacy study showed that the growth of H22 transplanted tumors was significantly inhibited when treated with 20(S)‐Rg3 and 20(R)‐Rg3 (P < 0.05), and the inhibition rate of tumor growth was 23.6% and 40.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the cellular immunity of H22‐bearing mice was remarkably enhanced after Rg3 treatment (P < 0.05), which may be due to stimulation of ConA‐induced lymphocyte proliferation and augmentation of Th1‐type cytokines interleukin‐2 and interferon‐γ levels in mice. Interestingly, the effects of 20(R)‐Rg3 were significantly greater than those of the S‐form (P < 0.05). Taken together, these results indicate that Rg3 inhibits H22 tumor growth in vivo at least partly by improving the host's cellular immunity in a stereospecific manner, and 20(R)‐Rg3 is more potent for treating cancers or other immune‐mediated diseases clinically.     

人参皂苷Rg1对疲劳小鼠骨骼肌中TFAM和NRF-1基因表达的影响

为了研究人参皂苷 Rg1 对疲劳模型小鼠抗疲劳作用及骨骼肌中线粒体转录因子 A（TFAM）和核呼吸因子-1（NRF-1）基因表达的影响,选取 70 只雄性 BALB/c 小鼠随机分为7组,除空白组外,小鼠腹腔注射环磷酰胺,造成免疫低下模型后进行小鼠负重游泳力竭实验。ELISA 法测定小鼠肝脏及骨骼肌中疲劳相关指标的变化情况,RT-PCR 法检测小鼠骨骼肌中 TFAM 和 NRF-1 基因表达水平。结果表明,人参皂苷 Rg1 中剂量组小鼠负重游泳的力竭时间最长,较空白组增加了 271.4%,且能显著增加肝糖原浓度。各剂量组小鼠肝脏 MDA 质量摩尔浓度下降,LDH 活性升高。中剂量人参皂苷 Rg1 可显著增加小鼠骨骼肌中 TFAM mRNA 和 NRF-1 mRNA 表达水平。人参皂苷 Rg1 可有效调节疲劳小鼠骨骼肌中疲劳相关生化指标的水平,具有较好的抗疲劳效果。     

Use of Lactobacillus rossiae DC05 for bioconversion of the major ginsenosides Rb1 and Re into the pharmacologically active ginsenosides C-K and Rg2

Rb1 and Re are the major ginsenosides in protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol with contents of 38.89 and 13.34%, respectively. β-Glucosidase-producing food grade Lactobacillus rossiae DC05 was isolated from kimchi using esculin-MRS agar and an enzyme of L. rossiae DC05 was used for bioconversion of the major ginsenosides Rb1 and Re. Strain DC05 showed strong activity in converting ginsenosides Rb1 and Re into the minor ginsenosides compound-K and Rg2, respectively. Within 4 days, 100% of ginsenoside Rb1 was decomposed and converted into C-K, while 85% of Re was decomposed and converted into Rg2 after 6 days of incubation. The biosynthesis rate of ginsenoside C-K was 72.88%, and the biosynthesis rate of Rg2 was 53.94%. Strain DC05 hydrolyzed ginsenosides Rb1 and Re along the pathway Rb1→Rd→F2→CK and the pathway Re→Rg2, respectively. The optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme were 30°C and 7.0, respectively.     

国际绿趋势 绿家居 绿家具—自然 健康 环保 单纯 可续 经济

“绿生活”就是健康可持续的友好生活态度及方式。在人类文明高度发展的今天,绿色的生活方式正在变得越来越随处可见,环保生活的标地也不仅仅是糙米和草鞋,而是在每一处生活必需品都不断发展环保的创意,通过可以循环再造的尖端物科和天然材料共同营造回归自然的健康、简约之美。     

Mineral contents of some southern Italian wines. II. Determination of Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Co, As, Rb, Sr, Ag, Sb, Ba

Following our study of the mineral contents of some Southern Italian wines, this work reports on the detection of 12 elemental components. The elements were determined using ICP-AES, flame atomic emission or absorption spectroscopy. The values determined for Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Rb, Sr and Ba were within the usual ranges for wines (average values for these elements were: 0.010, 26.2; 94.4; 888; 94.0; 3.30, 0.82 and 0.11 mg/l respectively). All the wines contained low levels of As, the concentrations of which were always under 0.20 mg/l, the maximum level permitted by E.E.C. standards. The measuring of Co, Ag, and Sb led us to ascertain, in all the wines, concentrations lower than 0.01 mg/l for Co and Ag and below the instrumental detection level for Sb (0.06 mg/l). In a previous study wines from D.O.C. areas of Southern Italy were analysed by the technique of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), for 14 minerals. This paper deals with further investigation of the mineral composition of the same wines for different metal constituents, analysed by ICP-AES, flame atomic emission, or atomic-absorption spectroscopy (two techniques). The first technique was applied to the detection of Co, As, Sr, Ag, Sb, and Ba. The alkaline metals Li, Na, K, and Rb were determined by flame atomic emission, a technique which possesses better detection limits for these elements. For Mg and Ca the atomic absorption methods were applied.