Mechanism of current efficiency improvement of Zn-Fe alloy electroplating by hydrogen inhibitor

The effect of hydrogen inhibitor on partial current densities ofZn, Fe and differential capacitance of electrode/electrolyte interface, and adsorbing type of hydrogen inhibitor were studied by the methods of electrochemistry. The mechanism of current efficiency improvement were explained from the point of valence electron theory. The results indicate that the partial current density of Fe increases in addition of hydrogen inhibitor, which reaches the maximum of 0.14 A/dm^2 when current density is 0.2 A/din〈 Differential capacitance of electrode/electrolyte interface decreases obviously from 20.3μF/cm^2 to 7 μF/cm^2 rapidly with the concentration varying from 0 to 20 mL/L, because hydrogen inhibitor chemically adsorbs on active points of Fe electrode surface selectively. Element S in hydrogen inhibitor with negative electricity and strong capacity of offering electron shares isolated electrons with Fe. The adsorption of H atom is inhibited when adsorbing on active points of Fe electrode surface firstly, and then current efficiency of Zn-Fe alloy electroplating is improved accordingly.     

Electrochemical behaviors of Zn-Fe alloy and Zn-Fe-TiO_2 composite electrodeposition

Electrochemical behaviors of Zn-Fe alloy and Zn-Fe-TiO2 composite electrodeposition in alkaline zincate solutions were studied respectively by the methods of linear potential sweep and cyclic voltammetry. From the results it can be concluded that Zn shows under potential deposition, Zn-Fe alloy codeposition is anomalous codeposi-tion and Zn-Fe alloy cathode polarization is increased with the introduction of additive. From the view point of electrochemistry, the reasons that the content of Fe in the Zn-Fe coating changes with the composition of the electrolyte and the process conditions altering and the relationship between the content of Fe and the appearance of the coating are interpreted. The cathode polarization of Zn-Fe alloy codeposition is enhanced obviously with addition of additive. In the course of composite electrodeposition, TiO2 has less promotion to electrodeposition of zinc ions than to iron i-ons, while the electrodeposition of iron ions improves the content of TiO2 in composite coating,     

Electrochemical behaviors of Zn-Fe alloy and Zn-Fe-TiO2 composite electrodeposition

Electrochemical behaviors of Zn-Fe alloy and Zn-Fe-TiO₂ composite electrodeposition in alkaline zincate solutions were studied respectively by the methods of linear potential sweep and cyclic voltammetry. From the results it can be concluded that Zn shows under potential deposition, Zn-Fe alloy codeposition is anomalous codeposition and Zn-Fe alloy cathode polarization is increased with the introduction of additive. From the view point of electrochemistry, the reasons that the content of Fe in the Zn-Fe coating changes with the composition of the electrolyte and the process conditions altering and the relationship between the content of Fe and the appearance of the coating are interpreted. The cathode polarization of Zn-Fe alloy codeposition is enhanced obviously with addition of additive. In the course of composite electrodeposition, TiO₂ has less promotion to electrodeposition of zinc ions than to iron ions, while the electrodeposition of iron ions improves the content of TiO₂ in composite coating, which is in agreement with the results of process experiments.     

电沉积Ni La P合金上析氢的研究

在１ ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－ １ 　ＫＯＨ 水溶液中测量了Ｎｉ 电极和Ｎｉ Ｌａ Ｐ合金电极上析氢反应的极化曲线．实验结果表明,与镍电极相比,Ｎｉ Ｌａ Ｐ合金电极上析氢的速度比Ｎｉ 电极约大１０ 倍,析氢电势正移２００ ～３００ ｍＶ（ 在ｉｃ ＝ １００～１５０ｍＡ·ｃｍ － ２） ．显示出Ｎｉ Ｌａ Ｐ合金具有较高的析氢催化活性,有利于降低槽电压,减少能耗．     

电沉积法制备高孔率泡沫金属的电流密度控制

针对高孔率泡沫金属的电阻特性，通过电流密度随时间的变化转换为镀区内的位置分布，建立了稳恒状态下，带状高孔率泡沫金属与阳极平行电沉积的理论模型，进而推导出表观电流密度分布的表达式，并对电化学步骤控制的泡沫金属电沉积进行了设备优化设计，使得泡沫金属电沉积的电流密度控制在最佳范围，保证泡沫金属的质量。这一工作，为电沉积法制备高孔率泡沫金属的设备制造和在线控制提供了理论依据，具有实际应用价值。     

退火处理对La-Mg-Ni-Co合金电化学性能的影响

为了改善La-Mg-Ni-Co系贮氢电极合金的综合电化学性能，研究了退火处理对La0.7Mg0.3(Ni0.85Co0.15)3.4相结构和电化学性能的影响.在1 073 ～1 223 K下退火9 h制得样品，并进行了XRD分析以及恒电流充放电、线性极化和恒电位阶跃3种电化学测试.结果表明，铸态和退火态合金均由具有PuNi3结构的主相及少量杂相组成.退火态合金相的成分和结构均匀性得到明显改善，并具有较低的吸氢体积膨胀率.退火处理使合金的最大放电容量有所提高，循环稳定性得到明显改善.退火态合金放电容量的提高与合金中主相丰度的增大密切相关.合金循环稳定性的改善主要归结于退火态合金具有较低的吸氢体积膨胀率和较好的合金成分均匀性.     

新法回收废储氢合金性能的研究

针对废储氢合金粉回收提出一种全新的方法,即提炼和冶炼相结合的方法,并研究提炼后的中间合金及再生新合金的性能.经测试,回收后储氢合金的电化学容量达到282 mAh/g,PCT测试固气吸氢量为1.032%(质量分数),X射线测得主体相为CaCu5型六方结构,但其中含有微量杂质相,这有待于对中间合金的提炼工艺做进一步的研究.总之,利用此种方法得到回收后储氢合金的性能与原合金相近,是一种具有广阔发展前景的回收方法.     

稀土-镁-镍基贮氢合金的研究进展

综述了近几年稀土-镁-镍基贮氢合金电极材料相结构与电化学性能等方面的研究进展。介绍了改善合金电化学性能的方法,包括合金组成的改进、热处理、表面处理、制备复合合金等方法。讨论了稀土-镁-镍基贮氢合金研究中的几个重要问题以及发展方向。     

Influence of bath composition on the electrodeposition of cobalt-molybdenum amorphous alloy thin films

Cobalt-molybdenum (Co-Mo) amorphous alloy thin films were deposited on copper substrates by the electrochemical method at pH 4.0. Among the experimental electrodeposition parameters, only the concentration ratio of molybdate to cobalt ions ([ MoO2-4 ]/[CO2 ]) was varied to analyze its influence on the mechanism of induced cobalt-molybdenum codeposition. Voltammetry was one of the main techniques, which was used to examine the voltammetric response, revealing that cobalt-molybdenum codeposi-tion depended on the nature of the species in solution. To correlate the type of the film to the electrochemical response, various co-bait-molybdenum alloy thin films obtained from different [ MoO2-4]/[Co2 ] solutions were tested. Crack-free homogeneous films could be easily obtained from the low molybdate concentrations ([ MoO2-4]/[Co2 ]≈0.05) applying low deposition potentials.Moreover, the content of molybdenum up to 30wt% could be obtained from high molybdate concentration; in this case, the films showed cracks. The formation of these cracked films could be predicted from the observed distortions in the curves of electric cur-rent-time (j-t) deposition transients. The films with amorphous stmeture were obtained. The hysteresis loops suggested that the easily film were obtained when the deposition potential was -1025 mV, and [ MoO2-4]/[Co2 ] was 0.05 in solution, which exhibited a nicer soft-magnetic response.     

Cu对高淬速AB5型贮氢合金电化学性能的影响

用Cu替代Mn(NiMnAl)4.9C00.4合金中50％的Co元素，对两种合金分别进行快淬处理，测试了它们的活化性能，放电容量，放电电压性能和高倍率放电能力，试验结果表明，Cu替代Co元素不影响合金的活化次数，且使放电容量，低倍率放电电压平台得到明显改善，但高倍率放电电压特性格略有降低，合金的高倍率放电能力下降。     

Influence of Temperature on Electrochemical Performances of Rare Earth Based Hydrogen Storage Material

1 IntroductionRare earth-based hydrogenstorage alloys ofAB5typehave beenthe most major electrode material for small-sizeNi/MHbatteries because of their high discharge capacity,superior highrate capability andfavorable ratio of pricetoperformance. But their electrochemical performances be-come worse when the alloys are applied to large-size Ni/MHbatteries of electric vehicles .Thisfact may be due tothe rising of temperature inside the large batteries causedbythe high electric current of char…     

Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline SnO_2 thin film by electrodeposition technique

1INTRODUCTION Electrodepositiontechniqueiswidelyusedto preparefilmsandpowdersatlowtemperaturedue tothehighenergydensityaccumulatinginsolutionneartheelectrodesurface.Recently,manymetal oxides,suchasZnO,ZrO2,Bi2O3,WO3,etal,havebeenpreparedbyelectrodepositiontech nique[16].However,sofarthepreparationof SnO2filmoncopperfoilhasnotbeenreportedyet.InordertouseSnO2filmasanodematerialin lithiumionbatteries,SnO2filmwithsmallparticle sizedepositeddirectlyoncopperfoiliswelcome.Becausenoconducti…     

硼及快淬工艺对La-Mg-Ni系贮氢合金的微观结构及电化学容量的影响

用铸造及快淬工艺制备了La-Mg-Ni系(PuNi3型)贮氢合金La2Mg(Ni0.85Co0.15)9Bx(x=0,0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2),分析测试了铸态及快淬态合金的微观结构与电化学容量,研究了硼及快淬工艺对合金微观结构及电化学容量的影响.结果表明,铸态合金具有多相结构,包括(La,Mg)Ni3相(PuNi3型)、LaNi5相,一定量的LaNi2相和微量的Ni2B相,经快淬处理后Ni2B相消失.硼的加入对铸态及快淬态合金的容量产生不同的影响,铸态合金的容量随硼含量的增加而单调下降,而快淬态合金的容量随硼含量的增加有一极大值.快淬处理对含硼及不含硼合金的容量也有不同的影响,随淬速的增加,不含硼合金的容量单调下降,而含硼合金的容量可以获得一个极大值.     

Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline SnO2 thin film by electrodeposition technique

A novel process for preparing tin oxide thin films directly on copper foil by electrodeposition was developed. An optimal preparation technology to obtain SnO2 thin films was proposed with current density of 8 mA/cm2, the time of deposition of 120 min, the concentration of tin dichloride of 0.02 mol/L and the concentration of dissociated acid of 0.03 mol/L. The phase identification, microstructure and morphology of the thin films were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra,scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The as-deposited thin film was composed of SnO2·xH2O was obtained by drying at room temperature. Nanocrystalline SnO2 thin film having tetragonal structure with average grain size in the range of 8 to 20 nm and porous, uniform surface was obtained by heat-treating the as-deposited film at 400 ℃ for 2 h. Electrochemical characterization shows that SnO2 film can deliver a discharge capacity of 798 mAh/g and the SnO2 film with smooth surface and annealed at 400 ℃ for 2 h has better cycle performance than that with rough surface and annealed at 150 ℃ for 10 h.     

非化学计量比对贮氢合金Mm(NiCoMnAl)5Bx电化学性能的影响

研究了稀土系非化学计量比贮氢合金Mm(NiCoMrLAl5)5Bx(x=0，0．1，0．2，0．3，0．4)微观结构及电化学性能，分析了非化学计量比x对贮氢合金电化学性能的影响．研究结果表明，铸态非化学计量比合金Mn(NiCoMnAl)5Bx具有双相组织，主相为CaCu5结构相，还有少量CeCO4B第二相，第二相的相丰度随x的增加而增大．经22m/s淬速快淬处理后，合金中的第二相消失．随非化学计量比x的增加，合金的电化学容量下降，但活化性能、倍率放电能力循环寿命明显提高，放电电压特性得到一定改善．     

Composition and Morphology of Zn-Co Alloy Coatings Deposited by Means of Pulse Plating Containing Reverse Current

The influence of bath constituents and pulse parameters on cobalt content, surface morphologies and grain size of Zn-Co alloy deposits was studied using a pulse plating technique with a square- wave current containing reverse pulse, It is found that Zn-Co alloy coatings obtained from the bath with the cobalt ion concentration over 60 wt% have a higher cobalt content in deposits. The results of pulse plating show that the average current density and reverse anodic current density amongst the variables investigated have very strong effects on the cobalt content in the Zn-Co alloy deposits. It is possible to electrodeposit Zn-Co alloy coatings with 10-90 wt% cobalt by modulating pulse parameters. The grain size, surface appearance and internal stress in the deposit were improved significantly by introducing the reverse current.     

从废渣中提取的稀土镍钴合金储氢性能的研究

采用水浴—合金置换—电弧渣金熔分三步法从储氢合金冶炼废渣中提取稀土镍钴合金,以此为母合金,依据设计的成分,配入纯金属,电弧熔炼配制成新的储氢合金,测试其储氢性能,结果表明,回收后储氢合金的电化学容量达到315 mAh/g,接近标准储氢合金粉;气固吸氢量为1.403%,PCT曲线平台明显,且平台比较宽,表明吸氢量大;当合金容量衰减到初始容量的80%时,其循环次数为158次.     

Thermal efficiency characteristics of hydrogen internal combustion engine

To study the economic advantages of hydrogen internal combustion engine,an experimental study was carried out using a 2.0Lport fuel-injected(PFI)hydrogen internal combustion engine.Influences of fuel-air equivalence ratioΦ,speed,and ignition advance angle on heat efficiency were determined.Test results showed that indicated thermal efficiency(ITE)firstly increased with fuel-air equivalence ratio,achieved the maximum value of 40.4%(Φ=0.3),and then decreased whenΦ was more than 0.3.ITE increased as speed rises.Mechanical efficiency increased as fuel-air equivalence ratio increased,whereas mechanical efficiency decreased as speed increased,with maximum mechanical efficiency reaching 90%.Brake thermal efficiency(BTE)was influenced by ITE and mechanical efficiency,at the maximum value of 35%(Φ=0.5,2 000r/min).The optimal ignition advance angle of each condition resulting in the maximum BTE was also studied.With increasing fuel-air equivalence ratio,the optimal ignition angle became closer to the top dead center(TDC).The test results and the conclusions exhibited a guiding role on hydrogen internal combustion engine optimization.     

电解充氢及退火热处理与ZL114合金的力学性能

充氢后的铝合金试样在空气中放置一段时间后，其力学性能与充氢前比不降反升.由此想到，若将充氢试样进行退火热处理，可望获得更佳的效果.以ZL114为试验合金，对比测定了在空气中放置和退火后的试样与原来的充氢试样的力学性能，观察了它们的断口形貌.为缩短试验周期、突出试验结果，便于对比，采用了浓度为1?mol/L的HCl溶液.结果表明，退火热处理明显改善了充氢试样的延伸率和缩面率，断口中出现韧窝状凹坑.因此，可用此法快速析出试样中的氢，减轻及消除氢对其力学性能的影响.     

Influences of melt spinning on electrochemical hydrogen storage performance of nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg2Ni-type alloys

In order to improve the electrochemical hydrogen storage performance of the Mg₂Ni-type electrode alloys, Mg in the alloy was partially substituted by La, and the nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg₂Ni-type Mg_20−x La _x Ni₁₀ (x=0, 2) alloys were synthesized by melt-spinning technique. The microstructures of the as-spun alloys were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical hydrogen storage properties of the experimental alloys were tested. The results show that no amorphous phase is detected in the as-spun Mg₂₀Ni₁₀ alloy, but the as-spun Mg₁₈La₂Ni₁₀ alloy holds a major amorphous phase. As La content increases from 0 to 2, the maximum discharge capacity of the as-spun (20 m/s) alloys rises from 96.5 to 387.1 mA·h/g, and the capacity retaining rate (S ₂₀) at the 20th cycle grows from 31.3% to 71.7%. Melt-spinning engenders an impactful effect on the electrochemical hydrogen storage performances of the alloys. With the increase in the spinning rate from 0 to 30 m/s, the maximum discharge capacity increases from 30.3 to 135.5 mA·h/g for the Mg₂₀Ni₁₀ alloy, and from 197.2 to 406.5 mA·h/g for the Mg₁₈La₂Ni₁₀ alloy. The capacity retaining rate (S ₂₀) of the Mg₂₀Ni₁₀ alloy at the 20th cycle slightly falls from 36.7% to 27.1%, but it markedly mounts up from 37.3% to 78.3% for the Mg₁₈La₂Ni₁₀ alloy.