Kinetics of bitumen extraction from oil sands using organic solvents

The kinetic study of bitumen extraction from oil sands is significant for efficiency improvement and reactor design in industrial applications. Here, an improved pseudo-first-order kinetic model was established with the assumption of a constant Sherwood number, which took into account the mass transfer area. Five organic solvents were used for the extraction kinetics of the prepared bitumen microbeads. The improved pseudo-first-order kinetic model exhibited excellent fitting effects. Petroleum ether/dichloromethane was proved to be the best solvent. The results also showed an exponential decrease in the diameter of the bitumen microbeads and a linear increase in mass transfer coefficients with time for all the solvents. The kinetics of bitumen extraction from oil sands using different solvents were predicted according to the corresponding average mass transfer coefficients. The experimental results confirmed that the improved kinetic model was capable of describing the mass transfer process of bitumen extraction from oil sands.     

不同有机溶剂对新疆油砂沥青的组成性质影响

油砂作为一种非常规石油资源,越来越受到人们的重视。油砂沥青的含量和性质对其开发有着重要的影响。有机溶剂抽提可以测定油砂沥青的含量。本文研究了3种溶剂对新疆油砂的抽提能力,并对不同溶剂抽提得到的新疆油砂沥青进行了性质分析。结果表明,新疆油砂含油率（甲苯测）为11.75%,属于中品位油砂矿;甲苯、氯仿和石油醚3种不同溶剂对新疆油砂沥青进行抽提,发现3种溶剂抽提能力的大小关系为氯仿＞甲苯＞石油醚;抽提过程中,氯仿表现出对胶质和沥青质较强的萃取能力,而石油醚对沥青质的萃取能力几乎为0,采用氯仿可以更准确地测定油砂沥青的含量。氯仿抽提得到新疆油砂沥青及其组分的杂原子含量和分子量高于甲苯和石油醚抽提的。由红外谱图发现,氯仿抽提得到的油砂沥青的含氧、含硫官能团的吸收峰强度大于甲苯和石油醚抽提的,表明氯仿对油砂沥青中极性物质的抽提能力更强。     

离子液体促进溶剂萃取油砂沥青

传统水洗法和溶剂萃取法萃取油砂沥青时,存在沥青中含有沙土和残沙中含有油等缺点。为解决上述缺点,本文采用不同比例的乙酸甲酯/正庚烷复合溶剂萃取油砂沥青,研究了离子液体（1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐,[Emim]BF4）对该溶剂萃取体系的萃取率和分离洁净程度的影响。采用红外光谱仪和扫描电镜对萃取后的残沙和沥青的洁净程度进行了定性分析,并结合元素分析仪和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪获得萃取后残沙和沥青的洁净程度的定量结果。实验结果表明：当复合溶剂体积比为2∶3时,[Emim]BF4促使沥青回收率达到最大值94.20%,比单纯复合溶剂萃取体系的最大萃取率高7.92%;通过上述测试方法的定性和定量分析,证明了[Emim]BF4能有效解决沥青夹带沙土和残沙中含油的问题。     

低共熔溶剂用于萃取分离的研究进展

作为一种新型的绿色溶剂,低共熔溶剂（DES）拥有与离子液体媲美的优良特性,如挥发性小、可设计性等,且具有成本低廉和制备简单的优势,使得DES正逐步替代传统有机溶剂,在萃取分离应用方面得到广泛的关注。本文综述了近年来国内外有关DES在萃取分离方面的研究报道,阐述了DES直接用于液液萃取、在线生成DES的缔合萃取和通过DES分解完成萃取的应用,并分析比较了各过程的特点和存在的问题;介绍了DES在不同萃取体系中的稳定性和DES的回收方法;总结了DES萃取分离体系的理论发展和萃取机理的研究进展;展望了DES用于萃取分离的工业化前景,指出了目前面临的DES理论、萃取机理、循环稳定性等方面的挑战,分析了进一步的研究趋势。     

Solvent screening for non‐aqueous extraction of Alberta oil sands

Non‐aqueous extraction of bitumen from oil sands has the potential to reduce fresh water demand of the extraction process and eliminate tailings ponds. In this study, different light hydrocarbon solvents, including aromatics, cycloalkanes, biologically derived solvents and mixtures of solvents were compared for extraction of bitumen from Alberta oil sands at room temperature and ambient pressure. The solvents are compared based on bitumen recovery, the amount of residual solvent in the extracted oil sands tailings and the content of fine solids in the extracted bitumen. The extraction experiments were carried out in a multistage process with agitation in rotary mixers and vibration sieving. The oil sands tailings were dried under ambient conditions, and their residual solvent contents were measured by a purge and trap system followed by gas chromatography. The elemental compositions of the extraction tailings were measured to calculate bitumen recovery. Supernatants from the extraction tests were centrifuged to separate and measure the contents of fine solid particles. Except for limonene and isoprene, the tested solvents showed good bitumen recoveries of around 95%. The solvent drying rates and residual solvent contents in the extracted oil sands tailings correlated to solvent vapour pressure. The contents of fine solids in the extracted bitumen (supernatant) were below 2.9% for all solvents except n‐heptane‐rich ones. Based on these findings, cyclohexane is the best candidate solvent for bitumen extraction, with 94.4% bitumen recovery, 5 mg of residual solvent per kilogram of extraction tailings and 1.4 wt% fine solids in the recovered bitumen. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Comparative study of three laboratory methods for the extraction of bitumen from oil sands

Measurements of total organic content and extractable bitumen for a number of different grade oil sands were used to obtain the extraction efficiency of several common bench-scale bitumen recovery techniques. The hot-water process was inefficient for feeds of moderate to high fines content. Soxhlet extraction and spherical agglomeration were found to be of similar efficiency for most grades of feed. For these two processes the efficiency is limited by the mineral fines content, probably because of surface absorption of bitumen components.     

Effect of clays and calcium ions on bitumen extraction from athabasca oil sands using flotation

A novel approach, based on the doping of rich estuarine oil sands with calcium and/or clays, was developed to study bitumen extraction. The batch flotation tests showed that the addition of either calcium ions up to 40 p.p.m., or kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite clays at 1 wt% of oil sands processed had marginal effect on bitumen recovery from the estuarine ores. A sharp reduction in bitumen recovery was observed only when calcium ions greater than 30 p.p.m. and 1 wt% montmorillonite clays were added together. While bitumen recovery correlated well with changes in water/air/bitumen contact angle, no correlation was found between bitumen recovery and measured zeta potential of clays or surface tension of the supernatants from the flotation slurry. The wettability of bitumen was identified as a key element in determining bitumen recovery. The aqueous solution analysis for calcium ions showed that most of the added calcium ions disappeared from the solution when montmorillonite clays were present. The addition of illite or kaolinite clays changed the calcium ion concentration in the slurry only marginally. Stronger adsorption of calcium ions on montmorillonite than on either kaolinite or illite is considered to be responsible for the increased bitumen wettability, and hence reduced bitumen recovery.     

离子液体/低共熔溶剂在煤基液体分离中的应用

为了实现煤基液体各组分利用价值最大化,本文综述了离子液体和低共熔溶剂对组分组成复杂的煤基液体进行高效萃取分离的研究进展。首先介绍了离子液体和低共熔溶剂的性质及分类;其次根据分离目标的不同,将离子液体和低共熔溶剂对煤基液体典型组分的萃取分离分为四个方面进行阐述:煤基液体提酚、燃料油萃取脱硫、燃料油萃取脱氮、芳烃和脂肪烃的分离。分析表明,离子液体和低共熔溶剂对实际煤基液体的提酚效果较好,能分离出绝大多数的酚类化合物;燃料油萃取脱硫时,离子液体和低共熔溶剂对实际煤基液体的单次脱硫率均不高,需3～5次重复萃取后才能获得理想效果;燃料油中的碱性及非碱性含氮化合物很难被同一种离子液体或低共熔溶剂一次性分离出,导致实际油品的脱氮率较低;大多数离子液体和低共熔溶剂进行芳烃和脂肪烃的分离时不能获得理想的分配系数和选择性,尚无法用于实际芳烃和脂肪烃的分离。氢键、π-π、CH-π、范德华力等分子间相互作用的差异是实现离子液体或低共熔溶剂进行煤基液体典型组分分离的主要原因。依据分离对象,设计合适的离子液体和低共熔溶剂,提高实际煤基液体分离时的萃取率和选择性;分析并解决离子液体和低共熔溶剂用于实际煤基液体各组分...     

A novel dissolution-precipitation method for high-efficiency separation of oil-wetted oil sands

Dissolution-precipitation is a novel high-efficiency method for separating oil-wetted oil sands. Four dissolving agents and three precipitating agents were studied to select the optimal combination. Results showed that N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA) and methanol were the optimal dissolving and precipitating agents, respectively. The chemical group compositions, element content, and H/C atom ratio of bitumen separated by DMCHA-methanol were analyzed, and the optimal conditions for oil sands separation were determined, under which the bitumen recovery reached 96.4%. After six separation cycles with DMCHA-methanol, the bitumen recovery remained above 93%.     

桑葚果渣花色苷的低共熔溶剂提取与分离

以桑葚果渣为原料,在低共熔溶剂(DESs)中,经DESs提取与大孔树脂分离两步,回收了果渣中花色苷.测试了不同类型DESs与提取方法对花色苷提取率的影响,通过不同型号大孔树脂作为吸附载体对花色苷进行回收以脱除DESs.采用HPLC、HPLC-MS对花色苷进行定量与定性分析.结果表明,DESs中草酸-氯化胆碱〔n(草酸)...     

油砂沥青质对油砂沥青中甲苯残留的影响

利用热重质谱联用仪（TG-MS）分析了三种油砂沥青（印尼油砂沥青、伊朗油砂沥青、加拿大油砂沥青）中的甲苯残留以及油砂沥青质含量对油砂沥青中甲苯残留的影响,并在此基础上,进一步研究了油砂沥青质中的甲苯残留。结果发现,不同油砂沥青中甲苯残留量存在一定差异,其中印尼油砂沥青中的甲苯残留量最多。进一步对沥青质质量分数分别为10%、19%、30%的油砂沥青样品进行热重质谱实验,发现随着油砂沥青中沥青质含量的增加,甲苯的残留量会成倍增加。以加拿大油砂沥青质为例,研究了油砂沥青质对溶剂残留的影响,发现油砂沥青质具有对甲苯分子的夹带能力,导致甲苯分子在超过自身沸点40℃以上才能从沥青质中分离出来。油砂沥青中其他组分的存在也会加剧沥青质对甲苯的夹带作用。此外,研究还发现,在350~650℃时,油砂沥青质可以热解产生甲苯,而且油砂沥青中的沥青质含量越高,热解生成的甲苯越多。     

EMIES/nC9H10O2基低共熔溶剂的制备及其氧化脱硫活性的研究

通过简单加热1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸乙酯（EMIES）离子液体和3-苯丙酸（C₉H₁₀O₂）的混合物，制备了一系列酸性低共熔溶剂EMIES/nC₉H₁₀O₂（n=0.25,0.5,1,2,4）。通过FTIR，¹H NMR和TGA的表征，确定EMIES/nC₉H₁₀O₂的结构。以该低共熔溶剂为催化剂和萃取剂，H₂O₂为氧化剂，组成氧化-萃取脱硫体系，用于脱除模拟油中的硫化物。考察了原料配比、反应温度、氧硫比（O/S）、低共熔溶剂加入量和不同硫化物对脱硫性能的影响。结果表明，在EMIES和C₉H₁₀O₂摩尔比为1∶1，反应温度为50℃，O/S比为8，低共熔溶剂加入量为1.5 g和模拟油5 ml的反应条件下，二苯并噻吩、4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩和苯并噻吩的脱除率分别为94.8%、91.6%和46.4%。低共熔溶剂可循环使用6次，活性无明显下降。此外，对该氧化-萃取脱硫体系的脱硫机理进行了探讨。     

低共熔法萃取分离油酚混合物过程中油的夹带

采用季铵盐与酚形成低共熔溶剂(DES)从含酚的混合物中萃取分离酚是一种有效的油酚分离方法, 然而分离过程中, 中性油的夹带会影响分离效率。以含苯酚200 g·L^-1的甲苯溶液作为模拟油酚混合物, 氯化胆碱(ChCl)作为分离剂, 研究了氯化胆碱的加入量、萃取温度(25～55℃)及模拟油中直链烷烃的浓度等因素对酚的萃取分离及中性油夹带的影响。结果表明, 随着ChCl加入量增大, 酚萃取率升高, 中性油的夹带量减少;ChCl过量时, 酚的萃取量恒定且达到极大值, 中性油夹带量恒定且夹带量最小;萃取温度对酚的萃取率影响不大, 对中性油的夹带量在ChCl加入量不足时随温度升高而增多, 当ChCl加入量足量时与温度变化关系不大;模拟油中直链烷烃的浓度不影响萃取效率, 浓度越高, 甲苯夹带越少。以ChCl萃取含苯酚200 g·L^-1的甲苯溶液, 在萃取温度25℃、ChCl加入量大于0.6(与酚的摩尔比)的条件下, 苯酚萃取率达95%, 甲苯夹带率为15%, 70℃条件下氮气吹扫60 min内可将DES中甲苯完全去除。     

离子液体/低共熔溶剂用于NH3分离过程的热力学分析

氨气（NH₃）作为一种有害气体,其传统吸收技术存在诸多缺陷,亟需开发性能优越的NH₃吸收剂,以开发新型NH₃分离技术。离子液体和低共熔溶剂作为气体分离过程的潜在吸收剂,因低挥发性、良好的热稳定性以及灵活的可调控性等特点受到越来越多的关注。但离子液体和低共熔溶剂数量众多,筛选困难。采用热力学分析方法分析离子液体和低共熔溶剂用于NH₃分离过程,基于Gibbs自由能变,拟合出分离过程的最佳操作条件,将总能耗和离子液体用量作为筛选标准,筛选出性能良好的[Omim][BF₄]。将[Omim][BF₄]与传统NH₃吸收剂水对比,发现[Omim][BF₄]具有更低的能耗。最后,拟合出筛选标准与离子液体/低共熔溶剂的临界性质间的规律,为开发新的NH₃吸收剂和新的分离技术提供依据。     

Extractive desulfurisation of gasoline with tetrabutyl ammonium chloride-based deep eutectic solvents

In this study, three tetrabutyl ammonium chloride (TBAC)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were synthesised and used for desulfurising model and real gasolines. Extraction efficiencies of different DESs followed the order of TBAC/ethylene glycol > TBAC/glycerol > TBAC/malonic acid. After five extraction cycles, the extraction efficiencies of TBAC/ethylene glycol, TBAC/glycerol and TBAC/malonic acid reached 99.5, 99.3 and 99.2%, respectively. Additionally, the structures of original and recycled DESs were analysed and the results showed that DESs maintained their original structures after regeneration. Finally, the desulfurisation performance of DESs for real gasoline was also investigated. This work will provide new green extractants for gasoline desulfurisation.     

水基提取技术用于油砂分离的研究进展

油砂作为一种重要的非常规油气资源,其分离技术的研究近些年来引起了国内科研工作人员的重视。介绍了目前世界上最重要的油砂分离技术--水基提取技术的基本原理及影响油砂分离的重要影响因素,阐述了油砂结构、特性与水基提取分离的重要关系及分离条件对沥青回收率的重要影响作用,同时探讨了原子力显微镜用于油砂水基分离过程中相关微观机理研究的重要应用,最后对水基提取技术用于油砂工业生产的流程进行了简单介绍。     

油酚分离过程低共熔溶剂的筛选及萃取性能研究

低温煤焦油中酚类化合物的高效分离在工业上具有重要意义。采用COSMO-RS模型对40种用于间甲酚-异丙苯分离的低共熔溶剂进行筛选,结合σ-profile和σ-potential对筛选得到的低共熔溶剂的高萃取性能进行分析。并采用液液相平衡实验对筛选结果进行验证,优化了萃取工艺条件。结果表明,COSMO-RS模型筛选得到的氯化胆碱(ChCl)∶乙二醇(EG)(1∶2)、ChCl∶丙三醇(Gly)(1∶2)、ChCl∶乳酸(LA)(1∶2)三种低共熔溶剂与间甲酚之间存在较强的氢键相互作用,与异丙苯之间存在排斥作用。液液相平衡实验证实了COSMO-RS筛选结果的可靠性,其中ChCl∶EG(1∶2)具有最高的分配系数和选择性系数,且黏度最低,被选定为最佳的低共熔溶剂。在25℃、ChCl∶EG(1∶2)与模型油质量比为1∶1时,ChCl∶EG(1∶2)对间甲酚萃取率高达98.41%,同时异丙苯夹带量仅为8.41%,并且具有良好的循环使用性能。     

油酚分离过程低共熔溶剂的筛选及萃取性能研究

低温煤焦油中酚类化合物的高效分离在工业上具有重要意义。采用COSMO-RS模型对40种用于间甲酚-异丙苯分离的低共熔溶剂进行筛选,结合σ-profile和σ-potential对筛选得到的低共熔溶剂的高萃取性能进行分析。并采用液液相平衡实验对筛选结果进行验证,优化了萃取工艺条件。结果表明,COSMO-RS模型筛选得到的氯化胆碱(ChCl)∶乙二醇(EG)(1∶2)、ChCl∶丙三醇(Gly)(1∶2)、ChCl∶乳酸(LA)(1∶2)三种低共熔溶剂与间甲酚之间存在较强的氢键相互作用,与异丙苯之间存在排斥作用。液液相平衡实验证实了COSMO-RS筛选结果的可靠性,其中ChCl∶EG(1∶2)具有最高的分配系数和选择性系数,且黏度最低,被选定为最佳的低共熔溶剂。在25℃、ChCl∶EG(1∶2)与模型油质量比为1∶1时,ChCl∶EG(1∶2)对间甲酚萃取率高达98.41%,同时异丙苯夹带量仅为8.41%,并且具有良好的循环使用性能。