SAGD稠油采出液高效分离中YM型破乳剂的合成及性能

以聚醚（YM）、马来酸酐（MA）、对苯乙烯磺酸钠（SSS）和丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵（DAC）为原料,合成了YM系列产物,用于新疆油田蒸汽辅助重力泄油（SAGD）稠油采出液的高效分离。通过FTIR、¹H NMR和GPC对合成产物的结构进行表征,并采用界面张力、zeta电位和背散射光强度分析的方法,探究了合成产物对SAGD采出液分离性能的影响。结果表明,YMA和YMB引入的酯基和苯磺酸钠基团可对稠油中沥青质起到分散作用,从而降低界面膜强度和界面张力;YMB引入的酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵阳离子基团可降低SAGD采出液脱出水zeta电位绝对值;YM系列产物降低了SAGD采出液的稳定性,加入YM、YMA和YMB后,SAGD采出液背散射光强度分别降低了1.36%、4.52%和5.63%,其中YMB降低SAGD采出液稳定性的作用最强。为进一步提升SAGD稠油采出液分离效果,YMB与乙酸复合得到YMC。在优化SAGD采出液分离动态试验条件下,加入YMC能使SAGD采出液分离后达到显著的效果。     

A model of ceramic membrane fouling during heavy oil ultrafiltration

Fouling of asymmetric, single tube ceramic membranes during ultrafiltration of Cold Lake heavy oil, is described by a pore restriction fouling model that predicts reduced permeate flux but increased asphaltene rejection with increased time-on-stream. Application of the model to experimental data showed that a 2nd-order rate of asphaltene adsorption/deposition within the membrane pores, described the data better than a 1st-order model. The asphaltene molecular radius, estimated as a parameter of the model, was in the range 3.8 - 14.2 nm, depending on the membrane pore diameter. These values are in good agreement with previously published estimates of asphaltene particle size, determined using different experimental techniques.     

求解石油生产过程设定点优化的进化算法

引言石油生产过程与任何输入输出系统一样,长期以来积累了其注水井的注入率和生产井的产出率等丰富历史数据,通过对这些数据的分析,可以得到有关各注水井和各生产井的连通性信息,实时优化各注水井的最优注入率和各生产井的最优产出率,并及时调整各注入井和各生产井对应控制系统的设定值,可使石油开采过程保持在最优工况下运行[1-2]。     

重油催化裂解制低碳烯烃工艺条件研究

采用固定流化床催化裂化试验装置,以中国石油兰州石化公司3.0 Mt·a-1重油催化裂化装置所用原料油为原料,考察反应温度和剂油质量比对重油催化裂解制低碳烯烃性能的影响,在确定的适宜操作条件下研究中国石油兰州石化公司重催装置原料在不同催化剂上的催化裂解制低碳烯烃的反应性能。结果表明,较适宜的操作条件为:反应温度590℃,剂油质量比为7,与降烯烃催化剂和重油裂解催化剂相比,多产丙烯催化剂的低碳烯烃产率可达25.53%,更适合作为重油催化裂解制低碳烯烃时使用。     

Modelling temperature dynamics of the SAGD process in an oil reservoir by the discovery of parametric partial differential equations

Many chemical and industrial processes are complex, and the dynamics of such processes cannot be explained using a partial differential equation (PDE) or a system of PDEs with constant coefficients. Parametric PDEs, that is, PDEs with their coefficients varying across time or space, are utilized for this purpose. The non-availability of data at all spatial locations and partially available process knowledge add to the complexity of modelling such processes. This paper proposes a framework to discover parametric PDEs using data-driven and hybrid modelling approaches with the temperature dynamics of steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process in an oil reservoir as the system under study. We utilize an ensemble of 200 realizations of the temperature dynamics generated using the variogram for the PDE discovery. Permeability, which is one of the oil reservoir's petrophysical properties, is used to develop the hybrid models. We infer that utilizing partial process knowledge aids in improving the model's accuracy.     

Biodegradation of heavy oil by fungal extracellular enzymes from Aspergillus spp. shows potential to enhance oil recovery

Microbial enhanced oil recovery makes a substantial contribution to the recovery of heavy oils; however, most methods use bacteria, with less attention paid to the potential of fungi. In this study, we investigated the efficiency of fungal extracellular enzymes in biotransformation of heavy oil fractions into light compounds. Two Aspergillus isolates (A. terreus and A. nidulans) with the ability to biodegrade heavy oil were isolated from bitumen. The extracellular enzymes from these Aspergillus isolates exhibited dehydrogenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activities. The biodegradation of heavy oil was coupled with abundant production of gases, mainly CO₂ and H₂. Gas chromatography analysis revealed a redistribution of n-alkanes in heavy oil after treatment with crude enzyme extracts, which resulted in an increase in individual n-alkanes. The viscosity of heavy oil was decreased considerably by enzymatic degradation. These results demonstrate the potential of fungal extracellular enzymes from Aspergillus spp. for applications in enhanced heavy oil recovery.     

A unique approach to predict accurate heavy oil density with new three parameter cubic equation of state

A unique approach is proposed to predict the heavy oil density using a recently developed three parameter cubic equation of state for heavy pure components. It predicts the heavy oil density with an AAD of 2.5%. The new model does not require any experimental density data for its tuning. The basic assumption in this work is that heavy oil is a mixture of n‐alkanes and aromatics as the most prominent groups. Critical pressure characterisation for pseudo fractions is done by tuning a perturbation factor (f_c), also representing the aromaticity, to match the predicted saturation pressure with the experimental pressure. The parameter ‘u’ for the pseudo fractions is adjusted using another parameter ‘S’ which was found to vary linearly with f_c.     

Demetallization of heavy oil through pyrolysis: A reaction kinetics analysis

By tracking the transfer of vanadium and nickel in pyrolysis products, a seven-lump reaction kinetic model for pyrolysis-based demetallization of heavy oil was established. During pyrolysis, the demetallization of heavy oil is achieved by condensing metal-rich resins and asphaltenes to coke. The condensation of oil components originally contained in heavy oil differs greatly in reaction behavior, having the activation energy between 167 and 361 kJ/mol. As the pyrolysis progresses, the newly formed heavy components show a condensation behavior close to that of the light components. Limited by high activation energy and low initial fraction, the condensation of asphaltenes to coke and the resulting removal of metals contained in asphaltenes are hindered. Meanwhile, the condensation of light components has a major contribution to coke formation. An increase in reaction temperature accelerates the demetallization, but hardly changes the yield and component distribution of liquid products at the same metal removal rate.     

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the biofuel production process from sunflower oil, rapeseed oil and soybean oil

Once ratified the Kyoto protocol, Spain arises the great challenge of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases. Among the measures proposed is the introduction of biofuels in the market, both for the transport sector and for the production of heat. This paper compares the environmental impact from the production of biofuels whose origin is the oil obtained from sunflower, rapeseed and soybeans. The environmental impact of each production is performed by applying the methodology of life cycle analysis (LCA). The categories where you get a greater impact are land use, fossil fuels, carcinogens, inorganic respiratory and climate change. The cause is mainly due to the processes of seed production. We have also found a significant impact on the drying and preparation processes of the seed as well as the crude soybean oil extracting process. Moreover as the LCA shows production of rapeseed and sunflower has a positive contribution to climate change.     

二元聚合物的合成及在稠油破乳中的应用

采用丙烯酸（AA）与自制丙烯酸壬基酚聚醚酯（NPEAA）为原料,在偶氮二异丁腈（AIBN）为引发剂,甲苯为溶剂的条件下,引发聚合制备了二元共聚物稠油破乳剂,采用FTIR、1HNMR对产物结构进行了确证,GPC测试了分子量;采用荧光光谱仪与表面张力仪测得其临界胶束浓度(CMC)为0.5g/L,表面张力为25.684mN/m。并以脱水率和脱出污水含油量为衡量指标,探讨了不同因素下聚合物破乳剂对陈庄稠油W/O乳液的破乳脱水性能,确定最佳破乳条件：温度55?C,时间2h,用量0.5g/L时,脱水率为88.5%,脱出水中含油量为198.4mg/L。研究了聚合物破乳剂对乳状液表观粘度、体系稳定性、油水界面的影响以及微观破乳过程,探讨分析得出聚合物破乳剂在油水界面更易润湿扩散,脱水速率快,破乳效果好。     

重油生产低碳烯烃等化工品技术研究进展

当前国内炼油产能过剩,化工品如低碳烯烃及苯-甲苯-二甲苯混合物（BTX）等存在缺口,因此应推动炼油向石化的生产转变,化解过剩产能同时提高化工品供给。我国原油馏分偏重且原油重质化劣质化趋势不可逆转,因此利用重油生产低碳烯烃等化工品成为技术关键。本文介绍了重油生产低碳烯烃的催化裂解单项技术典型工艺,包括重油深度催化裂解（DCC）、催化热裂解（CPP）及重油裂解制烯烃（HCC）工艺,认为催化裂解技术的发展在于催化剂的改性与反应器型式的革新优化,下行床反应器前景更为广阔。同时,本文也介绍了从重油或原油通过加氢裂化联合催化裂解、蒸汽裂解及芳烃装置一体化生产化工品的几种国内外工艺技术及工程项目。在单项技术无法取得明显突破之前,炼化一体化生产化工品具有集约化、高效化、灵活性高及经济效益好等优势。一体化技术的重点在于重油（渣油）的深度转化,可通过渣油的加氢裂化工艺来实现。     

用氧化锌晶须改善稠油冷采中螺杆泵定子的耐磨性能

随着采油工艺技术的不断发展，螺杆泵采油技术在稠油出砂冷采中得到了普遍应用。并取得了巨大的经济效益。但在生产过程中，螺杆泵易因砂磨而失效。这主要是由于砂子的存在。使得泵中的元件发生缓慢的剪切作用。从而造成螺杆泵持续使用寿命平均为10～12月。通过螺杆泵的工作原理，分析了定子在工作过程中的受力状况，列出了造成螺杆泵磨损的因素。得出了螺杆泵的磨损分布规律，进而分析了螺杆泵橡胶定子在稠油携砂冷采中的磨损机理，最后提出了在传统的螺杆泵生产材料丁腈橡胶的基础上，用氧化锌晶须对其进行改性来提高螺杆泵在稠油冷采工况下的耐磨性。     

塔河超稠油掺苯乙烯焦油降黏实验及黏度预测模型

针对塔河油田12区超稠油的性质,进行了超稠油掺苯乙烯焦油降黏实验及黏度预测模型的研究。采用苯乙烯焦油和柴油对超稠油进行不同掺稀比的降黏实验,用非线性宾汉模型进行流变数据拟合,并将实验测得的混合油黏度与预测模型进行匹配。结果表明：超稠油掺混20%苯乙烯焦油的降黏效果与超稠油掺混10%柴油的降黏效果相同,降黏率大于97%,掺稀比越大、温度越高,混合油黏度越低。混合油的流变模型符合非线性宾汉模型,呈现出一定的剪切稀释性。当超稠油与苯乙烯焦油的黏度比低于1.76×10⁴时,混合油黏度可采用Cragoe修正模型和双对数修正模型Ⅱ进行计算,双对数修正模型Ⅱ对苯乙烯焦油与超稠油混合油的黏度预测效果最好,平均相对偏差为9.4%。     

餐厨废弃油脂生产洗涤用品工艺研究

餐厨废弃油脂直接排放,污染环境,冲击食品安全。本研究拟以餐厨废弃油脂为原料,生产洗涤用品,探讨了皂化反应的影响因素,皂化反应最适条件为:NaOH 90g,反应温度80℃,反应时间30min,纯水200mL。液体皂基的配比为:废弃油脂30.0%,碱12.5%,无水乙醇15.0%,余量为水。在此基础上,进行洗衣液、洗手液、洗洁精配方的工艺优化,得到生产合格洗涤用品的配方。     

稠油油田稳油控水技术对策研究

鲁克沁油田2000年全面进入开发阶段,油田包括已经投入注水开发的中区及目前试采的西区和东区。投入注水开发的中区油井见效规模不断扩大,产能相对稳定,区块水驱开发形势整体较好,但也存在注水单向突进、含水上升导致产能下降等矛盾;试采区块衰竭式开发,单井产能下降。因此我们将以"油田开发基础年"、"稳定并提高单井日产量"活动为契机,进一步精细油田注水,改善水驱效果,提高油井见效率,夯实稳产基础,同时通过措施、新技术试验与推广稳定并提高单井日产量,提高油田开发效果。     

Steam fingering at the edge of a steam chamber in a heavy oil reservoir

The steam‐assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process is one of the key in situ recovery processes being used today to recover heavy oil and bitumen. In this process, steam injected through a horizontal well, flows convectively towards the outer edges of a depletion chamber. At the edges of the depletion chamber, the steam releases its latent heat to the cool oil sand and raises its temperature. The heated oil is mobile and flows under the action of gravity to a horizontal production well located several metres below the injection well. It remains unclear what is the exact mechanism of chamber growth. Some have suggested that in addition to heat conduction, it is by convective steam flow in the form of pointed fingers at the edges of the chamber which penetrate the oil sand. In theory published by Butler [Butler, J. Can. Petroleum Technol. 1987;26(3):70–75], it was determined that the fingers can be as long as 6 m for Athabasca bitumen reservoirs. In this research, a new theory is derived and provides predictions of the rise rate which compare better to estimates derived from field thermocouple data and physical model experimental observations than values obtained from Butler's theory. The results suggest that in the absence of mobile water, heat conduction rather than steam fingers at the chamber edge is the dominant heat transfer mechanism.     

延长油田旗胜35块稠油降粘剂qs-1研究

稠油降粘剂QS-1是由多种非离子表面活性剂和助剂组成的复合体系,它对延长油田旗胜35块稠油有很好的降粘效果。本文介绍了QS-1的性能和现场应用实例。