Strength criteria for bolted connections at elevated temperature

Based on the experimental results, this study investigates the feasibility of applying the current AISC strength equations for bolted connection at elevated temperature up 650 °C to prevent the structures from sudden collapses in fire events. Numerical analysis was also carried out to examine the stress distribution characteristic at bolt hole. Based on the results of this study, the connection with 1.5d end distance most likely would fail as tear-out at elevated temperature. Tear-out failure can be prevented by increasing the end distance to 3d. Therefore a minimum end distance of 3d in practical application is strongly recommended. In this study it is also found that the strength determined upon AISC current equations is under estimated at elevated temperatures. While the strength of bolted plate increases linearly with both the end and the edge distances up to certain limit, a new model for bearing strength is proposed with the combined effect of the end and the edge distances. In addition, the reduction factor of the shear lag effect in AISC for tensile fractural strength should be adopted to determine the bearing strength at elevated temperatures.     

高强度钢材螺栓连接抗剪性能试验研究

近年来高强度钢材在工程中得到了逐步推广和应用,尤其是Q460强度等级的高强度钢材。但是目前各国规范都尚未对高强度钢材螺栓连接设计方法做出具体规定,仍沿用普通强度钢材的设计方法。因此,需对端距、边距和螺栓间距等几何构造对高强度钢材螺栓抗剪连接性能的影响进行深入的试验研究。针对10,12 mm厚的Q460强度等级的高强度钢材进行螺栓抗剪连接试验,通过改变两个10.9级M27高强度螺栓的几何布置,研究不同端距、边距和螺栓间距情况下,高强度钢材的承压性能的变化情况。由试验可以观察到螺栓抗剪连接的3种不同的破坏模式:端部撕裂、孔壁拉长和板净截面拉断。同时还将试验得到的极限承载力与欧洲和美国钢结构设计规范设计值进行比较。结果发现,现有规范并不能很好地预测高强度钢材螺栓抗剪连接的破坏模式和极限强度,建议更深入地进行参数分析以完善规范设计方法。     

State-of-the-art on resistance of bearing-type bolted connections in high strength steel

With the recent development of material science, high strength steel (HSS) has become a practical solution for landmark buildings and major projects. The current codes for design of bearing-type bolted connections of steel constructions were established based on the research of conventional steels. Since the mechanical properties of HSS are different from those of conventional steels, more works should be done to develop the appropriate approach for the design of bearing-type bolted connections in HSS. A review of the research carried out on bearing-type bolted connections fabricated from conventional steel and HSS is presented. The up-to-date tests conducted at Tongji University on four connection types fabricated from three grades of HSS with nominal yield strengths of 550, 690, and 890 MPa are presented. The previous research on failure modes, bearing resistance and the design with consideration of bolt hole elongation are summarized. It is found that the behavior of bolted connections in HSS have no drastic difference compared to that of conventional steel connections. Although the ductility is reduced, plastic deformation capacity of HSS is sufficient to ensure the load redistribution between different bolts with normal construction tolerances. It is also found that behavior of each bolt of multi-bolt connections arranged in perpendicular to load direction is almost identical to that of a single-bolt connection with the same end distance. For connections with bolts arranged in parallel to load direction, the deformation capacity of the whole connection depends on the minimum value between the end distance and the spacing distances in load direction. The comparison with existing design codes shows that Eurocode3 and Chinese GB50017-2017 are conservative for the design of bolted connections in HSS while AISC 360-16 may overestimate the bearing resistance of bolted connections.     

Parametric Study on Ultimate Strength of Four-bolted Connections with Cold-formed Carbon Steel

The curling(out-of-plane deformation in the plate thickness direction) influence on the ultimate strength of cold-formed stainless steel bolted connection has been investigated and modified equations for predicting the ultimate strength considering strength reduction caused by curling through finite element analysis have been suggested by previous researchers. In this paper, single shear four-bolted connections fabricated with thin-walled carbon steel commonly utilized in the light-weight structural members of building were tested under static shear in order to investigate block shear fracture behavior and curling influence on the ultimate strength and fracture mode. Main variables of specimens are plate thickness and end distance parallel to the direction of loading. Curling in the perpendicular direction of applied force also occurred for bolted connections with a relatively long end distance and thin plate. The curling occurrence caused a sudden strength drop and reduced the ultimate strength of bolted connections. Current design specifications such as AISC, AIJ and AISI for block shear strength were summarized and it is known that design equations did not provide the accurate prediction of ultimate strength and fracture mode for thin-walled carbon steel bolted connections. Strength reduction by curling and the condition of curling occurrence were investigated through an additional parametric finite element analysis. As a result, revised strength equations for block shear fracture and bearing fracture were suggested considering fracture path and curling effect and their validity was also verified.     

重组竹钢夹板螺栓连接抗火性能试验研究

为研究重组竹钢夹板螺栓连接节点耐火极限及失效机理,依据ISO 834标准火灾试验方法设计并制作了3组24个螺栓连接试件,以螺栓数量、端距、行距、厚径比(竹板厚度与螺栓直径之比),持荷比(施加荷载与极限荷载之比)以及防火保护为试验参数,对其进行抗火性能试验研究。结果表明：当试件的厚径比为5.0~5.7时,单螺栓和多螺栓连接的破坏形态表现为螺栓孔压溃、竹材撕裂但螺栓未弯曲,当试件的厚径比为8.0~10.0时,破坏形态表现为螺栓孔压溃、竹材撕裂且螺栓弯曲,但厚径比对单螺栓连接耐火极限的影响并不显著;随着螺栓数量、端距和行距的增加,螺栓连接的耐火极限逐渐提高;增加持荷比使得螺栓连接耐火极限降低,防火保护对螺栓连接的抗火性能提升显著。通过对不同形式螺栓连接内部温度分析,揭示了火灾下重组竹材炭化性能及螺栓连接中孔受力对温度场的影响规律。     

腹板双角钢梁柱连接循环荷载试验研究

为了研究腹板双角钢梁柱连接的抗震性能,对四个连接试件进行了梁端循环位移加载试验。试验中考察了角钢高度、角钢与柱翼缘连接高强螺栓的直径和排列布置对连接的承载能力、滞回性能和破坏机理的影响,分析了这种连接的破坏模式和变形能力。试验结果表明:连接在循环荷载作用下表现出良好的延性,转角均超过0.04rad,连接的最终破坏均为角钢的塑性撕裂破坏;连接具有相当的抗弯能力,在结构分析中,须考虑节点抗弯强度对框架性能的影响,不能简单作为铰接处理;增大角钢的高度,能提高连接的强度;增大螺栓间距,减小螺栓直径,能提高连接的延性。最后,根据试验结果提出设计施工建议。     

Q460高强钢螺栓连接承载性能试验研究

通过对20个Q460高强钢螺栓连接的静力拉伸试验,研究高强钢材料强度和螺栓布置方式对连接承载力和变形的影响。根据力平衡和变形协调条件建立方程,理论分析高强度钢材螺栓连接的受力性能,考察相关规范的适用性。结果表明：螺栓横向布置时,试件的承载力和变形随间距增大而增大;边距由1.5d0增大到2d0,端距由2d0增大到2.5d0时,试件极限承载力仅提高了0.78%和2.37%,说明达到标准构造取值后,边距和端距增大对连接的承载力影响甚微。螺栓纵向布置时,试件的承载力仅随边距增大呈线性增大趋势。钢板承压强度设计值取1.26fu,对于Q460高强度钢材其取值偏小。为国产高强度钢材螺栓连接的设计理论和方法提供了科学依据。     

Comparison of bolted end plate and T-stub connections sensitivity to bolt diameter on cyclic behavior

Considering the construction limitations, proper and correct design of connections is vital and of great importance. At the construction stage, it is probable to use a connection bolt with a diameter less than the design assumptions. It can occur due to an imperfection in construction or even to changes in the function of the building. The unforeseen changes can increase the structural load, and consequently the moment and shear force demand values. Therefore, the present paper is aimed to examine the sensitivity of the bolted connections to the diameter of bolts using a numerical method. The results show that bolted T-stub connections are more sensitive to bolt diameter than end plate connections. Hence, the bolted end plate connections are recommended where the imperfection in construction or changes in function of the building is probable. Moreover, in construction of bolted connections, if changing the number of bolts regarding the constant total cross sectional area is considered, it is recommended to use the symmetric arrangement of bolts on each beam flange. In design of connections for a particular frame according to AISC, the moment capacity of T-stub connection is higher than that of end plate connection. However, the total energy absorptions of these connection types are approximately equal.     

Shear strength of high-strength bolts at elevated temperature

Failure of bolted connections has frequently occurred during fire events. Because knowledge of the behavior of high-strength bolts while under fire is insufficient, there is further need to establish the behavior of high-strength bolt while under fire load. In this study, the behavior of high-strength bolts was investigated by a series of tests conducted at elevated temperatures with the parameters of temperature, number of bolts and the joint geometry analyzed. The strength deterioration and the deformation characteristics of the bolts were analyzed and discussed. Based on the experimental results, it was found that AIJ specification provides a conservative prediction for the strength of high-strength bolt under fire conditions, while BS5950 overestimated bolt strength. Eurocode 3 gave a good prediction on bolt strength.     

高性能耐火钢高强度螺栓接头高温受剪性能试验研究

为促进高性能耐火钢材设计理论发展与工程应用,对采用不同型号高强度螺栓的10个高强度螺栓连接接头进行了不同温度条件下的受剪试验,其中包含4个采用普通高强度螺栓的连接接头以及6个采用BFRW10耐火高强度螺栓的连接接头,连接板均采用WGJ高性能耐火钢.试验研究了常温下螺栓接头的摩擦面抗滑移系数、不同温度下螺栓接头的荷载-位...     

火灾后栓接Q690角钢净截面受拉承载力研究

对栓接Q690角钢在火灾后的净截面受拉承载力展开研究,参考过火后高强钢Q690材性试验结果,利用ABAQUS建立栓接Q690角钢的有限元模型,分析面外偏心距、螺栓连接长度、过火温度对火灾后栓接Q690角钢净截面受拉承载力的影响; 将已有相关公式及规范公式的计算结果与模拟得到的角钢支撑受拉极限荷载进行比较; 基于最小二乘法,提出了Q690角钢净截面受拉承载力的有效截面系数公式,对比了数值结果及其他文献试验结果; 基于数值模拟数据库,进行了可靠度分析。结果表明:有效截面系数随着螺栓连接长度的增大而增大,随着面外偏心距的增大而减小,而过火温度对有效截面系数几乎没有影响; 美国规范AISC 360-16对不同过火温度下Q690角钢净截面受拉承载力预测结果偏于不安全,中国现行《钢结构设计标准》预测结果偏于离散; 提出的计算公式对于不同过火温度下的栓接Q690角钢净截面受拉承载力均能进行较好预测; 推荐所提出公式计算火灾后栓接Q690角钢净截面受拉承载力的抗力分项系数为1.061。     

Q690D高强钢螺栓连接疲劳性能试验研究

为探究Q690D高强度钢材螺栓连接的疲劳性能,对Q690D高强钢母材、有孔板和螺栓连接三组试件进行疲劳试验,拟合了S-N设计曲线,并与现行规范进行比较,对其疲劳特性及疲劳寿命给予评价。试验结果表明：Q690D高强钢母材、有孔板、螺栓连接疲劳极限比GB50017理论计算值分别提高了170%、76.02%、47.76%,比AISC360理论计算值分别提高了200%、131.77%、70.49%,说明Q690D高强钢螺栓连接具有较高的抗疲劳能力。讨论了应力集中与螺栓预紧力对试件疲劳强度的影响,应力集中系数越大,疲劳强度越小,螺栓预紧力能缓和应力集中程度,可间接提高疲劳寿命。基于零塑性累积应变率假设得到了疲劳损伤公式,应力集中在一定程度上可以反应损伤发展,损伤曲线可以解释疲劳破坏机理。     

Tests of single shear bolted connections of thin sheet steels at elevated temperatures—Part I: Steady state tests

The current design rules on bolted connections of thin sheet steels for cold-formed steel structures are applicable for ambient temperature condition only. Investigation of single shear bolted connections at elevated temperatures is limited. In this study, 120 single shear bolted connection specimens involving three different thicknesses of thin sheet steels and 30 coupon specimens were conducted by using steady state test method in the temperature range from 22 to 900 °C. There are three main failure modes observed in the single shear bolted connection tests, namely the net section tension, bearing, and tear out. The test results were compared with the predicted values calculated from the American, Australian/New Zealand and European specifications for cold-formed steel structures. In calculating the nominal strengths of the connections, the reduced material properties were used due to the deterioration of material at elevated temperatures. It is shown that the strengths of the single shear bolted connections predicted by the specifications are generally conservative at elevated temperatures. The comparison between the deterioration of the tested connection strengths and that of the material properties at elevated temperatures showed a similar tendency of reduction.     

Cyclic behavior of bolted connections with different arrangement of bolts

During the 1994 Northridge earthquake, relatively poor performance of the bolted web-welded flange connections (BWWFs) was observed. Thereafter, various types of connections such as end plate and T-stub bolted connections were suggested to be used in moment resisting frames that are often used in industrial and tall buildings. In this paper, finite element simulation is used to study and compare the cyclic behavior of fourteen specimens of the mentioned connection type by changing the horizontal and vertical arrangement of bolts. The results show that the moment capacity and the initial rotational stiffness of T-stub bolted connections are higher than that of end plate bolted connections designed based on AISC considering the total energy dissipation of both groups to be approximately equal. It is also evident that the probability of failure mode change in T-stub connections is higher than that of end plate connections under cyclic loading due to the arrangement variation of bolts. Based on the results of this paper, end plate connections are suggested for conditions where the imperfection in construction is probable.     

Elastoplastic analysis of elementary bolted steel tee-stub connections

Elementary bolted steel tee-stub connections proportioned according to EC3 were studied by means of a three dimensional finite element model using the ANSYS software package. The specimens reflect different geometric and strength parameters as well as bolt pre-stressing conditions. Within each specimen, the parameters considered were the flange thickness and the distance between the bolt's line to the end of the flange. The elastoplastic response, up to the ultimate state, was analysed and aspects relative to stiffness, strength, bolt loads, prying forces, interaction between flanges and evolution of the equivalent von Mises stress distribution within the flange and bolt were examined. Comparisons between experimental values and Eurocode3 (EC3) predictions indicate that the design procedure still needs to be improved, owing to the complex phenomena embodied.     

Ultimate strength of single shear two-bolted connections with austenitic stainless steel

This paper has carried out finite element (FE) modeling and analysis in order to predict and estimate the structural behaviors such as ultimate strength, fracture mode and curling occurrence of austenitic stainless steel single shear bolted connections fabricated with two bolts (2 rows ×1 column bolt array). The data of existing test results for the calibration of numerical simulation were utilized. Prediction results obtained from finite element (FE) analysis were compared with the test results of single shear bolted connections with stainless steel and the validity of numerical models for predicting the ultimate behaviors of connections was verified. Curling (Out of plane deformation) caused strength reduction in both test and analysis results. Parametric studies have also been conducted with other extended variables of edge distance and end distance. The conditions of curling occurrence in terms of end distance and edge distance were suggested from assumed FE models and modified strength formula was proposed.     

Experimental Testing and Analytical Prediction of the Behaviour of Timber Bolted Connections Subjected to Fire

The ultimate strength of bolted and dowelled connections in timber members at ambient temperatures have been assessed using Johansen’s yield equations in Europe and USA. More recently, several researchers have begun to investigate the strength of bolted and dowelled connections at elevated temperatures. Research has been carried out at the University of Canterbury to investigate the application of Johansen’s yield equations to the prediction of the failure strength of bolted connections in fire conditions. A series of single bolted connections using steel side plates was heated at constant temperature for several hours, then loaded to failure and used to determine the embedment strength of the wood over a range of temperatures from ambient to 300°C. The temperature-dependent embedment strengths are employed in Johansen’s equations for connections using a central steel plate as well as connections using steel and wood side members. Comparisons are also being made with the results of several similar connections tested in fire conditions and show considerable promise for predicting failure of such joints. A proposal for implementation of an easy-to-use approach for the prediction of the fire resistance of bolted joints is discussed in the paper, based on an extension of the Johansen’s yield equations to fire conditions, including a model for the variation of the embedment strength with temperature.     

钢结构高强度螺栓连接应用范围的探讨

随着石化行业国际化进程的加快,涉外项目的增多,高强螺栓连接的推广应用已经日趋普遍。根据应用情况,对目前石化行业结构设计中采用的高强螺栓连接形式的优缺点从技术、经济、施工等几个方面进行比较,并对RCSC和AISC规范中的相关设计理念予以简单介绍。     

钢结构高强度螺栓连接应用范围的探讨

随着石化行业国际化进程的加快,涉外项目的增多,高强螺栓连接的推广应用已经日趋普遍.根据应用情况,对目前石化行业结构设计中采用的高强螺栓连接形式的优缺点从技术、经济、施工等几个方面进行比较,并对RCSC和AISC规范中的相关设计理念予以简单介绍.     

Flush Endplate Connections in Fire: Time-Dependent Behavior of Tension Bolts

Steel connections play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and stability of steel building frames especially when exposed to fire temperatures. The behavior of flush endplate connections in fire is shown to be governed by tension bolt failure as bolts lose their strength and stiffness more rapidly at higher temperatures. As a result, the ability to predict the development of stresses in tension bolts of flush endplate connections at different stages of fire is of special importance. One of the factors influencing bolt stresses in fire is the thermal creep or time-dependent inelastic response of steel to elevated temperatures. Therefore, time- and temperature-dependent behavior of tension bolts of flush endplate connections in fire is the focus of this study. Stress-time histories in tension bolts are obtained by explicit consideration of thermal creep of steel in FE models of flush endplate connections at elevated temperatures. To better understand the effect of thermal creep on tension bolt behavior, the correlation between time-dependent rotational deformation of flush endplate connections and bolt stresses is also investigated. Further, the isochronous representation is utilized to study the rotational deformation and the tension bolt stresses under various applied moments ranging from 50% to 95% of the moment capacity and fire temperatures ranging from 450°C to 600°C with 25°C increment. Through such representation, it is indicated that the connection behavior is not only dependent on bolt strength degradation and applied moment, but also affected by the time duration of applied moments and temperatures. Also, with the inclusion of thermal creep of steel, the connection experiences higher rotation and excessive endplate deformation with stress relaxation leading to top tension bolt failure at earlier stages of fire. More specifically, for time exposure greater than or equal to 60 min, the failure temperature of the connection decreases from 600°C to around 550°C. Therefore, neglecting thermal creep of structural steel may result in an unsafe prediction of the overall response of flush endplate connections in fire.