超精密车削表面三维形貌的形成及加工影响因素分析

全面分析了超精密加工表面形貌及其特征的形成，认为它是实际粗糙度表面、波纹度表面和几何形状特征表面的叠加。基于机床工艺系统和加工过程，详细分析了超精密车削表面三维形貌的加工影响因素，认为刀具几何开头、进给量和切削深度影响理想粗糙度表面的形成，工件材料特性和刀具与工件间相对振动影响实际粗糙度表面和波纹度表面的形成，加工进给运动误差影响几何形状特征表面的形成。     

超精密车削表面微观形貌的几何建模与仿真研究

在综合考虑刀具几何参数，刀具振动和最小切削厚度等因素对已加工表面形貌影响的前提下编写了表面微观形貌的仿真程序，在仿真时把一个随机振动信号成功地叠加在理论表面粗糙度中。提出一种建立圆弧刃金刚石车刀超精密车削表面粗糙度模型的新方法。结果表明，仿真得到的表面微观形貌，能够比较正确地反映出超精密加工将要获得的表面轮廓。     

脆性晶体的超精密加工

用单刃金刚石车削试验研究超精密加工脆性晶体材料的机理。通过讨论加工参数和材料特性来研究脆塑性转换机理。重点研究了加工单晶材料时晶向对临界切深、微切削力和表面粗糙度的影响；还探讨了加工多晶材料时晶界台阶的形成。超精密加工各种脆性晶体都可得到各向同性的纳米级表面粗糙度的光学表面。     

超精密车削切削力的试验研究

通过超精密车削试验 ,分析了微薄切削时进给量和背吃刀量对切削力的影响规律 ,指出吃刀抗力Ft的特殊变化将直接影响加工表面粗糙度 ,为保证超精密加工表面质量 ,应在合理范围内选取刀具进给量     

非球面曲面超精密加工机床研制成功

2003年5月的一天,一块亮如镜面的铝材凸球面车削样件被小心翼翼地从非球面曲面超精加工机床卸下,送入国家级光学计量检验中心检验。检验结果为:车削加工样件的面形精度PV=0.228μm,表面粗糙度Ra=0.0078μm,这意味着表面粗糙度仅有不到8nm。这是三○三所研制的非球面曲面超精密加工机床在用户西安应用光学研究所进行交付验收时的一个场景。非球面曲面超精密加工机床的成功研制,表明三○三所超精密加工技术国防科技重点实验室比较全面地攻克了非球面曲面光学零件的超精密加工与测量的关键技术,打破了国外的技术封锁,使我国的非球面曲面光学…     

基于遗传神经网络的表面粗糙度预测模型

建立超精密切削表面粗糙度预测模型是分析各切削参数对表面粗糙度影响和提高切削效率的关键,针对最小二乘法和传统反向传播神经网络等参数辨识方法的不足,提出将遗传算法优化的反向传播神经网络应用于超精密切削表面粗糙度预测模型的参数辨识中,得出采用金刚石刀具超精密切削铝合金的表面粗糙度预测模型,并与传统的参数辨识方法比较。实验结果表明该方法能更有效的辨识表面粗糙度预测模型,可为超精密车削加工表面质量的控制提供帮助。     

改装超精密磨床的超精密车削试验研究

对自主研制的T形结构超精密磨床进行改装,在超精密磨床的转台上安装单点金刚石圆弧车刀,进行了超精密车削试验研究。对超精密磨床和车床的结构、精度、刚度进行了分析和比较,确定在超精密磨床的基础上可以进行超精密车床的改造;通过调整静压导轨和刀具静压回转台的供油压力实现超精密车削刀具与工件回转中心高度的精确调整,可有效地实现工件回转中心区域的加工;利用刀具回转台的精密摆动实现刀具切削过程中切削刃位置的微调,为超精密车削提供可能。采用上述方法进行铝合金和无氧铜工件端面不同速度和不同进给量下的超精密车削试验,获得了表面粗糙度为10.8nm的超精密平面。     

SiC_p/Al复合材料的超精密车削试验

试验研究了碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料(SiCp/Al)的超精密车削加工性能.使用扫描电镜(SEM)对已加工表面、切屑及其根部、刀具前/后刀面磨损带进行观察,使用表面粗糙度轮廓仪对各种切削条件下的加工表面粗糙度轮廓进行测试分析.结果表明,该材料的加工表面常残留微孔洞、微裂纹、坑洞、划痕、残留物突起及基体材料撕裂等微观缺陷,刀具几何参数、切削速度、进给量、增强颗粒尺寸和材料体积分数是影响表面粗糙度的主要因素.由于切削变形区微裂纹动态形成的作用,超精密切削该材料时一般形成锯齿型切屑.刀具-工件的相对振动、基体撕裂增强颗粒拔出、破碎、压入等是该材料超精密车削表面形成的主要机制.单晶金刚石(SCD)刀具主要发生微磨损、崩刃、剥落和磨粒磨损,聚晶金刚石(PCD)刀具主要发生磨粒磨损和粘结磨损.结论表明SiCp/Al的超精密切削加工性较差,但通过选择合适的工艺参数,体积分数为15%的SiCp/2024Al加工表面粗糙度Ra可达24.7 nm.     

铝合金2024-T3超精密车削仿真与切屑观察

铝合金具有易加工、质量轻、反射性良好等特点,是反射镜制造的常用材料。铝合金经过单点金刚石超精密车削后得到表面粗糙度为纳米级的镜面零件。为深入研究超精密车削机理,提高超精密车削铝合金零件的质量,本文选用Advant Edge对铝合金2024-T3的超精密车削过程进行模拟仿真,对超精密车削的切削力、尺寸效应进行分析。使用超精密车床,采用天然单晶金刚石刀具对铝合金2024-T3进行微米及亚微米的超精密车削,并使用扫描电镜(SEM)对样件的切屑进行观察。     

基于多波长散射光特性的铝合金超精密车削表面粗糙度测量方法研究

针对超精密车削表面，提出一种基于多波长散射光特性的表面粗糙度测量方法，以铝合金为例对该方法进行验证。首先建立超精密车削表面形貌—散射光模型并开展验证实验，定量实验结果证明建立的散射光模型平均误差仅为1%。基于散射光模型研究刀痕纹理方向、刀痕宽度(每转进给量)和刀痕高度(表面粗糙度峰谷值)对镜像光反射率的影响，研究结果证明表面粗糙度是影响镜像光反射率的关键因素。在此基础上进一步建立300～700 nm波长范围内镜像光反射率平均值和表面粗糙度之间的定量关系，基于超精密车削表面的测量结果对该定量关系进行验证。所提出新方法获得的粗糙度测量结果与原子力显微镜测量结果吻合，最大相对误差仅为7.5%。     

SURFACE ROUGHNESS PREDICTION MODEL FOR ULTRAPRECISION TURNING ALUMINIUM ALLOY WITH A SINGLE CRYSTAL DIAMOND TOOL

A surface roughness model utilizing regression analysis method is developed for predicting roughness of ultra-precision machined surface with a single crystal diamond tool. The effects of the main variables, such as cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut on surface roughness are also analyzed in diamond turning aluminum alloy. In order to predict and control the surface roughness before ultraprecision machining, constrained variable metric method is used to select the optimum cutting conditions during process planning. A lot of experimental results show that the model can predict the surface roughness effectively under a certain cutting conditions .     

超精密切削时刀具切削刃的作用机理分析

分析了金刚石刀具切削刃的切削作用、脆性材料超精密切削时切屑形成机理；对金刚石刀具切削刃钝圆半径、切削厚度、切削角三者之间的关系进行了描述。结果表明：脆性材料可以实现塑性域超精密切削加工；控制切削参数可以加工出满足要求的表面粗糙度和表面波纹度，为生产实际提供可靠的工艺条件及技术参数。     

切削深度对超精密切削过程影响的有限元分析

基于大变形有限元理论和更新的拉格朗日方程式 ,建立了热耦合的平面应变正交切削有限元仿真模型。采用通用的商业非线性有限元软件 ,对无氧铜超精密切削加工过程进行了仿真 ,研究超精密切削过程中切削深度对切削力、残余应力、等效应力、等效应变和切削温度的影响。通过对超精密切削有限元仿真结果的分析 ,可以优选出合理的切削参数。     

Study on cutting force and surface micro-topography of hard turning of GCr15 steel

This work investigates the cutting force and surface micro-topography in hard turning of GCr15 bearing steel. A series of experiments on hard turning of GCr15 steel with polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools are performed on a CNC machining center. Experimental measurements of cutting force, 3D surface micro-topography, and surface roughness of the workpiece are performed. The 3D surface micro-topography of the workpiece is discussed, and the formation mechanism of the 3D surface is analyzed. The influence of cutting speed and feed rate on cutting force and surface roughness are discussed. The 2D and 3D surface roughness parameters are compared and discussed. It is found that feed rate has greater influence on cutting force and surface roughness than cutting speed and there exists the most appropriate cutting speed under which the minimum surface roughness can be generated while a relatively small cutting force can be found. Recommendations on selecting cutting parameters of hard turning of GCr15 steel are also proposed.     

Experimental investigation of surface roughness and cutting ratio in a spraying cryogenic turning process

Abstract

Surface roughness is one of the most common criteria indicating the surface finish of the part, which depends on various factors including cutting parameters, geometry of the tool, and cutting fluid. One of the goals of using cutting fluids in machining processes is to achieve improved surface finish. In addition to high costs, commonly used cutting fluids cause dermal and respiratory problems to the operators as well as environmental pollution. The present article aims at investigating the effect of spray cryogenic cooling via liquid nitrogen on surface roughness and cutting ratio in turning process of AISI 304 stainless steel. Through conducting experimental tests, the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on surface roughness and cutting ratio have been compared in dry and cryogenic turning. A total number of 72 tests have been carried out. Results show that cryogenic turning of AISI 304 stainless steel reduces surface roughness 1%–27% (13% on the average), compared to dry turning. The obtained results showed that the cutting ratio in cryogenic turning is averagely increased by 32% in comparison with dry turning, also that chip breakage is improved in cryogenic turning.     

TC4钛合金电塑性车削表面质量试验研究

为提高TC4钛合金车削工件表面质量,提出基于电塑性效应的新型辅助加工方法。通过对比普通车削(CT)与电塑性车削(ET)两种不同加工方法下的切削力和表面粗糙度,验证了电塑性车削的优越性,获得了脉冲电流参数对工件表面粗糙度和切削力的影响规律。与普通车削相比,电塑性辅助车削加工的工件表面质量得到明显改善且切削力显著降低。为了获得较高的表面质量及较小的切削力,钛合金电塑性切削宜选用较高的放电电压及较低的放电频率。     

PCD刀具车削超硬铝合金的切削性能研究

以Al7075-T6为加工对象,通过车削试验对PCD刀具车削超硬铝合金的三向动态切削力和表面粗糙度展开研究,建立基于BP神经网络的切削力和表面粗糙度预测模型。结果表明:随着切削用量三要素的变化,切削力变化显著;对于表面粗糙度而言,背吃刀量、进给量和切削速度之间无交互作用;基于L-M优化算法的BP神经网络对样本的拟合度高,且对切削力和表面粗糙度的预测精度高。     

Surface roughness and cutting force prediction in MQL and wet turning process of AISI 1045 using design of experiments

This paper presents an investigation into the MQL (minimum quantity lubrication) and wet turning processes of AISI 1045 work material with the objective of suggesting the experimental model in order to predict the cutting force and surface roughness, to select the optimal cutting parameters, and to analyze the effects of cutting parameters on machinability. Fractional factorial design and central composite design were used for the experiment plan. Cutting force and surface roughness according to cutting parameters were measured through the external cylindrical turning based on the experiment plan. The measured data were analyzed by regression analysis and verification experiments were conducted to confirm the results. From the experimental results and regression analysis, this research project suggested the experimental equations, proposed the optimal cutting parameters, and analyzed the effects of cutting parameters on surface roughness and cutting force in the MQL and wet turning processes.