Earthquake response control of a super high‐rise structure subjected to long‐period ground motions via a novel viscous damped system with multilever mechanism

A novel viscous damped system and its principles are proposed in the paper. It is a novel viscous damped system with multilever mechanism that can improve the energy dissipation capacity of conventional viscous dampers. In order to compare the damping effects of the novel viscous damper with that of the conventional viscous damper, a shaking table test of a three‐story steel frame structure is performed. Testing results indicate that the novel viscous damped system is more efficient. The elastic time‐history analysis of a super high‐rise frame‐core tube structure is studied under the frequently occurring earthquake. Dynamic loads take two groups of ground motions with different period characteristics into account. Main response values such as base shear, interstory drift, and acceleration factor under long‐period ground motions are apparently larger than the seismic results due to standard ground motions. Responses between the undamped structure and the damped structure with conventional viscous dampers or the latest products are compared. It is concluded that the proposed viscous damped system can perform more effectively in reducing high‐rise structural responses subject to long‐period ground motions.     

压电摩擦阻尼器动态响应时间研究

摩擦阻尼器因其良好的耗能能力而在工程结构中广泛的应用。压电陶瓷驱动器具有电致变形能力,尽管变形位移很小,但若是其变形被约束后,在电场的作用下则能产生很大的驱动力。本文利用两组PZT驱动器分别与摩擦阻尼器组合制成PZT智能摩擦阻尼器,测试该两组驱动器的响应能力以及PZT摩擦阻尼器的响应时间。     

Shear slotted bolted connection

Slotted bolted connections (SBCs) have been developed and used as an axial friction damper in braced frames since 1980s. To employ the benefits of SBCs in moment resisting frames (MRFs), rotational slotted bolted connections have been developed more recently with limited application in members that flexural behavior is dominated to shear. In this paper, shear slotted bolted connection (SSBC) is introduced as a new type of friction dampers to employ the benefits of SBCs in lateral load resisting systems with predominant shear behavior members that dissipate energy by traditional yielding mechanisms. The SSBC is a modified bolted connection that dissipates energy through friction in which friction is activated by shear force. The applications of the proposed system as a shear link in link beams of eccentrically braced frames (EBFs), in the beams of MRFs, and coupling beams of coupled concrete shear walls are introduced. To show the efficiency of SSBC, an existing EBF with tubular link beam is equipped with SSBC, and its behavior is studied via models created in general purpose finite element program ABAQUS (SIMULIA, The Dassault Systèmes, Realistic Simulation, RI, USA) verified thoroughly against relevant test results. Also, three MRFs with different beam lengths are modified using SSBC, and their monotonic and cyclic behavior are investigated using validated finite element models. The results show that, as expected, SSBC is capable of working as a mechanical shear fuse dissipating energy effectively in both MRFs and EBFs without any material yielding.     

近断层地震作用下斜拉桥黏滞阻尼器参数简化设计方法

黏滞阻尼器是漂浮体系斜拉桥常用的减震耗能装置,但传统的阻尼器参数设计需要通过反复的非线性有限元时程计算来确定,这种方法不够简便有效。本文根据近断层地震的脉冲特点以及斜拉桥动力特性,通过建立斜拉桥的双质点模型的运动微分方程,推导出近断层脉冲作用下的动力反应计算公式;并基于等效线性化方法,得到非线性黏滞阻尼器参数与等效阻尼比的关系,从而利用主梁目标位移反向确定所需设置的黏滞阻尼器参数;最后通过一座斜拉桥实例验证本文方法的正确性,并提出了黏滞阻尼器参数设计简化方法的流程。     

Improvement of near-fault seismic isolation using a resettable variable stiffness damper

A seismic structure isolated by a conventional passive isolation system is usually a long-period structural system; therefore, although its dynamic response may be effectively mitigated in a regular earthquake, the responses may be considerably amplified in a near-fault earthquake with long-period characteristics, due to the low-frequency resonant effect. In order to overcome this problem, a sliding isolation system equipped with a new type of the semi-active damper called a resettable variable stiffness damper (RVSD) is proposed in this study. An RVSD damper is similar to a conventional resettable stiffness damper, except that it has a variable stiffness part. By controlling the variable stiffness, the damper force provided by the RVSD will follow a target force that is determined on-line by a general, active control law. As a result, the RVSD damper is able to prevent the abrupt changes of the damper force that inevitably exists in a conventional resettable damper. The harmonic and seismic responses of an isolation system with the RVSD are studied numerically and compared with the other types of isolation systems. The simulated results demonstrate that the RVSD is able to attenuate the low-frequency resonance behavior of the seismic isolation system induced by long-period ground motions. As compared with an isolation system with a conventional resettable damper, the study shows that isolation with the RVSD is superior in reducing the acceleration response due to a near-fault earthquake, while maintaining its effectiveness in the suppression of the isolator displacement.     

自复位单向摩擦阻尼器梁桥数值#br# 模拟及混合试验

传统梁桥在地震作用下,支座容易产生较大的残余变形。针对这一问题提出将传统梁桥支座替换为聚四氟乙烯滑板支座,并在主梁和盖梁之间安装自复位单向摩擦阻尼器,形成自复位单向摩擦阻尼器梁桥。首先,将有预加力的自复位单向摩擦阻尼器等效为一个无预加力的阻尼器单元和一个无耗能能力的双线性弹簧单元组成的并联体系,采用OpenSees模拟其本构关系。进一步,以一4跨自复位单向摩擦阻尼器连续梁桥为对象,对其进行地震动记录输入下的动力分析,同时,将桥梁1#墩的阻尼器和支座作为试验子结构,其他部分作为数值子结构进行混合试验,考察地震作用下的桥梁位移和内力响应。数值分析和混合试验的结果对比表明：文章对阻尼器的等效处理是合理的且自复位单向摩擦阻尼器梁桥具有良好的隔震和自复位能力。     

拟负刚度磁流变智能隔震系统振动台试验研究

为研究拟负刚度控制算法及磁流变智能隔震系统的有效性和适应性,将自主研发的最大出力为10kN的磁流变液阻尼器(MRFD)安装在隔震层中心,并选取4条有代表性的远近场地震波,峰值加速度由0.1g~0.9g逐步增大,分别对普通隔震结构、输入电流为0A和1A的被动控制结构以及采用基于位移的拟负刚度(DPNS)控制算法的智能控制结构进行振动台试验。通过对结构响应和阻尼器响应的对比分析,研究拟负刚度控制算法的减震效果和磁流变智能控制系统的耗能特性。结果表明：恒定电流为0A的被动控制可同时降低上部结构反应和隔震层位移,但是减震效果有限;恒定电流为1A的被动控制对隔震层位移降低效果明显,但是在多遇地震及远场地震作用下放大了上部结构反应;DPNS控制可同时降低隔震层位移和多遇、设防地震甚至罕遇地震作用下上部结构的反应,且适应于不同的地震动特性;试验中控制系统存在的时滞效应使得DPNS控制力在多遇、设防地震作用下具有较小值,同时罕遇地震作用下具有较强的耗能能力。     

SMA复合摩擦阻尼器在网架结构中的减振效果分析

将SMA复合摩擦阻尼器用作空间网架结构的耗能减振装置,探讨了其在空间结构中的减振控制分析方法。介绍了SMA复合摩擦阻尼器的工作原理和理论模型,建立了网架结构减振控制的运动方程。地震作用下某网架结构减振控制的数值模拟结果表明,SMA复合摩擦阻尼器可有效降低结构地震响应,较之纯摩擦阻尼器和纯SMA阻尼器,减振效果更为优良。     

木质变摩擦阻尼器滞回性能的试验研究与理论分析

基于对摩擦阻尼器材料及构造的改进,研制了一种木质变摩擦阻尼器。对9个不同参数的木质变摩擦阻尼器试件进行了低周反复荷载试验,研究了阻尼器的滞回性能,分析了摩擦块的坡度、螺栓预紧力等因素对阻尼器耗能性能的影响。根据木质变摩擦阻尼器的构造特点及工作原理,建立了其力学分析模型,确定了适用于该摩擦阻尼器的滞回规则和相应的滞回模型,并利用试验数据对滞回模型进行了验证。研究结果表明：木质变摩擦阻尼器的输出力在大变形时显著提升,滞回曲线较为饱满,具有分阶段耗能的特点,表现出稳定且良好的耗能性能;木质变摩擦阻尼器的耗能能力与木质摩擦块坡度和螺栓预紧力呈正相关。建立的滞回模型能较准确地反映木质变摩擦阻尼器的工作性能,理论与试验滞回曲线吻合较好。     

Analytical and Numerical Study of a Smart Sliding Base Isolation System for Seismic Protection of Buildings

The seismic response of a single–story steel building frame with a smart base isolation system is evaluated. The isolation system consists of sliding bearings combined with an adaptive fluid damper. The damping capacity of the fluid damper can be modulated in real time based on feedback from the earthquake ground motion and superstructure response. The adaptive capabilities of the fluid damper enable the isolation system displacement to be controlled while simultaneously limiting the interstory drift response of the superstructure. This paper concentrates on the development of analytical models of the smart isolation system and control algorithms for operation of the system. In general, the results from numerical simulations demonstrate that, for disparate earthquake ground motions, the smart isolation system is capable of simultaneously limiting both the response of the isolation system and the superstructure.     

新型摩擦阻尼器的研究及其在建筑结构振动控制中的应用

探讨了一种新型耗能摩擦阻尼器的耗能原理及其在建筑结构振动控制中的应用。研究表明,该阻尼器除具有传统阻尼器的优点外,还克服了传统摩擦阻尼器只能提供恒定的摩擦力的缺点。同时,该阻尼器还可以利用振源信号进行反馈控制,因此增大了耗能能力,提高了减振效果。有限元仿真分析证明,该新型摩擦阻尼器应用在建筑结构上具有较好的减振效果。     

近断层地震作用下混合阻尼隔震结构的响应分析

本文以实际的地震波El-Centro波为底波,在此基础上叠加三角型脉冲运动模拟近断层地震地面的激励;以人工合成的近断层地震波作为输入,研究其对混合阻尼隔震结构的动力反应特性,绘制了上部结构最大加速度和基底最大滑移量的时程图,并讨论了混合阻尼隔震结构的摩擦系数、粘滞阻尼比及滞回阻尼等参数对隔震结构产生的重要影响.研究表明:在混合阻尼隔震结构中,摩擦系数存在一个较优值,粘滞阻尼比对脉冲能量较大的B、C类波的控制有较显著的效果,但对原始波及A类波控制效果不明显,滞回阻尼对隔震结构Smax和amax均有一定影响,通过分析给出了该参数的合理取值.     

Pall型摩擦阻尼器的新型应用方式及其性能研究

首次提出了Pall型摩擦阻尼器适用于不规则框架新型安装方式,按常规将阻尼器放置在框架中心。以等腰梯形框架结构为例,考虑几何非线性对安装Pall型摩擦阻尼器的不同坡度的该框架进行了详细的有限元分析,采用ANSYS程序对该Pall型摩擦阻尼器的滞回特性和力学特性进行了详细的分析。分析结果表明,安装Pall型摩擦阻尼器能有效提高结构的刚度,并且大大提高框架的耗能能力,但这种新型安装方式的Pall型摩擦阻尼器与原Pall摩擦阻尼器的耗能能力有差距,提出了该安装方式的适用范围,在此基础上,提出了适合梯形框架的一种新型安装方式。     

基于总输入能量谱与瞬时输入能量谱的设计谱修正

地震动中的长周期成分对长周期结构的影响不容忽视,现行的设计反应谱为了保证长周期结构抗震设计具备保守性,人为增大了特定频段和特定场地条件的谱值。针对目前设计谱的不足,依据线性单自由度体系的地震动总输入能量谱和瞬时输入能量谱,对规范反应谱5Tg～6s直线下降段提出调整方法。从具有速度 脉冲特征的长周期地震记录中选出能量谱值最大的地震记录加以说明,得到修正后的加速度谱与相应的拟速度谱和位移谱。建议的反应谱修正方法综合体现了总输入能量与瞬时输入能量的特征,对于工程结构设计具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。     

泡沫铝/聚氨酯复合材料摩擦阻尼器性能试验研究

基于泡沫铝/聚氨酯复合材料（aluminum foam/polyurethane,简称AF/PU）是一种同时具有铝材料的摩擦性能和聚氨酯的黏弹性的复合材料,由此研制出一种能够发挥黏弹性阻尼器和摩擦阻尼器各自耗能特点的泡沫铝/聚氨酯复合材料摩擦阻尼器（AF/PU摩擦阻尼器）,并对该阻尼器进行位移幅值、频率等相关性的性能试验和疲劳性能试验。以最大输出力、刚度和阻尼比为指标,研究该阻尼器的性能规律,采用修正的Bouc-Wen计算模型模拟其滞回曲线,并对比模拟结果和试验结果。研究结果表明：AF/PU摩擦阻尼器的滞回曲线饱满,具有较高且稳定的阻尼比。该阻尼器的力学性能随位移幅值和循环次数的增加而呈现分阶段性,但是加载频率的影响却较小,该阻尼器是一种典型位移幅值相关的变刚度摩擦阻尼器。修正的Bouc-Wen模型的模拟结果与试验结果二者吻合良好。     

电磁耗能减震器及其在工程中应用

分析了耗能减震器的研究现状和发展,指出了现有摩擦耗能器的不足。在已有研究基础上,对原有电磁摩擦耗能器进行了改进,得到了一种受力特性良好并且可应用于实际结构工程的摩擦耗能器。根据力与位移的关系,建立了电磁摩擦耗能体系的恢复力模型。通过能量法得出了耗能减震体系的能量方程,给出了设计耗能减震体系的设计方法和公式,为其在结构工程中的应用提供了理论基础。     

带限位装置的摩擦隔震结构动力特性及地震反应分析

提出了一种新型基础隔震模型,即带限位装置的摩擦隔震体系 (S- LF);基于此隔震模型,利用 Poincare映射法研究地面谐运动下 S- LF结构的运动特征;并利用高精度的精细时程积分法,通过对地震作用下 S- LF动力响应的计算,绘制了上部结构最大加速度反应谱和基底最大滑移量反应谱,并研究了各种结构参数对隔震的影响;通过与恢复力摩擦隔震系统 (R- FBI)和纯摩擦力滑移隔震系统 (P- F)的比较表明, S- LF的隔震性能优于 P- F和 R- FBI;最后通过对计算实例的分析发现,地震作用下 S- LF结构的层间最大剪力和最大绝对加速度反应分布较一般传统结构有很大区别。     

Experimental investigation of hybrid buckling-restrained braces

Though a buckling-restrained brace (BRB) has good seismic performance, it cannot dissipate energy under wind loads or weak earthquakes because its core does not yield. A hybrid buckling-restrained brace (H-BRB), which is a type of hybrid damping system consisting of a BRB member and a viscoelastic damper, has been proposed to improve the wind-resisting performance of the standard BRB. In order to evaluate the wind and seismic performance of the H-BRB system, two H-BRB specimens and one BRB specimen were tested in this study. The variable for the wind performance test was the shear action mechanism of the viscoelastic damper with and without a side connection plate, and the variable for the seismic performance test was whether a separation occurred between the steel tube and a stopper after the yielding of the steel core. The wind performance test showed that H-BRB’s mechanism could be realized only when the viscoelastic damper operated with double shear action. Also, the seismic performance test demonstrated that H-BRB could satisfy the required performance when the tube and stopper were separated after the core’s yielding.     

Finite element formulations and theoretical study for variable curvature friction pendulum system

The friction pendulum system (FPS), a type of base isolation technology, has been recognized as a very efficient tool for controlling the seismic response of a structure during an earthquake. However, previous studies have focused mainly on the seismic behavior of base-isolated structures far from active earthquake faults. In recent years, there have been significant studies on the efficiency of the base isolator when subjected to near-fault ground motions. It is suggested from these studies that the long-duration pulse of near-fault ground motions results in significant response of a base-isolated structure. In view of this, an advanced base isolator called the variable curvature friction pendulum system (VCFPS) is proposed in this study. The radius of the curvature of VCFPS is lengthened with an increase of the isolator displacement. Therefore, the fundamental period of the base-isolated structure can be shifted further away from the predominant period of near-fault ground motions. Finite element formulations for VCFPS have also been proposed in this study. The numerical results show that the base shear force and story drift of the superstructure during near-fault ground motion can be controlled within a desirable range with the installation of VCFPS. Therefore, the VCFPS can be adopted for upgrading the seismic resistance of the structures adjacent to an active fault.     

Seismic performance of benchmark highway bridge installed with piezoelectric friction dampers

Dynamic response of the benchmark highway bridge installed with semi-active piezoelectric friction dampers (PFDs) is investigated under six bidirectional earthquake ground motions. PFD utilises the response of the structure to develop control actions by adjusting frictional damping characteristics of the system. Conventional friction dampers abruptly fluctuate between stick-slip states. On the other hand, PFDs change the friction force continuously and smoothly. The study is based on the simplified lumped mass finite-element model of the 91/5 highway bridge, located in Southern California. The parameters affecting the performance of PFDs are gain factors, coefficient of friction and the preload on damper. Exhaustive studies are carried out to determine the most optimum values of these parameters. Eight dampers are installed at each deck-end and abutment junction (phase I). Additional four dampers are installed at the centre (phase II), at the junction of bent beam and piers of the bridge. In each case, the response of the bridge is compared with the corresponding uncontrolled case and that controlled by the alternate sample semi-active control strategy, using magnetorheological (MR) dampers. It is concluded that with the installation of PFDs, the seismic response of the bridge under near-fault motions can be controlled significantly. The PFDs are quite effective in reducing the peak response quantities of the bridge to a level comparable to or superior to that of the MR dampers.