非牛顿流体搅拌流场的数值模拟研究进展

对非牛顿流体搅拌流场数值模拟过程中的控制方程、旋转桨叶的处理以及数值计算方法三个方面进行了综合论述。阐述了广义牛顿流体模型形式简单、计算量低,在非牛顿流体搅拌流场数值模拟过程中应用广泛;黏弹性流体本构方程具有高度的非线性,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对其搅拌流场进行数值模拟难度较高,目前仍处于起步阶段;通过合理简化黏弹性流体本构方程以及采用恰当的数值离散方法,有助于在黏弹性流体的搅拌流场数值模拟中取得进展。     

镜像流体法模拟单颗粒沉降和绕凸起物流动

提出一种新的计算流体力学方法,即镜像流体法,通过指定固体区域内的流场参数,使相界面边界条件隐含满足,使得固液两相运动可以在固定的欧拉坐标系中求解。采用SIMPLE算法和控制容积法离散控制微分方程组。利用镜像流体方法数值模拟了单个球形颗粒的自由沉降过程,以及幂律流体、Carreau-Bird流体和粘弹性的Oldroyd-B流体绕半圆环形、三角形和梯形凸起物的二维圆管流动问题,模拟结果与报道的实验数据及计算结果很接近,初步验证了本算法的可靠性。     

非牛顿流体在波节套管换热器中流动与换热的实验研究

针对非牛顿流体在波节套管换热器管程的流动与换热进行了实验研究。重点研究了0.2%黄原胶溶液(XG)在不同波节套管换热器管程流动时的传热与阻力特性,并分析了强化传热机理。结果表明在相同工况下,随着管程黄原胶溶液Reynolds数Re_XG的增大,套管换热器总传热系数k和管程进出口压降Δp逐渐增大;波高H和波距S影响黄原胶溶液在套管换热器管程的流动与换热。随波高H增大,黄原胶溶液受波节处的涡旋效应的影响更明显,流体层间剪切力变大导致黄原胶溶液黏度变小,湍流程度更大,管程传热性能提高,压降也增大,但综合传热性能不断优化;随波距S增大,单位长度波节数量减少,对黄原胶溶液扰动影响降低,湍流程度降低,管程传热系数先增大后减小,流动阻力不断降低,综合传热性能先提高后减弱。当H=3.5 mm、S=30 mm时管程波节管的综合换热因子η_tube达到最大,η_tube是相同条件下圆管的5.11~6.69倍。     

非牛顿流体在波节套管换热器中流动与换热的实验研究

针对非牛顿流体在波节套管换热器管程的流动与换热进行了实验研究。重点研究了0.2%黄原胶溶液(XG)在不同波节套管换热器管程流动时的传热与阻力特性,并分析了强化传热机理。结果表明在相同工况下,随着管程黄原胶溶液Reynolds数Re_XG的增大,套管换热器总传热系数k和管程进出口压降Δp逐渐增大;波高H和波距S影响黄原胶溶液在套管换热器管程的流动与换热。随波高H增大,黄原胶溶液受波节处的涡旋效应的影响更明显,流体层间剪切力变大导致黄原胶溶液黏度变小,湍流程度更大,管程传热性能提高,压降也增大,但综合传热性能不断优化;随波距S增大,单位长度波节数量减少,对黄原胶溶液扰动影响降低,湍流程度降低,管程传热系数先增大后减小,流动阻力不断降低,综合传热性能先提高后减弱。当H=3.5 mm、S=30 mm时管程波节管的综合换热因子η_tube达到最大,η_tube是相同条件下圆管的5.11~6.69倍。     

Conduction and dissipation in the shearing flow of granular materials modeled as non-Newtonian fluids

After providing a brief review of the constitutive modeling of the stress tensor for granular materials using non-Newtonian fluid models, we study the flow between two horizontal flat plates. It is assumed that the granular media behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid (of the Reiner-Rivlin type); we use the constitutive relation derived by Rajagopal and Massoudi [Rajagopal, K. R. and M. Massoudi, “A Method for measuring material moduli of granular materials: flow in an orthogonal rheometer,” Topical Report, DOE/PETC/TR-90/3, 1990] which can predict the normal stress differences. The lower plate is fixed and heated, and the upper plate (which is at a lower temperature than the lower plate) is set into motion with a constant velocity. The steady fully developed flow and the heat transfer equations are made dimensionless and are solved numerically; the effects of different dimensionless numbers and viscous dissipation are discussed.     

Reconciling deep learning and first-principle modelling for the investigation of transport phenomena in chemical engineering

The use of machine learning in chemical engineering has the potential to greatly improve the design and analysis of complex systems. However, there are also risks associated with its adoption, such as the potential for bias in algorithms and the need for careful oversight to ensure the safety and reliability of machine learning-powered systems. This paper explores the opportunities and risks of using machine learning in chemical engineering and provides a perspective on how it may be integrated into engineering practices in a responsible and effective manner. We generated the text of this abstract with GPT-3, OpenAI's large-scale language-generation model. Upon generating the draft, we ensured that the language was to our liking, and we take ultimate responsibility for the content of this publication.     

焦化能源流高效集成关键技术研发与应用

针对焦化能耗高、能效低的产业现状,基于冶金流程工程学理论,研发了一系列焦化余热余能回收关键技术。其中,自主研发的高压高温干熄焦余热回收技术,实现吨焦产540℃、9.81MPa的高品质蒸汽550kg,降低焦炭烧损率0.2%;研发的纳米多层复合结构温度可控的上升管一体化余热回收技术,实现了上升管出口的荒煤气温度由804℃降至552℃,实现吨焦产蒸汽119kg;研发的煤调湿技术降低了配合煤水分4%,降低工序能耗250.8MJ/吨煤;研发的导热油作热载体的能源高效利用技术,实现了脱苯能耗降低30.6%和蒸氨能耗降低21.4%,脱苯效率提高0.15%,过程无废水产生;研发的多塔连续粗苯萃取精制和高效复合萃取剂技术,实现了苯纯度达99.95%,甲苯纯度达99.8%以上,二甲苯流程控制在5℃以内,噻吩纯度达99.0%,还实现了全过程不消耗蒸汽。这些关键共性技术在河钢大型焦炉上的成功实施引领了我国焦化行业向能源利用高效化、资源利用深度化的可持续方向发展。     

Theoretical model for multiple breakup of fluid particles in turbulent flow field

Generalized phenomenological model, based on the theories of probability and isotropic turbulence, is developed for multiple breakup of fluid particles in turbulent flow field. The approach uses a series of successive binary breakup events occur at a time scale comparable to the colliding eddy turnover time. It was found that the use of energy density, instead of energy, will increase the predicted binary breakup rate which is usually underestimated by the existing models in the literature. Generalization of the binary breakup model for multiple fragmentations is performed by defining a “remaining energy function” for the colliding eddy which means the contribution of original eddy to the later breakup events. For ternary breakage, the model shows a reasonably good agreement with the experimental data. The quaternary fragmentation frequency, however, is of negligible importance at lower energy dissipation rates but its contribution to breakage fraction at higher energy dissipation rates becomes considerable. The results also show that ternary and quaternary breakups have a considerable 90% contribution to the overall fragmentation, while pentenary and further fragmentations are of lower importance at low energy dissipation rates. At higher levels of energy dissipation rate, fragmentations up to six daughter particles contribute to more than 95% of the overall fragmentations. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 4508–4525, 2016     

第三流体在冷却通道内流动换热数值研究

以某液氧煤油火箭发动机冷却系统设计计算为基础,基于计算流体力学(CFD),并采用三维流固耦合算法对以水作为第三流体的冷却循环系统进行了计算和分析。比较了冷却剂入口温度、流量和冷却通道内压力损失等因素对冷却通道内流动换热的影响。结果表明:冷却剂流量增加0.01kg/s,推力室壁面整体温度和喉部温度降低分别降低9K和15K左右,冷却剂出口干度降低0.011左右;当冷却剂流量较低时,入口温度变化对换热效果几乎无影响,而当冷却剂流量较高时,入口温度每增加10K,冷却剂出口干度增加0.009左右;冷却剂流量每增加0.01kg/s会导致冷却通道压力损失增加54kPa左右;入口温度每增加10K,冷却通道压力损失将减少24kPa左右。由此,本文得出冷却剂流量的最佳范围12~14.4kg/s,入口温度的范围为300~350K。     

双套管密相气力输运过程的数值模拟和能耗分析

基于计算流体力学理论,提出一种可用于预测双套管密相气力输送系统能耗的新方法. 与以往依靠经验的计算方法不同,本工作将输送管道分为起始段与充分发展段两部分,分别进行详细的计算流体力学模拟后汇总得出整个系统的总能耗. 压力梯度为750 Pa/m的情况下,计算所得物料输送速率为10 t/h,耗气量为290 m3/h,实验所得物料输送速率为8.0 t/h,耗气量240 m3/h,证明本数模方法是可靠的.     

Using electrical resistance tomography and computational fluid dynamics modeling to study the formation of cavern in the mixing of pseudoplastic fluids possessing yield stress

Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) provides a non-intrusive technique to examine, in three dimensions, the homogeneity and flow pattern inside the mixing tank. In this study, a 4-plane 16-sensor ring ERT system was employed to study the shape and the size of cavern generated around a radial-flow Scaba 6SRGT impeller in the mixing of xanthan gum solution, which is a pseudoplastic fluid possessing yield stress. The size of cavern measured using ERT was in good agreement with that calculated using Elson's model (cylindrical model). The 3D flow field generated by the impeller in the agitation of xanthan gum was also simulated using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package (Fluent). The CFD model provided useful information regarding the impeller pumping capacity, flow pattern, and the formation of cavern around the impeller. CFD results showed good agreement with the experimental data and theory.     

管式固定床反应器柱状颗粒床层流体流动模拟与实验研究

针对管式固定床反应器内管束数量多、规模大等特点,选取单个管束作为特征结构。对装填不同直径柱状颗粒的管束,采用程序坐标定位的方法,建立柱状颗粒床层的物理模型。采用DEM与CFD联合数值仿真方法,探究反应管内径与柱状颗粒的等比表面积球当量直径之比(管径比Di/dp)对柱状颗粒床层流体流动的影响,并建立单管固定床反应器试验台,采用差压测试方法进行实验研究。结果表明,当Di/dp由5.37增至12.75时,床层空隙率和流体分布均匀性均得到改善,壁面效应的影响由床层中心减弱到管壁。基于数值模拟及实验结果对Di/dp=12.75的柱状颗粒床层进行床层压降Ergun公式常系数修正,CFD模拟计算的结果与拟合公式吻合较好。研究结果能为固定床反应器压降预测提供参考。     

A new generalized corresponding-states equation of state for the extension of the Lee-Kesler equation to fluids consisting of polar and larger nonpolar molecules

The Lee-Kesler equation of state for the thermodynamic properties of small nonpolar fluids is extended to all fluids consisting of polar and larger nonpolar molecules, based on the general corresponding-states theory for highly nonspherical fluids. The thermodynamic functions are represented by an analytical equation of state. The results for polar fluids are substantially better than those obtainable from other currently available methods, while the results for nonpolar fluids are equivalent to and mostly better than those obtained by the Lee-Kesler method. The input data required are the critical temperature, the critical volume, the acentric factor and the aspherical factor, which is related to the critical compression factor; the critical volume is therefore required in the present method. The method developed in this work shows good accuracy for 15 representative nonpolar, polar, hydrogen bonding and associating fluids and provides a simple method for industrial applications. Average deviations for the compressibility factor, the heat capacity and the speed of sound for six nonpolar and nine polar fluids from the new equation of state are 0.74%, 2.1% and 2.3%, which are about 8 times smaller than those obtained from the Lee-Kesler equation (about 5.6%, 17% and 29%, respectively).     

Three‐dimensional simulation of the time‐dependent fluid flow and fouling behavior in an industrial hollow fiber membrane module

A novel three‐dimensional CFD model has been developed on the basis of fluid flow in the shell and lumen sides, and permeation and fouling behavior in the porous membrane zone. The simulated 25‐min dead‐end outside‐in filtration process showed that the energy consumed by the inlet manifold decreases during the constant pressure filtration. The velocity and pressure distributions in the module change with time. Flux distribution both in the axial and radial directions becomes increasingly more uniform, so does the cake distribution. Flux distribution and cake distribution inter‐adjust each other in different modes. A correlation equation has been developed to describe the relationship between the volumetric flow rate and accumulated water production. The correlation equation with simple experiment enables the dynamic evolution of energy consumed by shell inlet manifold to be presented, which can be the criterion of how well the shell inlet manifold or module has been designed. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2655–2669, 2018     

A composite equation of state for the modeling of sonic carbon dioxide jets in carbon capture and storage scenarios

The development of a novel composite two‐phase method to predict the thermodynamic physical properties of carbon dioxide (CO₂) above and below the triple point, applied herein in the context of Reynolds‐Averaged Navier–Stokes computational modeling has been detailed here. A number of approaches have been combined to make accurate predictions in all three phases (solid, liquid, and gas) and at all phase changes for application in the modeling of releases of CO₂ at high pressure into the atmosphere. Predictions of a free release of CO₂ into the atmosphere from a reservoir at a pressure of 10 MPa and a temperature of 283 K, typical of transport conditions in carbon capture and storage scenarios, is examined. A comparison of the results shows that the sonic CO₂ jet that forms requires a three‐phase equation of state including the latent heat of fusion to realistically simulate its characteristics. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3928–3942, 2013     

Studies on the performance of a hydrocyclone and modeling for flow characterization in presence and absence of air core

Hydrocyclones are getting more and more interest from various industries. They are widely used to separate particulates from liquid at high throughput because of their advantages like simple structure, low cost, large capacity and small volume, require little way of maintenance and support structure. Modeling of complex and multiphase flow behavior inside the hydrocyclone is done usually with the help of computational fluid dynamic study. Current study involves experimental investigation of separation performance characteristics of the hydrocyclone using new design parameters. For experimental purpose, a new hydrocyclone was designed with insertion of solid rod, at central portion of conical section of hydrocyclone, inside the hydrocyclone . By which air core could be eliminated effectively and hydrocyclone performance is improved. This effect may be observed due to reduction of radial and axial components of velocity and turbulence in the area near the entrance of the vortex finder. Therefore, the flow field characteristics inside the hydrocyclone with no air core become more suitable for separation. Also the effect of flow rate, vortex finder depths, air core and particle interaction were studied experimentally. A new arrangement was suggested to eliminate the air core formed inside the hydrocyclone. In this case, effect of diameter and height of solid rod inserted inside the hydrocyclone with changing total inlet flow rate was studied experimentally. Three-dimensional geometry and meshing of hydrocyclone is created in Gambit, preprocessor of commercial software—Fluent, for hydrodynamic study.     

液环泵引起减顶真空度下降的原因及解决方法

因具有节能环保的优势,液环泵抽真空系统替代末级蒸汽抽空器系统已在常减压蒸馏装置减压抽真空系统中获得了成功应用,但部分液环泵系统存在性能不稳定的现象。以减压塔顶液环泵抽真空系统的流程构成为基础,分析了各组成部分对液环泵抽真空系统的影响,归纳总结了有利于液环泵抽真空系统平稳运行的措施。