快速急冷法对β-Zn_(4+x)Sb_3材料热电及力学性能的影响

β-Zn4Sb3是一种重要的中温热电材料,但其较差的力学强度和可加工性限制了其实际应用.本文采用熔体旋甩法结合放电等离子烧结技术快速制备了一系列具有高热电性能和高力学强度的β-Zn4+xSb3块体材料.通过调节Zn的含量,优化了其热电性能,随着Zn含量的增加,电导率增大,Seebeck系数有所下降,热导率增加.在700K时,Zn4.32Sb3样品的ZT值达到1.13,相比熔融法制备的样品提高了约40%.该制备方法所得到的样品具有极高的抗压强度,与熔融法制备的样品相比较,所有样品的抗压强度均提高了一倍以上,这种高热电性能和高力学强度的β-Zn4+xSb3块体材料具有很好的应用前景.     

水热合成Sb_2Se_3纳米线及其对Bi_2Te_3纳米粉末热电性能的影响

以SbCl3和Se粉为原料,水合肼(N2H4·H2O)为还原剂,采用水热法在150℃下,分别保温不同的时间合成Sb2Se3纳米粉末.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射电子扫描电镜(FESEM)、透射电镜(TEM)以及高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)等分析方法对产物的物相成分和微观形貌等进行了表征,实验结果表明保温时间达到24h时,获得产物为单相Sb2Se3纳米线晶体.根据实验结果还研究了水热合成Sb2Se3纳米线晶体可能的反应及生长机理,结果表明一维纳米线沿[001]方向生长,纳米线的形成与其独特的层状晶体结构有关.最后采用放电等离子体快速热压烧结法将水热合成的Bi2Te3纳米粉末与不同含量Sb2Se3纳米线进行复合,分析了Sb2Se3纳米线对Bi2Te3纳米材料热电性能的影响,发现复合约1at%Sb2Se3纳米线可以使Bi2Te3纳米材料热电性能有一定提高.     

Cu／β-Zn4Sb3纳米复合热电材料的制备和电输运特性

采用真空熔融结合放电等离子体烧结（SPS）制备了一系列纳米cu第二相的13-Zn4Sb，基复合材料，XRD和SEM分析表明，该复合材料均是由Cu和β-Zn4Sb3组成的，SPS烧结过程中β—Zn4Sb3并没有发生相变反应，Cu纳米粒子主要沿β-Zn4Sb3微粒周围随机分布，亦见少数cu纳米粒子进入β-Zn4Sb3微粒内现象。电榆运特性测量表明，随着纳米Cu含量增加，复合材料的电导率逐渐增加，Seebeck系数先降低后增加；当纳米Cu掺量增大至摩尔比为0．08时，材料的电导率与纳米Cu掺量为0．04时非常接近，但Seebeck系数明显偏高，700K时的功率因子达到11．6mW·cm^-1K^-2，是纳米Cu掺量为0．04时的1．23倍。这种电导率与Seebeck系数的反常变化现象可能与纳米Cu对低能电子的能量过滤有关。     

高优值系数In4Se3多晶的制备及其热电输运特性

分别采用不同的熔炼、退火工艺, 结合放电等离子烧结方法制备了块状多晶In₄Se₃热电材料。研究了熔炼时间和退火时间对材料物相、成分、显微结构及热电性能的影响。熔炼后铸锭中存在In及InSe杂相, Se缺失量随熔炼时间的延长而增加, 使得样品载流子浓度增大, 电导率有所提高, 熔炼48 h样品ZT值相对较高。在确定熔炼工艺的基础上, 进行不同时间的退火处理后, InSe相消失, 显微结构中分布有较大尺寸的台阶状结构, 这种台阶状结构有利于降低热导率, 而对电导率无明显影响。实验结果表明: 一定程度延长熔炼时间、退火时间对提高样品的热电性能有积极作用, 其中熔炼48 h再退火96 h后的样品ZT值最高, 在702 K达到0.83, 比文献值提高约32%。     

In2O3/InNbO4复合材料的热电性能研究

In₂O₃作为一种良好的光电和气敏材料, 因高温下具有优异的热电性能在热电领域也获得广泛关注。本研究通过固相反应法结合放电等离子烧结(SPS)成功将原位自生的InNbO₄第二相引入到In₂O₃基体中, 优化了块体样品的制备工艺。同时, InNbO₄改善了样品的电输运性能, 使载流子浓度明显提高, 在1023 K时电导率最高可达1548 S·cm^-1, 高于大多数元素掺杂的样品。其中, 0.998In₂O₃/0.002InNbO₄样品的热电性能测试表明, 在1023 K时, 其功率因子可达到0.67 mW·m^-1·K^-2, 热电优值(ZT)达到最高值0.187。综上所述, 通过在In₂O₃中原位复合InNbO₄第二相可以很好地改善In₂O₃基热电陶瓷的电性能, 进而调控其高温热电性能。     

Te与In共掺杂对Cu2SnSe3热电性能的影响

Cu₂SnSe₃基化合物作为一种绿色环保的新型热电材料, 近年受到了研究者的广泛关注。然而, 本征Cu₂SnSe₃基化合物载流子浓度低、电性能较差。为优化Cu₂SnSe₃化合物的电热输运性能, 本研究采用熔融、退火结合放电等离子烧结技术制备了一系列Cu₂SnSe_3-xTe_x (x=0~0.2)和Cu₂Sn_1-yIn_ySe_2.9Te_0.1 (y=0.005~0.03)样品, 研究了Te固溶和In掺杂对材料电热输运性能的影响。Te在Cu₂SnSe_3-xTe_x (x=0~0.2)化合物中的固溶度为0.10, Te固溶显著增加了材料的载流子有效质量, 从本征Cu₂SnSe₃样品的0.2m_e增加到Cu₂SnSe_2.9Te_0.1样品的0.45m_e, 显著提高了材料的功率因子, Cu₂SnSe_2.99Te_0.01样品在300 K下获得最大功率因子为1.37 μW·cm^-1·K^-2。为了进一步提高材料的电传输性能, 本研究以Cu₂SnSe_2.9Te_0.1为基体并选取In在Sn位掺杂。In掺杂将Cu₂SnSe₃基化合物的载流子浓度从5.96×10¹⁸ cm^-3 (Cu₂SnSe_2.9Te_0.1)显著提高到2.06×10²⁰ cm^-3 (Cu₂Sn_0.975In_0.025Se_2.9Te_0.1)。调控载流子浓度促进了材料多价带参与电传输, 材料的电导率和载流子有效质量显著增加, 功率因子得到大幅度提升, 在473 K下Cu₂Sn_0.995In_0.005Se_2.9Te_0.1化合物获得最大功率因子为5.69 μW·cm^-1·K^-2。由于电输运行性能显著提升和晶格热导率降低, Cu₂Sn_0.985In_0.025Se_2.9Te_0.1样品在773 K下获得最大ZT为0.4, 较本征Cu₂SnSe₃样品提高了4倍。     

掺杂Ca^2＋的NaCO2O4热电材料的热电性能分析

采用柠檬酸复合体（CAC法）法制备了纯NaCO2O4和掺杂金属Ca^2＋的NaCO2O4热电材料，采用XRD、SEM和热电性能测试等技术表征了其结构、表面及断面形貌和热电性能，考察了其高温热电性能以及掺杂金属离子Ca^2＋对NaCO2O4结构的影响。结果表明，利用CAC法制备的NaCO2O4热电材料与其它制备方法得到的样品相比，具有致密的内部结构以及较好的热电性能。     

Ge掺杂MnTe材料的热电输运性能

MnTe作为一种新型的无铅p型热电材料, 在中温区热电领域具有广阔的应用前景, 但其本身的热电性能不足以与高性能n型热电材料相匹配。本研究通过真空熔炼-淬火和放电等离子烧结的方法制备不同Ge掺杂量的致密且均匀的Mn_1.06-xGe_xTe(x=0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04)多晶块体样品。过量的Mn可以有效抑制MnTe₂相, 提高基体相的热电性能。通过掺杂4%Ge粉末, 材料的载流子浓度提高到7.328×10¹⁸ cm^-3, 电导率在873 K增大到7×10³ S∙cm^-1, 功率因子提升至620 μW∙m^-1∙K^-2。同时, 通过点缺陷增强声子散射使材料的热导率降低到0.62 W∙m^-1∙K^-1, 实现了对材料电声输运性能的有效调控。Mn_1.02Ge_0.04Te在873 K获得了0.86的热电优值ZT, 较纯MnTe材料提高了43%。     

AgSbTe_2热电化合物的超声化学法合成

采用超声化学法结合还原热处理合成了单相的AgSbTe2粉体,并结合放电等离子烧结(SPS)制备了相应的块体.系统研究了不同前驱体制备条件、热处理温度、时间和起始化学计量比对相组成的影响,并对烧结块体的热电性能进行了初步研究.结果表明:超声化学法合成的前驱体在500℃、2h还原热处理后可以得到近单相的AgSbTe2,且通过调节起始原料的摩尔比可以得到单相的AgSbTe2.所得粉体颗粒平均粒径约为10μm,表面均匀分布着20~50nm的纳米颗粒.性能测试表明单相样品的无量纲热电优值ZT值在570K最大可达1.14.     

Ca3Co4O9基热电材料的研究进展

Ca3Co4O9是一种很有潜力的氧化物热电材料。本文从Ca3Co4O9的结构出发,讨论了利用不同工艺制备Ca3Co4O9的粉体材料、块体材料和薄膜材料的方法。并针对块体材料和薄膜材料的热电性能进行了一定的分析,提出了提高热电材料性能的途径。     

Ag_2Te掺杂对p型Bi_(0.5)Sb_(1.5)Te_3块状合金热电性能的影响

采用真空熔炼、机械球磨及放电等离子烧结技术(SPS)制备得到了(Ag2Te)x(Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3)1-x(x=0,0.025,0.05,0.1)系列样品,性能测试表明,Ag2Te的掺入可以显著改变材料的热电性能变化趋势,掺杂样品在温度为450~550K范围内具有较未掺杂样品更优的热电性能.适当量的Ag2Te掺入能够有效地提高材料的声子散射,降低材料的热导率.在测试温度范围内,(Ag2Te)0.05(Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3)0.95具有最低的晶格热导,室温至575K范围内保持在0.2~0.3W/(m·K)之间,在575K时,(Ag2Te)0.05(Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3)0.95试样具有最大热电优值ZT=0.84,相较于未掺杂样品提高了约20%.     

Microstructure and Thermoelectric Properties of Bi- and Cu-Substituted Ca3Co4O9 Oxides

Bi- and Cu-substituted Ca₃Co₄O₉ samples were prepared by conventional solid-state reaction method and the e?ect of element substitution on the microstructures and thermoelectric properties was investigated. Partial substitution of Cu for Co leads to an increase in electrical conductivity and a decrease in Seebeck coe±cient due to the rise of hole concentration. The microstructure of Cu-substituted sample is almost unchanged compared with undoped Ca₃Co₄O₉. On the other hand, partial substitution of Bi for Ca gives rise to a significant increase in the grain size, and c-axis-oriented structure can be formed in Ca_2.7Bi_0.3Co₄O₉, resulting in an obvious increase in electrical conductivity. Cu and Bi co-substitution further increases the grain growth and the electrical conductivity of Ca_2.7Bi_0.3Co_3.7Cu_0.3O₉. Thus, Cu and Bi co-substitution samples possess the optimal thermoelectric performance at high temperature and the highest value of power factor can reach 3.1×10^-4 Wm^-1?K^-2 at 1000 K.     

Ferrimagnetic and semiconducting CaCu3Fe2Sb2O12 by first principles

CaCu₃Fe₂Sb₂O₁₂ is mechanically stable, thermodynamically stable at pressures above 18 GPa. Both GGA and GGA + U methods predict that it is a ferrimagnetic semiconductor with Fe³⁺ in high spin state (S = 5/2). The coupling of Fe–Cu is antiferromagnetic, while that of Cu–Cu is ferromagnetic. The calculated total spin moment is 6.17 μ_B.     

Elastic modulus and hardness of CaTiO3, CaCu3Ti4O12 and CaTiO3/CaCu3Ti4O12 mixture

Three ceramic systems, CaTiO₃ (CTO), CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ (CCTO) and intermediate nonstoichiometric CaTiO₃/CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ mixtures (CTO.CCTO), were investigated and characterized. The ceramics were sintered at 1100 °C for 180 min. The surface morphology and structures were investigated by XRD and SEM. Elastic modulus and hardness of the surfaces were studied by instrumented indentation. It was observed that CCTO presented the higher mechanical properties (E = 256 GPa, hardness = 10.6 GPa), while CTO/CCTO mixture showed intermediate properties between CTO and CCTO.     

Scintillation properties of Ce-doped LuLiF4 and LuScBO3

The crystals of 1 mol% Ce-doped LuLiF₄ (Ce:LLF) grown by the micro-pulling down (μ-PD) method and 1 mol% Ce-doped LuScBO₃ (Ce:LSBO) grown by the conventional Czochralski (Cz) method were examined for their scintillation properties. Ce:LLF and Ce:LSBO demonstrated ∼80% transparency at wavelengths longer than 300 and 400 nm, respectively. When excited by ²⁴¹Am α-ray to obtain radioactive luminescence spectra, Ce³⁺ 5d-4f emission peaks were detected at around 320 nm for Ce:LLF and at around 380 nm for Ce:LSBO. In Ce:LSBO, the host luminescence was also observed at 260 nm. By recording pulse height spectra under γ-ray irradiation, the absolute light yield of Ce:LLF and Ce:LSBO was measured to be 3600±400 and 4200±400 ph/MeV, respectively. Decay time kinetics was also investigated using a pulse X-ray equipped streak camera system. The main component of Ce:LLF was ∼320 ns and that of Ce:LSBO was ∼31 ns. In addition, the light yield non-proportionality and energy resolution against the γ-ray energy were evaluated.     

Temperature-dependent high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study on Ge1Sb2Te4

Oxygen-free and amorphous Ge₁Sb₂Te₄ thin film was obtained in an ultra-high vacuum and then annealed in situ to the stable-phase temperature. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation was performed on the film at the different annealing temperatures of 100, 130, 150, 180, and 250 °C. The Te 4d, Sb 4d, and Ge 3d shallow core levels as well as the valence-band spectra were acquired. In the shallow core-level spectra, we observed distinguishable changes in the Sb 4d and Ge 3d levels as the film phase changed. As the temperature increased, a higher binding-energy (BE) component appeared at the Sb 4d level, the intensity of the component increased, and the spin-orbit split feature was enhanced at the Ge 3d level. In the valence-band spectra, a slight increase was observed at 0-1, ~ 3, ~ 9, and ~ 12 eV BE, and a decrease, at ~ 1.5 and ~ 4.5 eV BE. The energy resolution employed in this study was about 150 meV.     

Preparation of rod-like Sb2S3 dendrites processed in conventional hydrothermal

Large-scale rod-like antimony sulfide (Sb₂S₃) dendrites have been prepared by hydrothermal method using antimony chloride (SbCl₃), citric acid and thioacetamide as raw materials at 160 °C for 12 h. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern shows the Sb₂S₃ crystals belong to the orthorhombic phase with calculated lattice parameters a = 1.120 nm, b = 1.128 nm and c = 0.3830 nm. The quantification of energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analysis peaks gives an atomic ratio of 2:3 for Sb:S. Transmission electron microscopy micrograph studies reveal the appearance of the as-prepared Sb₂S₃ is dendrites-like which is composed of nanorods with the typical width of 300-500 nm and length of 5-20 µm. Finally the influences of the reaction conditions are discussed and a possible mechanism for the formation of rod-like Sb₂S₃ dendrites is proposed.