Iron-containing proteins augment responses of human lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweek mitogen in serum-free medium

The effects of various iron-containing compounds on the responses of human peripheral lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were studied in serum-free medium supplemented with bovine serum albumin. Hemoglobin, transferrin and ferritin enhanced the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA after PHA-stimulation of lymphocytes, while hemin, iron metal powder, ferrous sulfate, chromium powder, and zinc sulfate have little effect. The response to PWM, measured by plaque formation, was enhanced only by transferrin. Desferrioxamine, a chelating agent specific for ferric iron, completely removed these augmentative effects. The results indicate that iron-containing proteins influenced the responses of lymphocytes to stimulation by PHA and PWM in serum-free medium.     

Fortification of common salt with iron: effect of chemical additives on stability and bioavailability

Fortification of salt with iron has been suggested as a practical method of iron supplementation. In an effort to identify a suitable method for fortifying salt with iron two approaches were investigated. In one the possibility of fortifying salt with ferrous sulfate and a stabilizing agent was tried. Of the several stabilizing agents studied orthophosphoric acid was found to be the most promising one. Salt fortified with ferrous sulfate and orthophosphoric acid was found to keep well on storage without color development. Bioavailability of iron from this fortified salt, although satisfactory at the beginning, deteriorated on storage. An alternative approach in which salt was fortified with ferric orthophosphate, a stable iron compound and an absorption promoter like sodium acid sulfate was found to be more satisfactory. Salt fortified with ferric orthophosphate (3,500 ppm) and sodium acid sulfate (5,000 ppm) kept well without any color development for several months. The bioavailability of iron from this formula was comparable to that from ferrous sulfate and bioavailability did not decrease even after storage for 4-5 months. This fortified salt was also acceptable. This formula offers a practical solution to fortification of salt with iron.     

从净水剂液体三氯化铁中去除钙

将酸浸含钙量较高的氧化铁物料得到的氯化铁和氯化亚铁混合溶液加工成净水剂液体三氯化铁时必须把溶液中的钙除去。采用聚合硫酸铁去除液体三氯化铁中的钙离子，钙去除率几乎可达100％，产品质量较高，而且除钙工艺成本低，流程易于控制。     

EDTA络合滴定法测量高炉渣中铁(Ⅲ)和铁(Ⅱ)

采用盐酸溶解样品,在保护气二氧化碳的保护下,控制溶液温度在(75±2) ℃、pH值在1.5～2.0范围内,以磺基水杨酸为指示剂,用EDTA标准溶液滴定Fe³⁺;然后加入过硫酸铵氧化Fe²⁺,继续用EDTA标准溶液滴定氧化生成的Fe³⁺,再减去金属铁(MFe)即得到Fe²⁺含量。试验讨论了溶液温度、酸度及环境保护措施的选择等条件对测定结果的影响。实验方法用于测定3个高炉渣样品中Fe³⁺和Fe²⁺,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为0.76%～2.3%。按照实验方法测定3个高炉渣样品中Fe³⁺和Fe²⁺,结果与邻二氮菲分光光度法测定结果相吻合。     

碘-乙醇非水体系分离—重铬酸钾滴定法测定炉渣中金属铁与氧化亚铁

对炉渣中的金属铁与氧化亚铁的测定进行了研究。通过考察与金属铁反应而不与氧化亚铁反应的5种弱酸盐溶液(醋酸铅溶液、醋酸铜溶液、三氯化铁-醋酸钠-醋酸溶液、碘-碘化钾溶液、三氯化铁溶液)和非水溶液(碘-乙醇溶液)对金属铁的浸取效果,选取了碘-乙醇溶液作为炉渣中金属铁的浸取剂。实验结果表明,0.200 0 g炉渣样品用50 mL碘-乙醇溶液浸取40min, 采用重铬酸钾滴定法分别测定浸取液中铁量和浸取后残渣中的亚铁量,得到炉渣中金属铁和氧化亚铁量, 金属铁的浸取率在97 %以上,而氧化亚铁不被浸出。与经典的三氯化铁浸取剂相比,本浸取剂对金属铁的浸取效果好,金属铁与氧化亚铁分离完全,避免了用三氯化铁溶液作浸取剂时亚铁与金属铁的酸溶干扰。以碘-乙醇溶液浸取钢渣和脱磷渣后采用重铬酸钾滴定法测定,金属铁的测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为4.2%和4.6 %,氧化亚铁测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.72%和0.62%。     

Separation of niobium from ferroniobium by chlorination

Separation of niobium from ferroniobium by chlorine metallurgy has been investigated in order to effect a new process for the mass production of niobium due to the increasing demand for this element. From thermodynamical considerations, the chlorination of ferroniobium by chlorine gas was con-ducted under several conditions, and the most effective conditions were determined. Ferroniobium chlorides obtained were shown to be ferric chloride and niobium pentachloride. Preliminary separation of niobium pentachloride from ferric chloride is possible by selective condensation with temperature gradient techniques. Selective reduction of ferric chloride to ferrous chloride by iron powder was conducted to separate niobium pentachloride from ferrous chloride by their volatility difference. Separation of niobium from ferroniobium by chlorine metallurgy is summarized in a flowsheet, and a new dry methods process, which is simplified compared with the current process, is obtained.     

莫桑比克某重砂矿选冶流程样品中钛和铬的联合测定

采用硫酸高铁铵滴定法测定钛时,铬的存在会干扰测定。莫桑比克某重砂矿选冶流程样品中含有铬,在采用硫酸高铁铵滴定法测定钛时,需先分离铬。实验以过氧化钠碱熔处理样品,而后将冷却后的坩埚放入盛有100~150mL水的300mL烧杯中,将烧杯置于高温电炉上煮沸5~8min以溶解熔融物并除尽过氧化氢,此时钛以氢氧化钛形式存在于沉淀中,铬以铬酸根形式存在于溶液中。经过滤分离后,铬存在于滤液中,后续以苯代邻氨基苯甲酸为指示剂,采用硫酸亚铁铵滴定法进行测定;钛存在于滤纸上的沉淀中,先依次用热盐酸(1+1)和水洗入锥形瓶中,而后以硫氰酸钾为指示剂,采用硫酸高铁铵滴定法进行测定。对铬干扰钛测定的机理进行了研究和讨论,分析认为可能是因为在钛的测定过程中生成了二价铬,从而消耗了硫酸高铁铵标准溶液进而影响了对钛的测定。将实验方法用于标准样品及1组焙烧磁选后的精矿(6-6-1精)和尾矿(6-6-1尾)中二氧化钛和三氧化二铬的测定,二氧化钛测定值与认定值相符,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)为0.082%~0.81%;三氧化二铬测定值与认定值及无过滤分离步骤的硫酸亚铁铵滴定法测定值均相符,相对标准偏差(n=7)为0.25%~1.79%。     

铁粉预还原—硫化亚铁脱除高酸性硫酸铁溶液中的砷

焙烧氰化法提金尾渣经酸浸后产出大量酸性硫酸铁溶液,因其中含有较高的砷而限制了其高值化利用。采用铁粉预还原—硫化亚铁脱砷对溶液中的砷进行脱除研究。结果表明,溶液中砷的存在形式及分布与溶液体系电位密切相关,铁粉可以有效降低溶液电位,经铁粉预还原后硫酸铁溶液中的砷可用硫化亚铁有效脱除。当铁粉添加量为溶液中铁含量的0.6倍,溶液加入36.6g/L的FeS,搅拌30min,可使溶液中砷含量由0.253g/L降低至4.79mg/L。空气对脱砷过程有不利影响。     

The kinetics of dissolution of chalcopyrite in ferric ion media

The kinetics of dissolution of chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂) in ferric chloride-hydrochloric acid and in ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid solutions have been investigated using the rotating disk technique. Over the temperature range 50 to 100‡C, linear kinetics were observed in the chloride media while nonlinear kinetics were noted in the sulfate system. The apparent activation energy in the chloride system was about 11 kcal/mole. The rate increased with increasing ferric chloride concentrations but was insensitive to the concentrations of hydrochloric acid, the ferrous chloride reaction product and “inert≓ magnesium or lithium chlorides. Cupric chloride substantially accelerated the rate. Small amounts of sulfate in an otherwise all chloride system greatly reduce the chalcopyrite leaching rate; still larger amounts of sulfate make the system behave essentially like the slower-reacting ferric sulfate medium.     

Acute leukaemia in Jehovah''s Witnesses

The bioavailability of iron glycine added to a vegetable infant weaning food was compared with ferrous sulfate. Stable, isotopically labeled compounds (57Fe or 58Fe) were mixed into the midday meal (1.4 mg added Fe/serving) and fed to 9-mo-old infants on alternate days for 8 d. Bioavailability, expressed as a percentage of the dose consumed, was measured from isotopic enrichment of hemoglobin 14 d after the last test meal. There was no difference between iron glycine and ferrous sulfate (x+/-SEM): 9.0+/-0.7% and 9.9+/-0.8%, respectively. The effect of chelation was examined by measuring iron bioavailability of iron glycine and ferrous sulfate added to a high-phytate (310 mg/100 g) whole-grain cereal weaning food and comparing it with a lower-phytate (147 mg/100 g) vegetable food, as used in the first study. Both iron compounds had lower bioavailability from the high-phytate food, 5.2+/-0.5% for iron glycine and 3.8+/-0.9% for ferrous sulfate, than the lower-phytate food, 9.8+/-1.5% for iron glycine and 9.1+/-1.3% for ferrous sulfate. The results showed no significant difference in bioavailability between the two forms of iron when added to infant weaning foods, suggesting that the glycine complex was fully or partially dissociated in the gastrointestinal tract. It is concluded that chelation does not improve the bioavailability of iron in the presence of dietary inhibitors.     

Surgical clips: a cause of late recurrent gallstones

BACKGROUND: Oral iron supplements, which are usually in the form of ferrous (Fe2+) salts, are toxic to the gastrointestinal mucosa, and so intolerance is common, resulting in poor compliance and failure of treatment. The sugar derivative maltol strongly chelates iron, rendering it available for absorption and stabilized in the less toxic ferric (Fe3+) form. AIM: To test whether ferric trimaltol could correct iron deficiency anaemia in patients intolerant of ferrous sulphate. METHODS: Twenty-three patients were recruited from gastroenterology clinics, of whom 1 5 had inflammatory bowel disease, a group often difficult to treat with oral iron. Patients with iron deficiency anaemia and documented intolerance to ferrous sulphate were given 3 months of treatment with ferric trimaltol. RESULTS: Nineteen of 23 patients completed the treatment and anaemia was fully corrected in 14 of these, mean haemoglobin increased from 106 +/- 15 to 126 +/- 16 g/L, and there was a particularly low incidence of side-effects. Of 11 patients with inflammatory bowel disease who completed the study, nine fully corrected their anaemia. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that in patients intolerant of ferrous compounds, ferric trimaltol corrects iron deficiency and has a low incidence of side-effects.     

溴-甲醇非水体系分离-重铬酸钾滴定法测定直接还原铁中金属铁

金属铁含量是直接还原铁质量的主要指标,而直接还原铁是优质钢生产不可缺少的原料。因此测定直接还原铁中金属铁含量对优化钢材结构和提高钢的质量具有重要意义。采用溴-甲醇非水体系溶解直接还原铁中金属铁(MFe),使用聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)微孔过滤膜(孔径0.45 μm)抽滤分离残渣,金属铁以三溴化铁的形式存在于滤液中,从而实现了其与其他价态铁的分离。滤液中加入硫酸和多次加入过氧化氢,加热冒硫酸烟去除溴化物和甲醇以避免其干扰后续金属铁的测定。用氯化亚锡还原滤液中大部分三价铁为二价铁,以钨酸钠为指示剂,三氯化钛还原滤液中剩余的三价铁,用稀重铬酸钾溶液氧化过剩的三氯化钛。以二苯胺磺酸钠为指示剂,用重铬酸钾标准溶液滴定二价铁的含量。据此,建立了溴-甲醇非水体系分离-重铬酸钾滴定法测定直接还原铁中金属铁的方法。选取5个直接还原铁样品,按照实验方法进行精密度试验,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=9)为0.24%～0.54%;将实验方法应用于2个直接还原铁标准样品中金属铁的测定,测得结果与认定值的相对误差为0.012%～0.15%。     

Investigations of the bioavailability of iron from bi- and trivalent iron salts (author's transl)

In a clinical pilot study, performed as an intraindividual comparison, 3 oral iron preparations, one bivalent iron sulfate (quick release stick capsule preparation) and two trivalent iron citrate complex preparations with different additives, were investigated on 9 healthy young male test persons by the iron absorption test (postabsorption serum iron concentration curves) in order to study the bioavailability of these drugs and their compatibility. Whereas both iron drugs proved equally compatible when administered in therapeutical doses, it was again confirmed that the enteral bioavailability of the ferrous iron sulfate is superior to that of the ferric iron complex preparation. According to these results the medication of ferric iron preparations seems once again to be proved unsuitable, trivalent iron having first to be reduced to bivalent absorbable iron, there however being usually not enough "reducing capacity" in the gastrointestinal tract to do this.     

Chemical and electrochemical basis of bioleaching processes

The bioleaching of sulfide minerals involves electrochemical and chemical reactions of the mineral with the leach liquor and the extra-cellular polysaccharide layers on the microorganisms. The microorganisms derive energy by oxidising the sulfur moiety and ferrous iron, which can be interpreted using electrochemistry and chemiosmotic theory. Recently, significant advances have been made in understanding the mechanism by which the bioleaching of sulfide minerals occurs. Kinetic models based on the proposed mechanism are being used successfully to predict the performance of continuous bioleach reactors. The measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide consumption rates together with the measurement of redox potentials has led to this further elucidation of the mechanism of bioleaching of sulfide minerals and enabled the kinetics of the sub-processes involved to be determined separately. It has been shown that bioleaching involves at least three important sub-processes, viz., attack of the sulfide mineral, microbial oxidation of ferrous iron and some sulfur moiety. The overall process occurs via one of two pathways depending on the nature of the sulfide mineral, a pathway via thiosulfate resulting in sulfate being formed or a polythionate pathway resulting in the formation of elemental sulfur. For the case of pyrite, the primary attack of the sulfide mineral is a chemical ferric leach producing ferrous iron. The role of the bacteria is to re-oxidise the ferrous iron back to the ferric form and maintain a high redox potential as well as oxidising the elemental sulfur that is formed in some cases. The first two sub-processes of chemical ferric reaction with the mineral and bacterial oxidation of the ferrous iron are linked by the redox potential. The sub-processes are in equilibrium when the rate of iron turnover between the mineral and the bacteria is balanced. Rate equations based on redox potential or ferric/ferrous-iron ratio have been used to describe the kinetics of these sub-processes. The kinetics have been described as a function of the ferric/ferrous-iron ratio or redox potential which enables the interactions of the two sub-processes to be linked at a particular redox potential through the rate of ferrous iron turn-over. The use of these models in predicting bioleach behaviour for pyrite is presented and discussed. The model is able to predict which bacterial species will predominate at a particular redox potential in the presence of a particular mineral, and which mineral will be preferentially leached. The leach rate and steady state redox potential can be predicted from the bacterial to mineral ratio. The implications of this model on bioleach reactor design and operation are discussed. Research on the chemistry and electrochemistry of the ferric leaching of sulfide minerals and an electrochemical mechanism for ferrous iron oxidation based on chemiosmotic theory will be presented and reviewed.     

Iron uptake and iron-repressible polypeptides in Yersinia pestis

Pigmented (Pgm+) cells of Yersinia pestis are virulent, are sensitive to pesticin, adsorb exogenous hemin at 26 degrees C (Hms+), produce iron-repressible outer membrane proteins, and grow at 37 degrees C in iron-deficient media. These traits are lost upon spontaneous deletion of a chromosomal 102-kb pgm locus (Pgm-). Here we demonstrate that an Hms+ but pesticin-resistant (Pst(r)) mutant acquired a 5-bp deletion in the pesticin receptor gene (psn) encoding IrpB to IrpD. Growth and assimilation of iron by Pgm- and Hms+ Pst(r) mutants were markedly inhibited by ferrous chelators at 37 degrees C; inhibition by ferric and ferrous chelators was less effective at 26 degrees C. Iron-deficient growth at 26 degrees C induced iron-regulated outer membrane proteins of 34, 28.5, and 22.5 kDa and periplasmic polypeptides of 33.5 and 30 kDa. These findings provide a basis for understanding the psn-driven system of iron uptake, indicate the existence of at least one additional 26 degrees C-dependent iron assimilation system, and define over 30 iron-repressible proteins in Y. pestis.     

Bacillus stearothermophilus sporulation response to different composition media

To evaluate the effectiveness of 11 commonly used ingredients to improve Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 7953 sporulation, with high spore yields in a short period of incubation, 32 composition media were set up by a fractional factorial 2IV11-6 design at two levels: D-glucose (0.018-0.25%), L-glutamic acid (0.040-0.10%), yeast extract (0.050-0.40%), peptone (0.30-0.50%), sodium chloride (0.001-1.0%), magnesium sulfate (0.001-0.20%), ammonium phosphate (0.010-0.035%), potassium phosphate monobasic (0.050-0.25%), calcium chloride (0.001-0.05%), ferrous sulfate (0.0003-0.002%), manganese sulfate (0.001-0.50%). The largest variation on Log10 CFU response took place due to sodium chloride main effect, by changing it from low to high levels. Magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride, and ferrous sulfate were split and exerted no detectable main effect influence on sporulation. Setting up two 16 runs for sodium chloride effect, in each of which the remainder levels were kept constant, other components contribution was studied. At low sodium chloride, best average 7.25 Log10 CFU yielded by fastening yeast extract and peptone at high level, and remainders at low level. Considering high level of sodium chloride, peptone, yeast extract and ammonium phosphate kept at high level and remainders at low level confirmed the best sporulation yield. Adjusted models evidenced a strong influence of joint yeast/peptone effect, associated to ammonium phosphate contributing positively. The reduced incubation period from 15 days to 3-6 days at 62 degrees C was attained for all 32 experimental runs.     

Effect of superoxide and superoxide-generating systems on the prooxidant effect of iron in oil emulsion and raw turkey homogenates

Mechanisms of superoxide.O2--generating systems on the pro-oxidant effect of iron from various sources were studied. Reaction mixtures were prepared with distilled water, oil emulsion, or meat homogenates. Free ionic iron (ferrous and ferric), ferritin and hemoglobin (Hb) were used as iron sources, and KO2 and xanthine oxidase (XOD) systems were used to produce .O2-. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values and iron contents of the reaction mixtures were determined. Ferric iron and ferritin, in the presence or absence of superoxide-generating systems, had no catalytic effect on the oxidation of oil emulsion but became pro-oxidants when reducing agent (ascorbate) was present. Ferrous iron and Hb had strong catalytic effects on the oxidation of oil emulsion as shown by TBARS values. Superoxide and H2O2, generated from superoxide-generating systems, oxidized ferrous iron and ascorbate, and lowered the pro-oxidant effect of ferrous iron in oil emulsion. Addition of ferric or ferrous iron increased but Hb did not have any effect on the TBARS values of raw meat homogenates. The reaction mechanisms of superoxide and the superoxide-generating systems on the prooxidant effect of various iron sources indicated that .O2- was a strong oxidizer rather than a reducing agent, and the antioxidant effect of XOD system in oil was caused by the oxidation of ferrous iron to the ferric form by .O2- and/or H2O2.     

聚合磷硫酸铁制备及净化含铅废水的试验研究

以钛白粉副产品绿矾为主要原料,氯酸钠作氧化剂,调节亚铁离子与硫酸根离子之间摩尔比后微波作用仅几分钟就能合成出液体聚合硫酸铁,并在此基础上加入磷酸根离子可得到所需絮凝剂--聚合磷硫酸铁;试验了该絮凝剂最佳合成工艺条件;采用该试剂净化含铅废水,取得了较好去除效果,并且探讨了除铅最佳试验条件.     

三氯化铁浸出-重铬酸钾滴定法测定钛精粉还原产物中的金属铁

试样用三氯化铁溶液溶解,金属铁被氧化为二氯化铁,过滤分离,滤液酸化后以二苯铵磺酸钠为指示剂,用重铬酸钾标准溶液滴定,实现了钛精粉还原产物中金属铁含量的测定。结果表明,试样粒度在0.125 mm以下时,FeCl3溶液浓度和用量分别为10 g/L和100 mL,采用电磁搅拌60 min为最佳的实验条件。分别用HgCl2分析法、矿相法对方法正确度进行检测,其中F检验和t检验判定此法与HgCl2法无显著性差异,同时,浸出前后试样的X射线衍射图谱对照和金相照片对比进一步证明滤渣中没有金属铁相,铁浸出完全。方法用于测定钛精粉还原产物样品,结果的相对标准偏差小于2%。     

Zero-Valent Iron: Impact of Anions Present during Synthesis on Subsequent Nanoparticle Reactivity

Zero-valent iron particles are an effective remediation technology for ground water contaminated with halogenated organic compounds. In particular, nanoscale zero-valent iron is a promising material for remediation because of its high specific surface area, which results in faster rate constants and more effective use of the iron. An aspect of iron nanoparticle reactivity that has not been explored is the impact of anions present during iron metal nanoparticle synthesis. Solutions containing chloride, phosphate, sulfate, and nitrate anions and ferric ions were used to generate iron oxide nanoparticles. The resulting materials were dialyzed to remove dissolved by-products and then dried and reduced by hydrogen gas at high temperature. The reactivity of the resulting zero-valent iron nanoparticles was quantified by monitoring the kinetics as well as products of carbon tetrachloride reduction, and significant differences in reactivity and chloroform yield were observed. The reactivity of nanoparticles prepared in the presence of sulfate and phosphate demonstrated the highest reactivity and chloroform yield. Furthermore, substantial variations in the solid-state products of oxidation (magnetite, iron sulfide, goethite, etc.) were also observed.