A Study on the Engineering Properties of Sand Improved by the Sand Compaction Pile Method

In order to directly evaluate the effects of soil improvement by the Sand Compaction Pile (SCP) method on the density, deformation, and static and liquefaction strength characteristics of sandy soils, a series of field and laboratory tests were performed. Laboratory tests were performed on high-quality undisturbed samples obtained from sandy soils both before and after soil improvement by the SCP method. The high-quality undisturbed samples were recovered by the in-situ freezing sampling method. The drained shear strength (internal friction angle, φ_d), liquefaction strength (R₁₅: cyclic stress ratio needed to cause 5% double amplitude axial strain in 15 cycles), and cyclic deformation characteristics (G~γ and h~γ relations) were determined by performing a series of laboratory tests on the undisturbed samples. Both the in-situ density and the relative density were measured on the undisturbed samples used in the laboratory tests. A standard penetration test (SPT) and a suspension-type P-S wave logging test were performed to investigate the soil profile of the test site before and after the sand compaction. Both the static and the liquefaction strengths of the sandy soils obtained in the laboratory tests were also compared with those estimated by empirical correlations used in practice based on the SPT N-value and soil gradations.     

静力触探判别砂土液化

为了利用静力触探评价砂土液化势的实际应用,在唐山不同地震烈度地区,进行了一百多次试验。试验结果用统计方法的判别函数进行了分析。在统计中考虑了地下水位、砂层埋深、上复粘性土层厚度、震中距以及贯入阻力五个因素。提出了一个用静力触探判别砂土液化势的实用方法。本法的有效性用海城地震区的试验资料进一步得到证明。     

Liquefaction Resistances of Unsaturated Non-Plastic Silt

It has been pointed out that there are two possible mechanisms that enhance liquefaction resistances of unsaturated sand. The first mechanism is where air in a partially saturated sand mass plays a role of absorbing generated excess pore pressures by reducing its volume. Okamura and Soga (2005) derived the influential factors of the liquefaction resistance for partially saturated sand from theoretical consideration and effects of the factors were examined through a series of triaxial tests on a clean sand. They found a unique relationship between liquefaction resistance ratios and the potential volumetric strain, which allows the estimation of the liquefaction resistance for partially saturated sand. The second is the matric suction of unsaturated sand which increases the effective stress and thus the strength of the soil mass. In this study two series of cyclic triaxial tests on non-plastic silt were carried out to observe the liquefaction resistance in both mechanisms. In the first series, a top cap with an accumulator tank was used to study the effect of compressibility of pore fluid on the liquefaction resistance. The empirical relationship derived by Okamura and Soga is found to be valid even for the silt provided that the matric suction is negligible. In the second test series an ordinary cap was used. The liquefaction resistance increased linearly with the matric suction, with the increasing ratio being higher than that for the net stress. A unique linear relationship is found between the normalized liquefaction resistance and the matric suction. Results are summarized in the form which can be easily applied to evaluate the liquefaction resistance of a partially saturated soil.     

砂土地震液化后大变形特性试验研究

利用全自动多功能三轴仪进行了砂土液化后大变形试验 ,基于试验结果提出了一个描述砂土液化后应力应变关系的双曲线模型 ,并对模型参数进行了标定 ,通过与前人试验结果比较验证了模型的适用性。结果表明双曲线模型可以较好地反映砂土液化后的应力应变关系     

尾矿坝液化判别简化方法研究

在现有尾矿坝液化判别研究成果的基础上,提出利用尾矿坝在不同深度和不同沉积滩距离处的放大系数和折减系数来计算动剪应力的方法。该方法可以考虑尾矿坝坝体的刚度和距离对液化特性的影响。结合大量的现场标贯试验和室内动三轴试验,研究细粒含量对尾矿材料液化特性的影响,并提出细粒含量对尾矿材料液化特性影响的修正公式。通过考虑上覆有效应力、钻孔直径、钻杆长度、落锤条件以及细粒含量等影响因素,对尾矿材料的抗液化强度进行修正。结合抗液化安全系数的概念,比较动剪应力和抗液化强度,判别尾矿材料的液化程度。使用Visual Fortran语言,编制与提出的尾矿坝液化判别方法相应的液化判别程序,便于该方法在尾矿坝液化判别方面的推广和应用。     

松原5.7级地震砂土液化研究

2018年5月28日吉林省松原市宁江区发生M5.7级地震,震中地区出现典型罕见的大范围砂土液化现象。通过震害现场调查,结合钻探取样、标贯试验、波速测试及静力触探等试验测试手段,查明震害情况和场地特性,初步分析此次大范围砂土液化的形成条件和影响因素。调查结果表明,此次地震液化区域面积约80km2,宏观现象主要以水稻田内表喷水冒砂为主,未造成建筑物大规模破坏,且区域内土层分布相对单一,液化分布主要受地震动、地形地貌及地下水位等因素控制;液化土层埋深主要在10m以内,并且钻探揭露一处埋深17m左右黏土层中的液化砂土上升通道,证明本次地震中出现明显的深层砂土液化现象,该现象在地震现场调查往往被忽略;静力触探在鉴别液化层位、获取土层物理力学参数上具有一定优势,较适用于震后现场调查工作。另外,松原市具有发生更大规模砂土液化的可能性,在防震减灾规划及建设工程勘察设计等项目中,对该地区的砂土液化情况需进行专门研究。     

徐州市棠张镇铁路路基液化性能研究

依据已有的孔压增长模型和动三轴试验参数，采用有限单元法，对徐州市棠张镇铁路路基可液化场地进行了地震反应分析。按孔压比和最大往返剪切作用面上的动翦应力比较法划分了饱和粉土层的液化区域，并结合标准贯入试验判别结果、剪切波速判别结果以及Seed-Idriss简化法判别结果，对该场地粉土层的液化性能做出了综合评价。     

砂土地震液化的模糊综合评判法

根据砂土液化问题具有的模糊性和不确定性,建立了一种判别砂土液化发生可能性的模糊综合评判模型。在提出的砂土液化模糊综合评判模型中,通过综合地震烈度、标贯击数、地下水位和平均粒径等影响砂土地震液化的因素,采用梯形隶属函数并分别给出各因素隶属函数的表达式。通过工程实例计算验证了该模型的可行性,计算过程简单明了,有一定的实用价值。     

Static liquefaction of fibre reinforced sand under monotonic loading

This paper explores the possibility of improving the monotonic undrained response of a loose clean sand which normally appears susceptible to the phenomenon of static liquefaction by mixing the sand with discrete flexible fibres. It is shown that the reinforcement inclusions reduce the potential for the occurrence of liquefaction in both compression and extension triaxial loadings and convert a strain softening response (typical for a loose unreinforced sand) into a strain hardening response. Fibre orientation distribution and the apparent sand matrix densification due to the presence of fibres in the voids appear important for the fibre reinforced soil behaviour. Normalisation of the effective stress paths with the mean effective stress at the end of consolidation shows a common path once the characteristic state is reached irrespective of the fibre concentration. The mobilised angles of friction coming from the slopes of the stress paths at large strains are very different for compression and extension and this is a consequence of the anisotropic nature of the distribution of fibre orientations. When full liquefaction of reinforced specimens is induced by strain reversal, the lateral spreading of soil seems to be prevented. Analytical developments including the key aspect of fibre orientation distribution, have shown that once the tensile contribution of fibres has been taken out of the composite stresses, the experimental data in the stress plane for all the tests at large shear strains nicely collapse onto a unique line corresponding very closely to the mobilised steady state or critical state angle of friction of the tested sand.     

快速冲填尾矿库静力液化分析与数值模拟

 针对尾矿砂的静力液化特性,在临界状态土力学框架内建立尾矿砂的弹塑性本构模型,并通过自定义本构嵌入到FLAC程序中模拟尾矿砂的静力液化问题。三轴不排水试验模拟结果显示,尾砂静力液化本构模型能够反映尾砂静力液化的一般力学特性,与砂–粉混合物的试验结果吻合较好。选取一个具有代表性的尾矿库(坝)静力液化实例对尾矿库(坝)的静力液化问题进行数值模拟,模拟结果表明,在快速堆载条件下,尾矿库内孔隙水压力不断升高,在尾矿库局部区域产生静力液化,严重的会发生流滑破坏。该模型和采用的数值方法可以用于尾矿库的静力液化稳定性分析。     

动态土工真三轴仪在砂土液化研究中的应用

为了模拟实际场地中土体变形和强度特性,研究开发了揭示侧限条件下饱和砂土震动液化机理的试验方法。文中采用了动态真三轴试验系统,该设备采用刚性板加柔性面的混合边界加载装置,并应用先进的CATS试验控制系统。试验结果表明应用动态土工真三轴仪进行砂土液化实验是可行的,并初步分析了侧限条件下的液化机理,即土体将在轴向压力、侧压和孔隙水压力相等的条件下发生液化,表明振动荷载过程中的应力重分布对砂土液化强度和孔隙水压力发展等具有显著的影响。     

砂土液化动稳态强度分析

根据动三轴实验数据，砂土的应力路径最终达到一个稳定的阶段，此时，在不同的振动周期，砂土的孔隙水压幅值不再增加，应力路径相互重叠，但是应变幅值却以恒定的速率不断增加，这种相对稳定状态中的极限强度是评估砂土抗液化能力的重要指标，并结合饱和砂土的孔隙水压力发展和应力路径，使砂土液化强度更加明了。     

砂土应力路径试验的数值模拟

在一组应力路径试验的基础上,利用砂土的状态相关本构模型,对不同应力路径下饱和砂土在三轴固结排水剪切过程中的变形特性进行模拟。将模拟结果与试验结果进行比较,发现这种状态相关本构模型不仅能够较好地模拟出不同应力路径下砂土固结排水试验的应力–应变关系和紧砂的应变软化现象,而且能够反映出砂土的剪缩和剪胀等变形特性,但是在模拟拉伸应力路径下砂土的体积应变变化趋势方面有待于进一步的研究和改进。     

Liquefaction of Unsaturated Sand Considering the Pore Air Pressure and Volume Compressibility of the Soil Particle Skeleton

A series of cyclic triaxial tests of unsaturated soils was conducted to get a better understanding of the general liquefaction state of unsaturated soils. In the tests, cyclic shear strain was applied to fine clean sand with the same dry density but different initial suction states under the undrained condition. During cyclic shear, the volume change of the soil particle skeleton, the pore air pressure and the pore water pressure were measured continuously. Having used the effective stress defined by Bishop (Bishop et al., 1963), where the net stress and suction contribute to the effective stress, our test results showed that unsaturated sand specimens with quite a low degree of saturation lose their effective stress due to cyclic shear. At a zero effective stress state, unsaturated specimens behaved similarly to liquids in much the same way as saturated specimens. From experimental and theoretical considerations, the zero effective stress state (i.e., liquefaction) for unsaturated sand was found to have been established when both the pore air and water pressures build up to the point where it is equal to the initial total pressure. A volume change of pore air under the undrained condition, if a volume change of pore water is negligible, is equal to that of the soil particle skeleton. Therefore, it can be concluded that the liquefaction of unsaturated soil generally depends on the volume compressibility of the soil particle skeleton and the degree of saturation. On the other hand, according to the ideal gas equation of Boyle-Charles law, the volume change required to bring about a zero effective stress state can be calculated from the initial pore air pressure (usually the atmospheric pressure) and the final pore air pressure (the initial confining pressure). Therefore, the liquefaction of unsaturated soils also depends on the initial confining pressure. Based on this concept, the liquefaction potential of unsaturated soil can be evaluated by comparing the volume compressibility of the soil particle skeleton and the volume change of the pore air required to bring about a zero effective stress state.     

海床砂土应力分析及动态强度特性

探讨了海床土壤与陆上土壤应力状态的差异,在三轴试验中利用反水压力作为静水压力以模拟原海床水深,回复海床土壤在原海域环境中的应力状态,并探讨水深对海床砂土动态强度的影响。另外,探讨了海床砂土受到长、短波浪周期作用时,其动态强度特性。研究结果显示,水深越大,海床砂土的液化阻抗强度越低;海床土壤在长周期的波浪作用下,有较高的液化阻抗强度,同时引起海床砂土液化有一最低的门坎值。     

黄河三角洲饱和粉土层地震液化判别方法 及液化特征研究

 黄河三角洲地区存在大量的粉土层，在地震作用下可能出现液化破坏。根据不同的沉积历史选取4个典型研究区，通过现场标准贯入试验、静力触探试验和剪切波速测试等原位技术对黄河三角洲地区饱和粉土层的地震液化判别方法及其液化特征进行分析。结果表明，综合采用静力触探和标准贯入试验进行液化判别的方法结果较好；在黄河三角洲地区，地震液化破坏主要发生在埋深1～5 m的黏粒含量为10%～15%的饱和粉土层中，建议该地区粉土层的地震液化初判条件中考虑土层埋深的影响，同时对是否发生液化的临界黏粒含量百分率做适当调整。     

Undisturbed Sampling and Laboratory Shearing Tests on a Sand with Various Fines Contents

The effects of plastic or non-plastic fines on the static and cyclic strength of sand have been a subject of laboratory studies for many decades. These studies have not lead to a concensus as to how fines can affect the behavior of sand. Earlier studies have mostly been limited to tests on reconstituted specimens. Some of the controversies stem from the concerns that reconstituted specimens may not be able to duplicate the soil fabric in the field. The authors used Laval sampler to retrieve high quality samples with a wide range of fines contents in Central Western Taiwan. A test site was developed in Yuan Lin Township where standard penetration test (SPT), seismic piezocone (SCPTU) and field shear wave velocity (V_s) measurements were performed in addition to Laval sampling. A series of monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests with V_s measurements were conducted on natural and reconstituted Yuan Lin Soil (YLS) specimens with fines contents ranging from 18 to 89%. While the study confirmed some of the earlier findings which indicated that fines tend to weaken the soil specimens, the results also showed that the effects of fines may be exaggerated according to tests on reconstituted specimens.     

Insight into excess pore pressure generation leading to liquefaction of sand with stress history under saturated and unsaturated conditions

Assessments of the liquefaction resistance of clean sand still involve considerable uncertainties, which are a current research topic in the field of soil liquefaction. The factors considered and discussed in this study include the loading history, degree of saturation, and partial drainage. The effects of each of these factors on pore pressure generation and liquefaction resistance have been studied for decades in the laboratory, and empirical relationships have been derived. In this paper, an attempt is made to explain these effects using the unique index of volumetric strain. A pore pressure generation model is developed which is similar to that of Martin et al. (1975), but based on stress-controlled triaxial tests. The model is verified through comparisons of its results with those of laboratory tests. It is confirmed that the plastic volumetric strain that has accumulated in sand, either by drained or undrained cyclic loading, dominates the increase in the liquefaction resistance of the sand. However, the plastic volumetric strain caused by overconsolidation is less effective in reducing the volumetric strain potential for subsequent cyclic shearing, thus enhancing its resistance to liquefaction. The model provides a better understanding of the physical processes leading to the liquefaction of saturated and unsaturated sand with and without stress history.     

Liquefaction analysis of Izumio sands under variation of ground motions during strong earthquake in Osaka,Japan

This paper presents a study of liquefaction analysis at sand layers of the Izumio site, under ground motion variation during a strong earthquake in Osaka, Japan. Site investigation using standard penetration test and shear wave velocity measurement is conducted. Finite element liquefaction site response analysis integrated with a strain space multiple mechanism model is conducted. Ground motions variation is considered based on the seismic record at surrounding seismic stations. Attenuation analysis is conducted to determine the scaling factor for ground motions. Several results, such as acceleration profiles and cyclic behaviours are presented. The empirical analysis is also conducted to verify the results of the numerical analysis. The results explained that cyclic behaviours of sandy layers in the Izumio site show the liquefaction tendency. The results also showed that sandy layers are indicated as critical layers during the strong earthquake due to the excess pore water pressure reaching the liquefaction threshold. The results of the empirical analysis also present liquefaction indication at sand layers under the variation of ground motion, since the factor of safety against liquefaction is less than 1. The results are generally well-agree with liquefaction evidence and prediction presented in the previous study. The results could bring practical importance in understanding liquefaction potential in the study area.     

挤土桩对砂土地基挤密效应及液化状态变化的机理研究

为研究打桩对砂土地基挤密效应及液化状态的变化,根据土塑性力学的基本原理,本文用空穴球形扩张和源-源影射的方法,推得了挤土桩打桩结束后土体内产生各点应力的理论计算公式,取得了打桩后离桩越近,土体被挤密的程度越大,砂土比粘土更容易挤密,并且挤密的范围更大以及桩径越大,土体挤密程度越大,影响范围也越大等基本规律,并由此预估砂土地基标贯锤击数及液化状态的变化。文章用工程实测结果与其进行了对比。