易燃液体储罐区危险性分析及控制措施

本文以易燃液体储罐区发生的安全事故为例,初步辨识罐区火灾爆炸事故的危险源,对罐区发生泄漏、火灾爆炸事故进行定性分析,并在此基础上提出相应的预防与控制措施。     

浅谈重大危险源分级方法

简介发生火灾、爆炸、中毒事故时的失效后果计算方法，并从事故死亡人数和直接经济损失两方面来衡量事故严重程度，进行重大危险源分级。     

油库火灾爆炸危险性分析与控制

采用预先危险分析(PHA)、事故树分析(FTA)及重大危险后果预测相结合的方法,对某油库生产作业过程中的火灾爆炸危险性进行分析.根据分析结果,提出了油库预防火灾爆炸危险性控制的措施.     

冷轧电镀锌产线溶锌单元的危险分析与控制

在冷轧电镀锌产线溶锌过程中,使用硫酸与锌粒发生化学反应,生成硫酸锌溶液和副产品氢气。氢气存在火灾、爆炸等危险因素,一直是企业安全管理工作的重要风险。依据《危险化学品重大危险源辨识》（GB18218）的规定,通过计算得出本单元不存在重大危险源的结论。并从安全设施、安全管理等方面提出有效的安全对策,为企业安全运行提供了参考依据。     

煤气柜危险眭评价及常见问题的处理

分析干式煤气柜火灾爆炸的危险因素,对火灾爆炸事故采用故障树法进行分析,分析了事故发生的可能性原因,提出安全对策措施,应用数学模型估算CO扩散影响的速度、范围及相应的中毒人数,了解煤气柜区域事故后果的影响范围,及气柜运行中常见的一些问题。     

北I-1轻烃罐区重大危险源分级

本文根据《Q／SY 1131-2007重大危险源分级规范》的规定，结合北I—1轻烃罐区的实际情况，对北I-1轻烃罐区进行了较为详尽的重大危险源分级．得出了具体的分值，划分了北I—l轻烃罐区的重大危险源等级，根据划分的重大危险源等级，提出了降低北I—1轻烃罐区重大危险源等级的建议。     

矿难救生舱,被困矿工的希望之舟

根据世界各国对矿井事故的调查,在火灾、爆炸等事故发生现场瞬间受到伤害死亡的矿工只占事故伤亡总人数的很少一部分,绝大多数矿工都是因为在火灾、爆炸后不能及时升井或逃离高度有毒有害气体现场,导致窒息或中毒死亡的。因此,如何为矿难后井下被困的幸存人员提供躲避有毒气体环境和其他伤害的密闭空间,为其提供必须的生存条件,延长其生存时间,直至救援人员到达,成为矿井救援的一个重要课题。     

矿井瓦斯安全概述

在煤炭开采过程中,瓦斯爆炸、煤尘爆炸、煤与瓦斯突出、中毒、窒息矿井火灾、透水、顶板冒落等多种灾害事故时有发生。在这些事故中尤以瓦斯爆炸造成的损失最大,从每年的事故统计中来看,煤矿发生一次死亡10人以上的特大事故中,绝大多数是由于瓦斯爆炸,约占特大事故总数的70％左右,为此,瓦斯称为煤矿灾害之王。因此,分析瓦斯爆炸原因,制订防治对策,显得特别重要。     

道化学火灾爆炸危险指数评价法的应用

道化学火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法(简称DOW方法)是对工艺装置及所含物料的潜在火灾、爆炸和反应性危险按逐步推算的方法进行客观的评价。本文应用此评价方法对石油行业油气处理流程的工艺设备进行分析,分析过程中定量的依据是以往事故统计资料、物质的钱再能量和现行的安全防护措施,最后给出工艺设备的固有危险性等级,得出分析结论。     

《危险化学品标准汇编》介绍

危险化学品具有易燃、易爆、有毒、腐蚀等危险特性,在其生产、经营、贮存、运输和使用过程中极易引起燃烧、爆炸、灼伤、中毒等事故。制定有关法律、法规和技术标准,依法加强管理是非常必要的。     

A non-ideal model for predicting the effect of dissolved salt on the flash point of solvent mixtures

Flash point is one of the major quantities used to characterize the fire and explosion hazard of liquids. Herein, a liquid with dissolved salt is presented in a salt-distillation process for separating close-boiling or azeotropic systems. The addition of salts to a liquid may reduce fire and explosion hazard. In this study, we have modified a previously proposed model for predicting the flash point of miscible mixtures to extend its application to solvent/salt mixtures. This modified model was verified by comparison with the experimental data for organic solvent/salt and aqueous-organic solvent/salt mixtures to confirm its efficacy in terms of prediction of the flash points of these mixtures. The experimental results confirm marked increases in liquid flash point increment with addition of inorganic salts relative to supplementation with equivalent quantities of water. Based on this evidence, it appears reasonable to suggest potential application for the model in assessment of the fire and explosion hazard for solvent/salt mixtures and, further, that addition of inorganic salts may prove useful for hazard reduction in flammable liquids.     

Social and political amplification of technological hazards. The case of the PEPCON explosion

Using an industrial explosion in Henderson, Nevada, as a case study, this paper examines three main issues: the efficacy of a technological hazard event in amplifying otherwise latent issues, the extent to which the hazard event can serve as a focusing event for substantive local and state policy initiatives, and the effect of fragmentation of political authority in managing technological hazards. The findings indicate that the explosion amplified several public safety issues and galvanized the public into pressing for major policy initiatives. However, notwithstanding the amplification of several otherwise latent issues, and the flurry of activities by the state and local governments, the hazard event did not seem to be an effective focusing event or trigger mechanism for substantive state and local policy initiatives. In addition, the study provides evidence of the need for a stronger nexus between political authority, land-use planning and technological hazard management.     

Large vapour cloud explosions, with particular reference to that at Buncefield

This paper first briefly surveys the energy releases in some major accidents. It then examines the analyses of the explosion at the Buncefield fuel storage site in the UK, one of the most intense accidental explosions in recent times. This followed the release of approximately 300 tonnes of winter-grade gasoline, when a 15 m high storage tank was overfilled for about 40 min before ignition of the resulting flammable mixture. The ensuing explosion was of a severity that had not been identified previously in a major hazard assessment of this type of facility. It was therefore imperative to investigate the event thoroughly and develop an understanding of the underlying mechanisms to inform future prevention, mitigation and land-use planning issues. The investigation of the incident was overseen by the Buncefield Major Incident Investigation Board. A separate Explosion Mechanism Advisory Group examined the evidence and reported on the severity of the explosion. It concluded that additional work was necessary and recommended that a two-stage project be initiated, phase 1 of which has been completed. The analyses of the damage and the derivation of explosion over-pressures are described. Possible explosion mechanisms and the evidence for them at Buncefield are discussed, in the light of other major incidents. Mechanisms that are reviewed include high-speed turbulent combustion, quasi-detonations, fully developed detonations, the generation of fireballs, flame instabilites, radiative heat transfer and aspects of two-phase burning. Of particular importance is the acceleration of turbulent flames along the line of trees and hedgerows. A number of conclusions are drawn and suggestions made for further research.     

Reducing aluminum dust explosion hazards: case study of dust inerting in an aluminum buffing operation

Metal powders or dusts can represent significant dust explosion hazards in industry, due to their relatively low ignition energy and high explosivity. The hazard is well known in industries that produce or use aluminum powders, but is sometimes not recognized by facilities that produce aluminum dust as a byproduct of bulk aluminum processing. As demonstrated by the 2003 dust explosion at aluminum wheel manufacturer Hayes Lemmerz, facilities that process bulk metals are at risk due to dust generated during machining and finishing operations [U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, Investigation Report, Aluminum Dust Explosion Hayes Lemmerz International, Inc., Huntington, Indiana, Report No. 2004-01-I-IN, September 2005]. Previous studies have shown that aluminum dust explosions are more difficult to suppress with flame retardants or inerting agents than dust explosions fueled by other materials such as coal [A.G. Dastidar, P.R. Amyotte, J. Going, K. Chatrathi, Flammability limits of dust-minimum inerting concentrations, Proc. Saf. Progr., 18-1 (1999) 56-63]. In this paper, an inerting method is discussed to reduce the dust explosion hazard of residue created in an aluminum buffing operation as the residue is generated. This technique reduces the dust explosion hazard throughout the buffing process and within the dust collector systems making the process inherently safer. Dust explosion testing results are presented for process dusts produced during trials with varying amounts of flame retardant additives.     

露天爆破作业危险源辨识与安全管控技术

爆破技术与工艺以其高效、经济和便捷等特点被广泛应用于能源、交通和水利水电等工程建设中,而主要用于破碎岩石介质的爆破器材,爆炸感度高、安全隐患大,一旦发生爆炸事故便会对人民生命和财产安全造成重大危害。基于危险源辨识与风险控制原理与方法,就露天爆破作业全流程风险环节和爆破器材现场储存危险性进行分析,提出了露天爆破作业的风险防控技术措施,对消除安全隐患、杜绝安全事故、保障爆破本质安全和维护社会公共安全具有重要意义。     

Evaluation of explosive properties of organic peroxides with a modified Mk III ballistic mortar

Ballistic mortar tests using the Mk III F mortar have been carried out to examine a procedure for assessing the explosive hazard of organic peroxides. The explosive properties of an organic peroxide can be evaluated from two series of experiments, for propagation and power of explosion, and for shock sensitivity. Among seven organic peroxides tested, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate and dibenzoyl peroxide have shown high shock sensitivity and explosive powers of 40 and 25% of TNT, respectively. Di-tert-butyl peroxide showed medium sensitivity and the power of 30% of TNT. Cumyl hydroperoxide, 80% in cumene, dibenzoyl peroxide, 75% with water, dicumyl peroxide and dilauroyl peroxide did not propagate explosion.     

Investigations of the formation of explosive mixtures in dryers for coatings

In the following we will discuss a specific problem of explosion protection in dryers for coatings. It is mainly encountered in chamber dryers as these pose specific problems as regards occupational safety and health. During the drying process of most coatings, solvent vapours are released most of which can form explosive mixtures when a specific concentration, the lower explosion limit, is reached. The European Standard EN1539:2000 requires explosion venting areas for most of these dryers without adequate explosion protection measures such as appropriate limitation of the solvent input being taken into account. Different aspects of the model underlying the calculations are evaluated, and it will be shown that this model is still reliable in most applications. The investigations consisted of three parts. At first there have been made investigations of the operating conditions in different enterprises aimed to get information about specific parameters, problems and failures. Laboratory experiments have been made to investigate in detail the major influencing parameters. Attempts to set up a simple but basic physical model for the experimental data have also been made. Evaporation and diffusion have been examined. The numerical models have been kept as simple as possible to be a potential tool for designers/manufacturers and users.     

Experimental study of flammability limits of natural gas-air mixture

Flammability limits data are essential for a quantitative risk assessment of explosion hazard associated with the use of combustible gas. The present work is to obtain the fundamental flammability data for prevention of the hazards in the practical applications. Experiments have been conducted in a constant volume combustion bomb, and the fuel considered here is natural gas (NG). The pressure histories in the combustion bomb are recorded and a criterion of 7% pressure rise has been used to judge a flammable mixture. The effects of ethane on NG-air flammability limits have been investigated. By adding diluent (carbon dioxide, nitrogen or their mixture) into NG-air mixture, the dilution effects on the flammability limits have been explored as well, and the results are plotted as functions of diluent ratio.     

Failure hazard and strengthening of roof in steel industrial building after explosion of electric furnace

An explosion of electric furnace caused a local damage of the roof in steel industrial building. This building has a saw-tooth roof covering, constructed from prestressed plates with 12.62 m of span. The explosion caused a local damage of plates prestressed ribs, which are the roof main structural elements. The technical condition of the plates has been assessed as an emergency state due to the loss of the plates’ strength and the hazard of their fall down. The damage repair has been presented herein.     

膨化硝铵炸药粉尘爆炸性的初步实验研究

膨化硝铵炸药是一种常见的工业炸药,该文通过20L爆炸球对其粉尘爆炸的危险性进行了试验研究,并和玉米淀粉粉尘进行了比较。研究结果表明,膨化硝铵炸药发生粉尘爆炸的可能性很小,在50～1100g／m^3的浓度范围均未发生粉尘爆炸;玉米淀粉有着粉尘爆炸的危险。所得结果为它们的生产及使用安全提供了必要的参考。