Concrete dielectric properties investigation using microwave nondestructive techniques

The paper deals with dielectric properties of concrete and the effect of frequency, curing time and water to cement (w/c) ratio, concrete compression strength, steel fibre concrete and moisture content on the dielectric properties. The concrete dielectric properties such as transmission coefficients, reflection coefficients, dielectric constants and loss factors; were investigated using microwave nondestructive testing (MNDT) technique. The MNDT system consists of transmit and receive horn lens antennas, a vector network analyzer, mode transitions, and a printer. The horn lens antennas are used for minimizing diffraction effects due to the edges of the sample. Electromagnetic waves at microwave frequency range 7.0–13.0 GHz using free-space microwave method was used for measuring dielectric properties of concrete. Concrete specimens were prepared using different w/c ratios and different compressive strengths. Concrete dielectric properties were measured and correlated with compressive strength and w/c ratio of concrete, curing time. The experimental results indicate that microwave non-destructive technique has correlated well with to determine the compressive strength and w/c ratios of concrete. The results also show the potential to be used to determine the percentage of fiber. This technique is easy to adapt for in situ measurements.     

Probabilistic evaluation of conformity criteria for concrete families

When only a limited number of test results are available, compressive strength results of concrete family members can be combined in order to enable conformity control on a sufficient number of test results. The principles behind the conformity control of concrete families are explained and an original probabilistic evaluation of conformity criteria for concrete families is introduced. For the calculation of the corresponding operating characteristics, some approximate formulae are presented. Additionally, Monte Carlo simulation techniques are used for more exact calculations. In this way, also autocorrelation between consecutive test results can be taken into account, using an autoregressive process. The current guidelines and conformity criteria for concrete families in EN 206-1 are evaluated and discussed, based on the AOQL concept. Different conformity criteria and transformation methods are described, evaluated and discussed.     

Processing and characterization of a lightweight concrete using cenospheres

A study has been conducted in which a lightweight concrete was processed using ceramic microspheres, known as cenospheres, as a primary aggregate. The mechanical properties, including compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and fracture toughness, were tested and cataloged. It was determined that the addition of high volumes of cenospheres significantly lowered the density of concrete but was also responsible for some strength loss. This strength loss was recovered by improving the interfacial strength between the cenospheres and the cement. The interfacial properties were quantified using interfacial fracture mechanics techniques. These techniques were also employed to find a suitable surface modifier with which to improve this interface. The admixture silica fume and the coupling agent Silane were found to be suitable candidates and both performed well in small-scale compression testing. Silica fume was eventually isolated as a prime candidate. The concrete produced with this admixture was tested and compared to a concrete with an equal volume fraction of cenospheres. The addition of silica fume improved the compressive strength of cenosphere concrete by 80%, tensile strength by 35%, flexural strength by 60% and fracture toughness by 41%.     

双钢板-混凝土组合墙的大胆尝试——盐城电视塔结构设计

为研究钢板夹心混凝土组合剪力墙的变形能力,该文基于平截面假定推导了钢板夹心混凝土组合剪力墙的截面曲率延性系数,并利用等效塑性铰假定进一步得到其位移延性系数,通过已有试验结果验证了该计算方法的可靠性。利用该计算方法研究了轴压比、端柱套箍指标、剪力墙高宽比、钢板强度、混凝土强度等参数对钢板夹心混凝土组合剪力墙位移延性系数的影响。研究表明：通过控制剪力墙轴压比,适当提高端柱套箍指标,使用低强度钢材以及设置有效构造隔板可有效保证剪力墙的变形能力。

     

Influence of recycled aggregate on slump and bleeding of fresh concrete

The recycling of construction and demolition (C&;D) waste as a source of aggregates for the production of new concrete has attracted increasing interests from the construction industry. While the environmental benefits of using recycled aggregates are well accepted, some unsolved problems prevent this type of material from wide application in structural concrete. One of the major problems with the use of recycled aggregates in structural concrete is their high water absorption capacity which leads to difficulties in controlling the properties of fresh concrete and consequently influences the strength and durability of hardened concrete. This paper presents an experimental study on the properties of fresh concrete prepared with recycled aggregates. Concrete mixes with a target compressive strength of 35 MPa are prepared with the use of recycled aggregates at the levels from 0 to 100% of the total coarse aggregate. The influence of recycled aggregate on the slump and bleeding are investigated. The effect of delaying the starting time of bleeding tests and the effect of using fly ash on the bleeding of concrete are explored.     

Determination of initial degree of hydration for improvement of early-age properties of concrete using ultrasonic wave propagation

During the first few hours after mixing, the properties of concrete change between different types of material behaviour. Fresh concrete is during mixing a Bingham material, gradually attaining solid body properties with considerable compressive strength and stiffness. The development of mechanical properties can be described by the degree of hydration. For the prediction of mechanical properties of early-age concrete as well as for the prediction of stresses caused by differences of temperature and autogenous shrinkage, it is essential to know the initial degree of hydration, from which on the development of strength and stiffness can be assumes to begin. This paper deals with the determination of the end of the dormant phase by using ultrasonic pulse velocity techniques. Using compression wave and shear wave transducers the hardening of concrete is observed under adiabatic curing conditions. From the development of dynamic Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio a model of the initial degree of hydration is derived to improve existing models of the development of tensile strength and modulus of elasticity for very early-age concrete. A procedure to determinate an upper and lower bound for the end of setting time is presented. Typical results are presented for different concrete compositions, especially for high strength concrete.     

芳纶纤维布约束混凝土轴心受压性能试验研究

在分析芳纶纤维布（KFF）对混凝土的增强作用机理的基础上,通过C20、C30、C35、C45、C50五个强度等级的普通混凝土φ150mm×300mm的圆柱体试件和用KFF约束混凝土试件的抗压强度对比试验,研究了KFF约束混凝土的轴心受压力学性能,定量地得到了KFF对混凝土试件受压承栽力的加强效果、强度比和混凝土自身强度、KFF粘贴层数的关系。研究结果表明：KFF对混凝土受压承载力的提高效果非常明显,在外粘1层KFF的情况下,KFF和普通混凝土轴心受压强度比在19．0～54．8％范围内,粘贴2、3层KFF和混凝土轴心受压强度比达51．9％、73．5％。KFF的加强效果与混凝土自身的强度、KFF粘贴层数具有良好的相关性,强度比随着混凝土自身强度等级的提高而减小,随着KFF粘贴层数的增加而增大,从而验证了KFF约束加固混凝土的有效性和可行性。     

延性纤维增强混凝土剪力墙非线性分析及 影响其性能参数研究

以4个延性纤维增强混凝土(DFRC)剪力墙荷载作用下的抗震性能试验为基础,利用有限元软件 ABAQUS、DFRC和高强混凝土均选用合适的拉、压损伤本构关系以及单元模型,建立了DFRC剪力墙非线性模型,模拟了加载全过程和受力性能,模拟曲线与试验恢复力曲线吻合较好。在此基础上,采用试验研究和非线性模拟相结合的方法,研究了影响DFRC剪力墙抗震性能的主要因素,包括DFRC区高度、DFRC强度、剪跨比和轴压比,并给出影响剪力墙性能参数的限值及其范围。     

大尺寸RPC管-HSC组合柱轴压性能试验研究

在活性粉末混凝土(RPC)预制管内部浇筑高强混凝土,形成RPC管-高强混凝土(HSC)组合柱,扩展了RPC管-混凝土组合柱(CFRT)这一新型组合结构的范围。开展了RPC管离心法成型的配合比与工艺研究,成功试制了RPC管。对4组大尺寸CFRT和1组箍筋约束高强混凝土柱试件进行轴压试验,试验参数为内部混凝土和纵筋配置率。结果表明:内部填充HSC的CFRT柱在整个受力过程中,预制管身基本完整,抗压性能显著优于用于对比的箍筋约束高强混凝土柱;CFRT柱的抗压强度随内部混凝土强度的提高而提高,但约束效应逐步降低,对CFRT柱的内部混凝土的强度应该有所限制;在内部混凝土中配置纵向钢筋,对CFRT的延性影响不大;基于Mander(1988)约束模型,提出了内部填充高强混凝土的CFRT柱轴向承载力计算方法,模型的预测结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

加强型预应力混凝土管桩抗弯剪性能试验研究

采用ABAQUS软件,选取适合模型的本构关系,在验证模型正确性的基础上,建立21个预应力高强混凝土管桩有限元模型,考察剪跨比、轴压比、混凝土强度、增配普通钢筋以及预应力筋配筋率等参数对管桩极限抗剪承载力和P−Δ关系曲线的影响。分析结果表明：剪跨比、轴压比、预应力筋配筋率、增配普通钢筋对管桩的抗剪性能有影响,随着构件剪跨比的减小和预应力筋配筋率的增加,管桩的极限抗剪承载力有较大提高;增配普通钢筋后的管桩,与仅配预应力筋的管桩相比,其极限承载力更高,不同剪跨比下的曲线变化规律也与后者基本一致;增加混凝土强度可以提高管桩的抗剪承载力,但P−Δ关系曲线的弹性阶段几乎没有变化;管桩的极限抗剪承载力随着轴压比的提高而增大。     

T形配钢型钢混凝土柱-钢梁框架抗震性能研究

为研究T形配钢型钢混凝土柱-钢梁框架的抗震性能,进行了1榀3层2跨、缩尺比例为1：3的框架试件拟静力试验,了解其破坏形态、滞回曲线和骨架曲线,分析了试件的延性、耗能能力、刚度和强度退化规律。基于纤维模型对框架试件进行了数值模拟,研究了结构抗震性能在不同轴压比、配钢率和混凝土强度下的变化规律。结果表明：在水平低周往复荷载作用下,试件出现\     

Experimental investigation of size effect in concrete fracture under multiaxial compression

Series of scaled hollow-cylinder experiments in a size range 1: 4 were performed to investigate the size effect on strength and fracture of concrete subject to multiaxial compression. A notable size effect was observed during the tests with strength decrease as specimen size increased. Fracture processes were examined using impregnation techniques and their results indicated splitting type mechanisms to take place, which were encircling the inner-holes in a rather uniform manner. Interpretation of the results showed that the observed size effect attributes to a combination of structural (e.g. geometry imposed stress gradients) and material (statistical) size effects.     

钢套管再生混凝土加固柱抗震性能及影响参数研究

通过1个未加固的钢筋混凝土柱和9个钢套管加固钢筋混凝土柱的低周反复加载试验,研究了钢套管加固柱的抗震性能。随后在ABAQUS中,利用经试验校验的纤维梁模型,进行钢套管再生混凝土柱的数值模拟,并对相关影响因素进行参数化分析。结果表明：经钢套管再生混凝土加固后,钢筋混凝土柱的抗震性能显著提升;在所研究的参数范围内,轴压比小于0.58时,加固柱抗侧承载力随轴压比的增大而提高,但轴压比大于0.58时,加固柱抗侧承载力随轴压比的增大显著下降,且损伤发展速度加快;钢套管厚度能提升加固柱的抗震性能,但提升幅度随厚度的增加而减缓;原柱轴压比对加固柱的力学性能和破坏模式有较大影响,且初始压弯组合应力显著降低高轴压比加固柱的压弯承载力;在钢套管的有效约束下,再生混凝土对构件整体承载力的影响不明显,但使得构件的抗震性能有所下降。     

钢纤维高性能轻骨料混凝土多轴强度和变形特性研究

为了研究钢纤维掺量和三轴应力比对高性能轻骨料混凝土破坏准则和本构关系的影响规律,进行了钢纤维全轻混凝土和钢纤维次轻混凝土多轴强度和变形特性的试验研究,考虑到试验机加载能力和新拌高性能轻骨料混凝土的工作性能,选取的钢纤维体积掺量为0、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%,试验加载路径有单轴拉、压,双轴等压和真三轴压。结果发现在单轴应力和低应力比条件下,钢纤维能够明显地发挥增强阻裂作用,随着钢纤维掺量的增加,中间主应力对极限抗压强度和峰值应变的影响越来越大,且钢纤维体积掺量对两种轻骨料混凝土应力-应变曲线下降段有一定的影响;在高应力比条件下,钢纤维体积掺量对峰值强度、峰值应变和应力-应变曲线下降段无明显影响,但对高应力比下轻骨料混凝土应力-应变曲线上特有的应力平台区域有较大的影响。考虑钢纤维含量特征参数的影响,对普通骨料混凝土的Kotsovos破坏准则进行了相应的修正,得出了适合钢纤维增强轻骨料混凝土的破坏准则表达式。     

钢筋混凝土柱纯扭破坏尺寸效应数值分析

在地震作用下,钢筋混凝土柱时常会受到扭矩的作用,而扭矩的存在会改变钢筋混凝土柱的破坏模式。为探究钢筋混凝土柱纯扭破坏的尺寸效应行为,采用三维细观数值模拟方法,考虑了混凝土细观组分的非均质性及钢筋与混凝土间的粘结滑移作用,建立了钢筋混凝土柱的纯扭作用数值模型。模拟分析了结构尺寸、纵筋率、配箍率和截面形状对钢筋混凝土柱抗扭破坏的影响。结果表明：钢筋混凝土柱扭转破坏表现为脆性特征,名义抗扭强度表现出明显的尺寸效应;纵向配筋对扭转强度尺寸效应影响不大;方形截面柱比圆形截面柱具有更强的尺寸效应;箍筋可以提高扭转强度,且可以削弱名义抗扭强度的尺寸效应。最后,修正了Ba?ant尺寸效应律,建立了全结构尺寸范围内的名义抗扭强度预测公式。     

高韧性纤维混凝土单轴受压性能及尺寸效应

高韧性纤维混凝土(ECC)具有优异的韧性、卓越的耗散能力及裂缝无害化分布的特点,能够明显改善结构的抗震性能与耐久性。通过对三种不同高厚比的立方体与棱柱体共60个试件进行单轴受压试验,探究高韧性纤维混凝土的受压性能、变形机制及尺寸效应对试件力学性能的影响,测得了不同高厚比试件受压的应力-应变全曲线。结果表明:高韧性纤维混凝土在裂缝发展及破坏模式上与普通混凝土存在明显的区别,由于纤维的桥接作用,在加载过程中材料表现出较强的压缩韧性,试件破坏以后仍保持相对完整,极限压应变约为普通混凝土的10倍;当高厚比大于1时,材料抗压强度对尺寸的敏感性降低;峰值应变与抗压韧性系数随着高厚比的增加逐步减少。结合电镜扫描结果,对高韧性纤维混凝土中纤维的分布、桥接情况及纤维增韧增强机制进行了分析与讨论。     

基于统一强度理论的厚壁套管柱三轴抗拉强度

为了研究油气井厚壁套管柱的力学性能,基于统一强度理论,合理考虑中间主应力和材料拉压比的影响,推导了厚壁套管柱三轴抗拉强度的计算公式,分析了内外压比、材料的拉压比、中间主应力和径厚比等因素对不同工况下套管柱三轴抗拉强度的影响特性。研究结果表明：强度准则的选用对套管柱的三轴抗拉强度具有显著影响;材料拉压强度不等特性(SD效应)对套管柱的三轴抗拉强度也具有显著影响,当内外压比小于或等于1时,套管柱的三轴抗拉强度随材料拉压比的增大近似线性提高,当内外压比大于1时,材料SD效应的影响与外荷载有关;考虑中间主应力效应可以充分发挥材料的自承载能力和强度潜能,提高套管柱的三轴抗拉强度,具有一定的经济效益;内外压比和径厚比对套管柱的三轴抗拉强度也具有一定的影响。该文计算公式适用于具有SD效应和中间主应力效应的材料,并将多种屈服准则下套管柱三轴抗拉强度的表达式统一起来,具有广泛的适用性,可为油气井厚壁套管柱的设计提供借鉴。     

A microscopic approach to rate effect on compressive strength of concrete

The enhancement of concrete strength under uniaxial dynamic compression is investigated in this paper. The influence of the microcrack density to the concrete compressive strength is also discussed. Based on the sliding crack model, the compressive strength is obtained by considering the interaction between microcracks using the Kachanov method. Both free water viscosity and inertia effect are included by considering their influences on the dynamic stress intensity factor of crack tip under linearly increasing load. The relationship between the dynamic strength increase factor and the strain rate is obtained. The comparison between the results by the model proposed in this paper and those by available experiments indicates a favorable agreement.     

Discrete element modelling of one-dimensional compression of cemented sand

It has recently been shown that the one-dimensional normal compression of sand can be modelled effectively in three-dimensions using the discrete element method, and that the slope of the compression curve (in log voids ratio–log stress space) is controlled by the size effect on average particle strength. This paper incorporates soil structure by simulating cemented sand, and the effects of inter-particle bonding (including bond strength and strength distributions) on the one-dimensional compression behaviour and evolving particle size distributions are investigated. The results show that bonding reduces particle crushing, and it is both the magnitude and distribution of bond strengths that influence the compression curve of the structured material.     

HRB600级钢筋钢纤维高强混凝土柱抗震性能研究

为研究高强钢筋混凝土柱小偏心受压性能,进一步推进高强钢筋在混凝土结构中的应用,针对HTRB630级高强钢筋,考虑配筋率、配箍率、箍筋间距和荷载偏心距等因素的影响,通过6根高强钢筋混凝土方形截面柱的小偏心受压试验,研究了该类构件的破坏过程、破坏形态和变形能力,评估了钢筋的应力及其强度发挥水平。结果表明：受压区HTRB630级钢筋能够达到屈服强度,且塑性变形能够充分发挥;提高配箍率,可提高试件小偏心受压承载力;当配箍率超过1.50%时,对试件承载力提高不多,但在一定程度上能够改善试件的变形能力。考虑箍筋对混凝土的约束作用,参照中国现行规范的计算方法,给出了高强钢筋混凝土柱压弯承载力的计算方法,计算结果与试验值相比吻合较好,可为该类构件的正截面设计和规范修订时提供参考。