460MPa高强度钢焊接箱形截面残余应力的试验研究和模型分析

使用分段法对460MPa高强度钢焊接箱形截面的残余应力进行试验研究和模型分析。对由不同宽厚比和厚度的钢板焊接而成的6个箱形截面进行测试,得到超过2000个原始数据,以此量化压缩和拉伸残余应力的大小和分布。阐明了宽厚比和板厚对残余应力的影响、人为误差以及各构件的相互作用。研究结果表明,压缩残余应力的大小与截面尺寸相一致,而焊缝附近区域的拉伸应力与截面尺寸关系不大。由2个人对相同截面进行测量,对测量结果进行比较,结果表明人为测量误差较小。由于每个板内的残余应力平衡,各构件之间没有残余应力。最后,建立分布模型及其简化形式,模型分析结果与试验结果相符。     

Experimental study on residual stresses in welded monosymmetric I-section

为了研究单轴对称焊接工字形截面残余应力分布规律,采用盲孔法对15个单轴对称工字形截面试件进行了试验研究,得到了不同试件全截面纵向残余应力分布,研究了腹板高厚比、翼缘宽厚比、翼缘宽度、施焊顺序等对残余应力的影响。试验结果表明：残余压应力数值与截面尺寸直接相关,残余拉应力数值受截面尺寸影响较小;腹板中靠近宽翼缘一侧的残余压应力峰值大于靠近窄翼缘一侧的压应力峰值;翼缘宽度增大时,分布于所在翼缘和腹板的残余压应力减小;施焊顺序对翼缘上的残余应力及腹板上的残余拉应力峰值有一定影响,而腹板上的残余压应力没有明显变化。基于试验结果,提出了适用于单轴对称焊接工字形截面的残余应力分布模型,该模型能够较准确反映各种因素的影响。     

The assessment of residual stresses in welded high strength steel box sections

Much work on the investigation of the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses in mild carbon steel sections have been made previously. However, limited efforts have been put on residual stress measurements of high strength steel sections. The differences of stress–strain curves and high-temperature material properties between the high strength steel and mild carbon steel demands a necessary study of the residual stresses in high strength steel welded sections. In the present study, three box columns fabricated from Q460 steel plates of 11 mm in thickness with different details were used for the examination. Both sectioning and hole-drilling methods are adopted for the measurement. The measured residual stress distributions of three different box sections are presented, and the corresponding simplified residual stress pattern is proposed. By comparing with the residual stress patterns for mild carbon steel, it is found that the box section fabricated from HSS plates has the lower compressive residual stress ratio. The differences in the measurement by using sectioning and hole-drilling methods are also compared.     

对焊接高强度钢材箱型构件中残余应力的评估

关于残余应力在低碳型钢中的大小和分布之前已经进行了很多研究,然而,对于高强度型钢中残余应力的测定研究甚少。高强钢和低碳钢在应力-应变曲线及高温材料特性上的差异是研究高强度焊接型钢残余应力的必要研究方面。在当前研究中,采用以厚11mm的Q460钢板焊接而成、不同的3个箱型柱做试验。切条法和钻孔法都可用于测量。最终将可看到测定的残余应力在3个箱型柱中的分布状况及其相应的简易残余应力分布图。与低碳钢的残余应力图相比较,可以发现,由高强度钢板焊接而成的箱型柱有较低的残余应力比。同时也对采用不同测定方法(切条法、钻孔法)所造成的差异进行了比较。     

Finite element simulations of residual stresses in roller bent wide flange sections

Curved structural wide flange steel sections are frequently used in buildings or bridges. These sections are usually curved at ambient temperatures with a roller bending machine. This process alters the residual stress distribution, which may affect the elasto-plastic buckling behavior of arches. This paper presents a numerical modeling technique to estimate residual stresses in curved wide flange sections manufactured by the pyramid roller bending process. The technique incorporates material non-linearity, geometrical non-linearity and contact modeling. Numerically obtained residual stresses are compared to experimental results and good agreement was found for the top flange. Only moderate agreement was observed for the web but very good coherence was realized for the bottom flange. It is concluded that a finite element analysis can be used to estimate residual stresses in roller bent wide flange sections.     

Investigation of ductility in hybrid and high strength steel beams

Compactness and lateral support configuration provisions for design of steel beams are formulated so as to ensure that the resulting beam exhibits adequate ductility. It appears from the current research that slenderness limitations are not valid for beams made of the high strength steel grades. In this paper an attempt is made to study on influence of flange and web slenderness as well as lateral support spacing of homogenous and hybrid welded I-sections made of high strength steel on member ductility. For this purpose an experimentally verified nonlinear numerical analysis of the local and overall stability was performed. These beams are subjected to constant moment loading a new theoretical method is proposed to calculate the rotation capacity for this loading type. A comparative study was carried out between this method and numerical study results to ensure the accuracy of proposed method. In this research realistic material behavior and residual stresses were adopted in finite element models. Results have shown that using the high strength steel in cross sections subjected to bending has a significant effect on flexural behavior of these members. Meanwhile, in present study, interaction between the flange and web slenderness ratios was evaluated in accordance to AISC criteria for compact sections.     

Proposed residual stress model for roller bent steel wide flange sections

The manufacturing process of structural wide flange steel sections introduces residual stresses in the material. These stresses due to hot-rolling or welding influence the inelastic buckling response of structural steel members and need to be taken into account in the design. Based on experimental data standardized residual stress models have been proposed for inclusion in inelastic buckling analyses. By incorporating these residual stress models their effect on the resistance of beams and columns can be obtained. Residual stress models for roller bent steel sections are currently not available. Roller bent wide flange sections are manufactured by curving straight members at ambient temperature. This manufacturing technique, which is also known as roller bending, stresses the material beyond its yield stress, thereby overriding the initial residual stresses prior to bending and generating an entirely new pattern. This paper proposes a residual stress model for roller bent wide flange sections, based on earlier conducted numerical investigations which were validated by experimental research performed at Eindhoven University of Technology. The proposed residual stress model can serve as an initial state of a roller bent steel section in fully non-linear finite element analyses to accurately predict its influence on the inelastic buckling response.     

Q460高强钢焊接箱形截面残余应力研究

为研究国产Q460高强钢焊接箱形截面的残余应力分布规律,采用分割法对6个不同截面尺寸的试件进行了试验研究。基于测量数据,得到了不同试件全截面残余应力分布,研究了板件宽厚比、板件厚度等几何尺寸对残余应力的影响以及测量过程中人为产生的误差、截面板件间残余应力的相互影响及自平衡性等。试验结果表明：残余压应力与截面尺寸直接相关,残余拉应力与截面尺寸关系不大;采用分割法测量时人为操作产生的误差很小;截面4块板件的残余应力能够分别满足自平衡条件。提出了适用于Q460高强钢焊接箱形截面的残余应力分布模型和计算式,该模型能够准确反映截面尺寸的影响,且与试验结果吻合良好。     

Q460高强钢焊接箱形压弯构件极限承载力试验研究

为研究Q460高强钢中厚板焊接箱形压弯构件的整体失稳极限承载力,采用11mm厚国产Q460高强钢中厚板制作7个焊接箱形压弯试件,试件截面宽厚比分别为18、12、8,长细比分别为35、55、80。试验内容包括:Q460低合金高强钢的材性试验,三种焊接截面残余应力测试,各试件初始几何缺陷测量及极限承载力试验,从而进行了面内整体失稳压弯构件的极限承载力试验研究;并且把试验结果与我国现行钢结构设计规范计算值相比较。试验研究结果表明:Q460低合金高强钢材性具有高强度,塑性性能良好等特点;Q460高强钢焊接箱形截面残余应力分布形式与普通钢材箱形焊接截面分布基本相同,但是残余应力比降低;压弯构件极限承载力试验结果明显高于现行钢结构规范设计公式计算值,所以应对Q460高强钢焊接箱形压弯构件进行近一步参数分析研究,并得出其实用设计方法。     

Experimental investigation of residual stresses in roller bent wide flange steel sections

Residual stresses in straight hot rolled wide flange sections are well documented and have been investigated in the recent past. However, to the knowledge of the authors, residual stress measurements have not been published on roller bent wide flange sections. Straight sections are curved into roller bent ones at ambient temperatures by means of the roller bending process. Since roller bent sections underwent severe plastic deformation during the forming process, the well-known residual stress patterns from hot rolling may not be appropriate for the roller bent steel. Roller bent sections can be applied in halls, roofings and bridges, thereby acting as structural arches and it is important that a realistic residual stress pattern is implemented when assessing their load carrying capacity. An experimental program has been carried out to investigate the residual stresses in roller bent wide flange sections bent about the strong axis. Residual stresses were measured with the sectioning method. The experimental technique was investigated with respect to possible temperature influence and repeatability of the measurements. Experimental values revealed that the residual stress pattern and magnitude in roller bent sections is different when compared to their straight counterparts.     

Residual stresses in cold-rolled stainless steel hollow sections

Stainless steel exhibits a pronounced response to cold-work and heat input. As a result, the behaviour of structural stainless steel sections, as influenced by strength, ductility and residual stress presence, is sensitive to the precise means by which the sections are produced. This paper explores the presence and influence of residual stresses in cold-rolled stainless steel box sections using experimental and numerical techniques. In previous studies, residual stress magnitudes have been inferred from surface strain measurements and an assumed through-thickness stress distribution. In the present study, through-thickness residual stresses in cold-rolled stainless steel box sections have been measured directly by means of X-ray diffraction and their effect on structural behaviour has been carefully assessed through detailed non-linear numerical modelling. Geometric imperfections, flat and corner material properties and the average compressive response of stainless steel box sections were also examined experimentally and the results have been fully reported. From the X-ray diffraction measurements, it was concluded that the influence of through-thickness (bending) residual stresses in cold-rolled stainless steel box sections could be effectively represented by a rectangular stress block distribution. The developed ABAQUS numerical models included features such as non-linear material stress-strain characteristics, initial geometric imperfections, residual stresses (membrane and bending) and enhanced strength corner properties. The residual stresses, together with the corresponding plastic strains, were included in the FE models by means of the SIGINI and HARDINI Fortran subroutines. Of the two residual stress components, the bending residual stresses were found to be larger in magnitude and of greater (often positive) influence on the structural behaviour of thin-walled cold-formed stainless steel sections.     

焊接热切高强H型钢的残余应力

构件中所存在的残余应力会大大影响钢结构组件的刚度和疲劳寿命。虽然对于低碳钢的结构部件有较多的研究,但由于在常温和高温下应力-应变关系和材料属性的不同,造成了残余应力分布在高强钢构件中与低碳钢焊接而成的构件中的差异。因此,有必要研究由高强钢焊接而成的结构部件中残余应力的分布。对3个屈服强度460MPa的焊接热切高强型钢柱的残余应力进行研究,对不同横截面大小也进行了分析。使用切片法和钻孔法测量,并对两种方法所获得的残余应力进行比较。所测量的残余应力的大小和分布与碳钢中的一致,然而却有相对更小的残余应力比。最后,根据所测量的值,提出一个简化的由热切H型钢焊接而成的460MPa高强钢构件的残余应力分布。     

Residual stresses in welded flame-cut high strength steel H-sections

The presence of residual stress in members can significantly compromise the stiffness and fatigue life of steel structural components. Researches in this area are well documented for structural members of mild carbon steels. Nevertheless, due to the difference of stress–strain relations and material properties under ambient and high temperatures, the residual stress distribution in a high strength steel member is physically different from those fabricated from mild carbon steel. It is imperative to study the residual stress distribution for structural members fabricated from high strength steel. In this paper, the residual stresses of three welded flame-cut H-section columns with a nominal yield strength of 460 MPa but different cross-section dimensions were investigated. Both sectioning and hole-drilling methods were used in the measurement and the obtained residual stresses were compared between the two methods. The magnitudes and distributions of the measured residual stresses are identical with those of carbon steel, however in relatively smaller residual stress ratios. Finally, based on the measurements, a simplified residual stress distribution for 460 MPa high strength steel members with welded flame-cut H-section is proposed.     

高强钢焊接箱形柱受力性能研究(Ⅰ)：残余应力统一分布模型

现有高强钢焊接箱形截面残余应力分布模型仅适用于特定强度等级的高强钢,尚缺乏适用于不同强度等级高强钢的残余应力分布模型。为此,基于不同强度等级高强钢焊接箱形截面残余应力的已有试验,研究钢材的强度等级、板件厚度及宽厚比对残余应力分布和峰值的影响,提出不同强度等级高强钢焊接箱形截面的残余应力统一分布模型。该模型采用多重阶梯函数形状,适用于屈服强度460~960MPa的焊接箱形截面,且满足每个板件自平衡条件和对称性。将残余应力统一分布模型的形状、数值和已有试验结果进行对比,证明该模型的准确性。在基于纤维模型的极限承载力数值分析中,分别采用残余应力统一分布模型和已有分布模型计算高强钢焊接箱形柱的受压承载力,并将各自得到的极限承载力与已有试验结果进行对比。研究结果表明,采用残余应力统一分布模型后,不同等级高强钢焊接箱形柱的纤维模型计算能更准确地预测其极限承载力。残余应力统一分布模型可为不同等级高强钢焊接箱形柱的二阶非弹性分析提供参考。     

Effect of compression overload on fatigue strength improved by ICR treatment

ICR (Impact Crack-closure Retrofit) treatment was developed for extending fatigue life of cracked steel structures by closing the fatigue crack opening. By applying the ICR treatment to as-welded condition, compressive stress remains at weld toe. Therefore, ICR treatment can be used for the improvement of fatigue strength of welded joint at the same level of the other fatigue strength improved techniques. If a compression overload is subjected after ICR treatment, however, the residual compressive stress at weld toe will shift the tensile stress region. Accordingly, improved fatigue strength of welded joints by ICR treatment will be reduced after the compression overloaded. In order to investigate the effect of the compression overload on fatigue strength improved by ICR treatment, fatigue tests of out-of-plane gusset specimens were carried out. As the results, fatigue strength improved by ICR treatment was hardly reduced under the compression overload condition of nominal stress of ?190 MPa.     

焊接H型钢局部纵弯失稳下抗弯强度计算

对由厚度为6.0mm、名义屈服强度为315.0MPa的钢板制成的H型钢进行了一系列弯曲试验,研究焊接H型钢的抗弯强度。截面几何形状和侧向边界条件决定了薄壁受弯构件的屈曲形式(局部屈曲、侧向扭转屈曲或交互屈曲)。翼缘或腹板宽厚比较大的受弯构件最先出现局部屈曲,继而发生侧向扭转屈曲,在交互屈曲作用下材料最终破坏。侧向扭转屈曲下局部屈曲对抗弯强度有负面影响。计算薄壁抗弯构件名义屈服应力时应将该现象考虑在内。对翼缘和腹板宽厚比不同的焊接H型钢梁进行了试验。进行有限元分析时将局部和侧向扭转屈曲模态的初始缺陷及残余应力考虑在内。基于考虑焊接型材局部和侧向扭转屈曲相互作用的试验和有限元分析结果,给出直接强度法(DSM)计算抗弯强度的简化公式。计算强度曲线与AISC规范(2005),EC3(2003)及试验结果进行比较,验证了DSM方法所计算的强度曲线的准确性。通过试验得出薄壁焊接H型钢的抗弯强度和结构性能的有关结论。     

Failure of web/flange welds during cold bending of tee sections

Cold forming of sections is an integral part of shipbuilding; however no detailed analysis has been carried out regarding the chances of failure of web/flange welds during the cold bending process. In this paper a theoretical analysis has been presented for predicting the possibility of such weld failures.For assessing the fillet weld strength, an index called the Fillet Weld Loading Factor (FWLF) has been introduced. Depending on the yield stress of the parent metal and the tensile strength of the weld deposit, limiting values of the FWLF have been assigned. By comparing the FWLF of the tee sections with that of the limiting ones it can be predicted whether the filler weld joining the flange to the web will be able to sustain the load during cold bending.The results of this investigation have been presented in the form of curves and simple formulae which can be directly used for predicting whether successful cold forming of a fabricated tee section to the required shape can be carried out.     

Stiffened steel plates under uniaxial compression

The stability of steel plates stiffened with tee-shape sections under uniaxial compression and combined uniaxial compression and bending was investigated using a finite element model. The emphasis of the work presented in this paper was to find the parameters that uniquely describe the strength and behaviour of stiffened steel plates. A finite element model, validated using the results of tests on full-size stiffened plate panels, was used to investigate the scale effect for five dimensionless parameters. The parameters investigated were: the transverse slenderness of the plate, the slenderness of the web and flange of the stiffener, the ratio of torsional slenderness of the stiffener to the transverse slenderness of the plate, and the stiffener-to-plate area ratio. Average magnitude residual stresses and initial imperfections were assumed for this study.A parametric study covering a wide range of dimensionless parameters indicated that stiffened steel plates do not fail by stiffener tripping unless a bending moment is applied to create flexural compressive stresses in the stiffener. Although plate buckling and overall buckling were found to lead to a very stable post-buckling behaviour, the interaction between these two buckling modes was found to give rise to a sudden loss of capacity following initial plate buckling. The plate transverse slenderness, the stiffener slenderness-to-plate slenderness ratio, and the stiffener-to-plate area ratio were found to have a significant effect on this behaviour.A comparison of the numerical analysis results with API and DnV design guidelines indicates that the guidelines predict stiffened steel plate capacity with various degrees of success, depending on the governing mode of failure. Neither guidelines address the potential interaction-buckling phenomenon.     

Prediction of the flexural strengths of welded H-sections with local buckling

This paper describes the flexural strength of welded sections based on a series of flexural tests performed on H-sections fabricated from steel plates of thickness 6.0 mm with nominal yield stress of 315.0 MPa. Thin-walled flexural members undergo local, lateral-torsional or their interactive buckling according to the section geometries and lateral boundary conditions. Flexural members with the flanges or the web of large width-to-thickness ratios may undergo local buckling before lateral-torsional buckling and their interaction before the final collapse of the section. The local buckling has a negative effect on the flexural strength based on the lateral-torsional buckling. This phenomenon should be considered in the estimation of the nominal flexural strength of thin-walled flexural members. Welded H-section beams composed of the flanges and the web with various width-to-thickness ratios were tested to failure. The initial imperfections in local and lateral buckling mode, and residual stresses were included in the FE analyses. Simple design flexural strength formulas for the direct strength method (DSM) were proposed based on the test and FE results of welded sections to account for interaction between local and lateral-torsional buckling. The design strength curves were compared with the AISC specifications (2005), Eurocode3 (2003) and test results. The adequacy of the strength curve for the DSM was confirmed. A set of conclusions on the flexural strength and structural behavior of thin-walled welded H-sections was drawn from the experimental studies.     

Column tests of cold-formed steel non-symmetric lipped angle sections

The geometry of angle sections is simple, but the behaviour and design calculations of angle sections can be quite complicated. Furthermore, lipped angle sections with unequal flange widths form a non-symmetric section and the behaviour of the section is even more complicated than a singly-symmetric angle section with equal flange widths. A test program on cold-formed steel non-symmetric lipped angle columns is presented. The non-symmetric angle sections were brake-pressed from high strength structural steel sheets having nominal yield stresses of 450 and 550 MPa with plate thicknesses of 1.0, 1.5 and 1.9 mm. The material properties of the column specimens were obtained by tensile coupon tests. The behaviour and strengths of cold-formed steel non-symmetric lipped angle columns were investigated. The test strengths are compared with the design strengths calculated using the North American Specification for the design of cold-formed steel structural members. In addition, the current design rules in the North American Specification for cold-formed steel non-symmetric lipped angle columns are assessed using reliability analysis. It is shown that the design strengths are generally quite conservative.