Ion Beam Emission in a Low Energy Plasma Focus Device

The characteristics of the Ar ion beam generated in a low energy plasma focus device were investigated. A Mather-type PF device filled with argon gas driven by an 11 μF single capacitor bank was used. A Faraday cup, operating in the bias ion collector mode, is used to estimate the energy spectrum and ion flux along the PF axis. The results of the experiments show the dependence of the energy spectrum on the gas pressure and the anode shape.     

Design and Performance Characteristics of the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) H- Ion Source and Related Systems

An expression for the maximum H- current obtainable from an H+ beam by charge exchange in hydrogen has served as a guide in the design and development of a source of H- ions for booster injection into the ZGS. Here it is used as a criterion in the evaluation of testbench results obtained with the present test source. Space and power limitations in the 750-keV terminal of the preinjector have led to the use of titanium sublimation pumping to handle large instantaneous gas loads. Power limitations and the need for high pumping conductance have led to the substitution of electrostatic deflection for magnetic deflection in the beam separator.     

A new AMS beam line at the Erlangen tandem accelerator facility

An accelerator mass spectrometry beam line is presently being built up at the EN tandem accelerator in Erlangen. A new Cs sputter ion source is being developed, and mass separators on both the low- and high-energy sides of the tandem and an electrostatic sector field for charge-state selection have been installed. Optimization of the beam quality will be possible with a new emittance measuring device. The tandem is stabilized via a position-sensitive Faraday cup, which simultaneously measures the current of the abundant isotopes. The spectra of the rare-isotope ions are taken by differential energy loss measurements in a gas ionization chamber.     

用0.5 MV端电压的串列AMS装置开展10Be测量方法研究

本文通过对¹⁰Be离子在加速器质谱计（CAMS）高能端束流传输进行模拟计算,确定了¹⁰Be离子束流传输的优化设计。设计安装了测量⁹Be束流的法拉第筒、能量吸收膜（SiN膜）装置、ΔE-E_res气体探测器等,结果表明,改进后的CAMS可进行¹⁰Be测量,¹⁰Be测量总传输效率约为2%,测量本底约为4×10^-14。     

Investigations on the time evolution of the plasma density in argon electron-beam plasma at intermediate pressure

The time evolution of the argon electron-beam plasma at intermediate pressure and low electron beam intensity was presented.By applying the amplitude modulation with the frequency of 20 Hz on the stable beam current,the plasma evolution was studied.A Faraday cup was used for the measurement of the electron beam current and a single electrostatic probe was used for the measurement of the ion current.Experimental results indicated that the ion current was in phase with the electron beam current in the pressure range from 200 Pa to 3000 Pa and in the beam current range lower than 20 mA,the residual density increased approximately linearly with the maximum density in the log-log plot and the fitting coefficient was irrelative to the pressure.And then three kinds of kinetic models were developed and the simulated results given by the kinetic model,without the consideration of the excited atoms,mostly approached to the experimental results.This indicated that the effect of the excited atoms on the plasma density can be ignored at intermediate pressure and low electron beam current intensity,which can greatly simplify the kinetic model.In the end,the decrease of the plasma density when the beam current was suddenly off was studied based on the simplified model and it was found that the decease characteristic at intermediate pressure was approximate to the one at high pressure at low electron beam intensity,which was in good accordance with the experimental results.     

An accelerator voltage regulating system using a position sensitive Faraday cup

A Faraday cup has been developed for precise current measurements in accelerator mass spectrometry, which provides in addition information on the beam position. These data are used to monitor the energy of the beam and, if necessary, the terminal voltage of the accelerator is automatically adjusted.     

RADI—A RF source size-scaling experiment towards the ITER neutral beam negative ion source

IPP Garching is currently developing a negative hydrogen ion RF source for the ITER neutral beam system. The source demonstrated already current densities in excess of the ITER requirements (>200 A/m² D⁻) at the required source pressure and electron/ion ratio, but with only small extraction area and limited pulse length. A new test facility (RADI) went recently into operation for the demonstration of the required (plasma) homogeneity of a large RF source and the modular driver concept.The source with the dimension of 0.8 m × 0.76 m has roughly the width and half the height of the ITER source; its modular driver concept will allow an easy extrapolation in only one direction to the full size ITER source. The RF power supply consists of two 180 kW, 1 MHz RF generators capable of 30 s pulses. A dummy grid matches the conductance of the ITER source. Full size extraction is presently not possible due to the lack of an insulator, a large size extraction system and a beam dump.The main parameters determining the performance of this “half-size” source are the negative ion and electron density in front of the grid as well as the homogeneity of their profiles across the grid. Those will be measured by optical emission and cavity ring down spectroscopy, by Langmuir probes and laser detachment. These methods have been calibrated to the extracted current densities achieved at the smaller source test facilities at IPP for similar source parameters. However, in order to get some information about the possible ion and electron currents, local single aperture extraction with a Faraday cup system is planned.     

A 20 kV, 5 A, 1 ns Risetime Pulsed Electron Beam Source

A 20 kV, 1 ns risetime pulsed electron beam source was developed using an extremely small gap （0.1 mm） diode driven by a sub-nanosecond risetime, 10 kV rectangular pulse generator. A beam current of 5 A was detected by using a fast response Faraday cup at a distance of 2 cm away from a grid anode. The shot to shot variation of the electron beam pulse was less than 10%.     

闪烁体薄膜在线测量质子束流强度

质子单粒子效应实验研究和质子加速器研究中,质子束流强测量关系着实验结果的可靠性和准确性。法拉第筒、金硅面垒探测器、金刚石探测器等传统探测方法均为拦截式测量,无法实现束流的在线测量。本文用闪烁体薄膜在线监测质子束流强。质子束流穿过薄膜闪烁体,沉积部分能量使其发光,用光电倍增管收集光信号,从而得到束流的强度信息。通过质子与闪烁体材料相互作用的理论计算得到闪烁体材料对质子束流的响应关系。在北大2×6 MeV串列加速器上对3–10 MeV的质子束流进行了实验测量,验证了其响应关系。     

Charge integration in external-beam PIXE

Direct measurements of the beam current in external-beam PIXE are difficult due to the ionization of air molecules. A method for indirect charge integration has been earlier presented by our research group. The method utilizes the light emission from air molecules excited by the particle beam. The light emission originates from the second positive band system in N₂. The light was measured with a photomultiplier tube. The geometry and the electronics have been improved during the six years that have passed since the method was taken into use. The current from the PM-tube is today about 210 times higher than the particle beam current measured by the means of a Faraday cup. This amplification is useful in the monitoring of small beam currents. The linearity and accuracy of the improved system are discussed.     

法拉第筒阵列探测器在电子束束流均匀度测量中的应用

描述一种法拉第筒阵列探测器,其由拦截式法拉第筒、抑制电极、绝缘层和底座等组成。应用该探测器测量了电子加速器的束流均匀度,计算了被辐照样品的吸收剂量,将为电子加速器的改造、生物辐照、材料辐照提供重要参数。     

Research on deposition rate of TiZrV/Pd film by DC magnetron sputtering method

An accelerator storage ring needs clean ultrahigh vacuum.A TiZrV non-evaporable getter (NEG) film deposited on interior walls of the chamber can realize distributed pumping,effective vacuum improvement and reduced longitudinal pressure gradient.But accumulation of pollutants such as N2 and O2 will decrease the adsorption ability of the NEG,leading to a reduction of NEG lifetime.Therefore,an NEG thin film coated with a layer of Pd,which has high diffusion rate and absorption ability for H2,can extend the service life of NEG and improve the pumping rate of H2 as well.In this paper,with argon as discharge gas,a magnetron sputtering method is adopted to prepare TiZrV-Pd films in a long straight pipe.By SEM measurement,deposition rates of TiZrV-Pd films are analyzed under different deposition parameters,such as magnetic field strength,gas flow rate,discharge current,discharge voltage and working pressure.By comparing the experimental results with the simulation results based on Sigmund's theory,the Pd deposition rate C can be estimated by the sputtered depth.     

Measurement of the Energy of Nitrogen Ions Produced in Filippov Type Plasma Focus Used for the Nitriding of Titanium

In this paper the nitrogen ion properties (maximum energy, current density and the most probable energy) are investigated by using Faraday cup in a time of flight method. These ions are produced in a Filippov type plasma focus (Sahand Facility) device and the Faraday cup was placed in a distance range of 18–24?cm from the top of the anode. Maximum and minimum most probable ion energies are 76 and 8.5?keV for the distance range of 18 and 24?cm, respectively. The displacement from 18 to 24?cm at top of the anode the ion current density varies from 4.5?×?10⁶ to 3.2?×?10⁵ (A?m^?2). For the investigation of the effect of ions bombardment of materials at different positions, at the optimum working conditions of 14?kV as a working voltage, and 0.25?Torr as a gas pressure, titanium samples are placed in a distance of 21, 22, 23 and 24?cm from the top of the anode (θ?=?0) and each sample is put under irradiation for 30 plasma shots. The structure of the nitrided surfaces and their morphologies are characterized by X-ray diffractometry and by scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The average crystallite size deduced for (200) and (222) planes of TiN deposited with 30 shots in different distances are estimate to be from ~13 to ~38?nm.     

Development of a silver ion source using nanosecond pulses of a Nd:YAG laser at different wavelengths

A silver ion source was designed by focusing the fundamental and harmonics of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser pulses onto a silver target and simultaneously applying an electric potential in an argon environment. The silver ions were detected at a distance of 2 cm from the target surface using a Faraday cup ion probe after letting them pass through a retarding mesh grid (copper electrode). We aim to produce and characterize the silver ions generated by the laser radiation of different wavelengths and pulse energy, ambient gas pressure and the electrode spacing under applied electric field. In addition to this, the effect of laser radiation on plasma under vacuum and at different argon gas pressures was investigated. The velocity distribution function of the plasma emitted from the silver target was investigated under argon discharge. These measurements demonstrated clearly that the velocity distribution function and current signals depend on laser power, laser wavelength and argon pressure. We observed a ten fold increase in the plume current with increase in the applied voltage and ion velocity in the presence of a laser field. The surface morphology of the laser irradiated samples was investigated using reflection optical microscopy.     

Design of a New Faraday Cup to Measure the Beam Current of an Ion Source with Residual Gas

Different parameters affecting the faraday cup (FC) performance are investigated. It is shown that the FC design depends on the incident particle beam parameters. If FC is used to measure the beam current of a dense plasma focus device or if FC is used to measure the beam current of an ion source where there is residual gas, it should allow the secondary electrons to escape from the cup. Then the effect of the escaped electrons must be estimated somehow. Otherwise, to ease the calculations, FC should be designed to recapture the secondary electrons. Here, we propose a novel FC to measure the particle beam current of an ion source where residual gas or electromagnetic noise exists. To obtain precise beam current measurement, FC performance is simulated by CST Studio soft ware. In addition, a method is proposed for the analysis of the FC signals.     

双向泵浦激光腔中能量沉积的实验研究

建立了快响应压力传感器动态和稳态标定系统及稳态测量方法，测量了双向电子束泵浦激光腔中０．２ＭＰａＮ２中的沉积能量分布，研究了激活区中能量沉积的分布随电子束能的变化。稳态测量给出了ＫｒＦ激光介质中平均压强增量，并得到了总能量沉积、泵浦率、能量沉积率和本征效率。     

用于中国散裂中子源调束的法拉第筒结构优化设计

本文将法拉第筒应用于中国散裂中子源前端系统和漂移管加速器临时线两个调束阶段,以吸收和截止束流。根据给定的束流物理参数,法拉第筒选择石墨吸收束流,紧贴石墨的无氧铜作为导热材料。通过靶型和冷却效率分析比较,确定采用单斜板靶,束流与靶面夹角为10°,同时设计了新型的瀑布型并联圆孔水冷结构。采用有限元软件ANSYS对结构模型进行热分析,对水冷管孔径和孔间距进行优化。经结构分析和应力变形校核,保证了加工制造的可靠性。用本文研制的法拉第筒顺利完成了调束任务。     

A pre-sample charge measurement system for quantitative NMP-analysis

In many IBA applications the main aim is to obtain quantitative figures characterizing the sample. Normally charge, i.e. number of probe particles, is used for normalization and is measured either by collecting the charge deposited in the sample or by collecting the particle in a post-sample Faraday cup or in combination. Both these techniques have drawbacks and results can be difficult to compare for samples with different matrix composition.In this work, we present an upgraded design and test results from the Lund NMP pre-sample charge measurement system. The system presented is based on a pre-sample beam deflection controlled by the beam scanning system for the nuclear microprobe. It can be operated in different modes, but during normal operation the beam is blanked once per pixel and the corresponding charge is collected during the beam-off period. The system does not only measure an average of the beam current during data collection, but actually a pixel-by-pixel normalization is possible. Data of the system performance are presented and in addition illustrations of how quantitative measurements both for PIXE and elastic scattering can be made more reliable.     

国家同步辐射实验室原子分子物理光束线气体滤波器的研制、安装和调试

为有效消除波荡器产生的高次谐波的影响,并维持光束线及储存环超高真空环境,根据原子分子物理光束线实际情况,采用二级差分抽气系统及大抽速的差分泵设计了气体滤波器系统.调试结果表明,在滤波气氩气压强Par<1.333×103 Pa时,光束线真空度维持在<4.933×10-7Pa,高次谐波滤波率>99.975%,满足了实验要求.     

磁质谱仪离子收集器数字化读出系统的研制

研制了一个用于磁质谱仪法拉第筒阵列离子收集器的高精度数字化读出系统,实现对离子束中离子成分的分析与诊断。数字化读出系统由前端处理电路和数据获取模块组成,前端处理电路采用门控积分器将418通道微弱电荷信号转换为电压信号,数据获取模块将电压信号数字化后,通过以太网接口将数据上传到远程上位机。该读出系统实现了电荷范围为0.1~120 pC的数字化读出,非线性误差小于1.95%（全量程）。现场应用测试结果表明,该数字化读出系统完全满足实验需求。该系统还可广泛用于核物理实验和加速器系统中微弱电流或电荷信号的测量。