Disruption of Pichia pastoris PMR1 gene decreases its folding capacity on human serum albumin and interferon-alpha2b fusion protein

In an attempt to increase the secretion capacity of Pichia pastoris (Pp), PpPMR1 gene was disrupted with GS115 as parent strain, and the resultant mutant was designated as Pppmr1. Pppmr1 displayed a Ca2+-dependent growth defect, which was consistent with the PMR1 mutation in other yeasts. HSA-L5-IFNalpha2b, a human serum albumin (HSA) and inferferon-alpha2b (IFNalpha2b) fusion protein with a flexible linker of 5 amino acid residues, was employed as a reporter to study the effects of PpPMR1 disruption on the secretion of heterologous protein. Because of its decreased viability after induction, Pppmr1 secreted more HSA-L5-IFNalpha2b only during the early phase (the first 15 hours) of induction. Although HSA-L5-IFNalpha2b secreted from GS115 and Pppmr1 had similar antiviral activity, the latter was heterogeneous (migrated as doublets on non-reducing SDS-PAGE) and unstable (prone to aggregation at neutral to mild alkaline pH). Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the heterogeneity of HSA-L5-IFNalpha2b secreted from Pppmr1 was originated from the incomplete disulphide bridge pairing between Cys1 and Cys98 of IFNalpha2b. To be secreted homogeneously from Pppmr1 and to be stable in aqueous solution, the linker of the fusion protein should be extended to 10 amino acid residues.     

Cloning and characterization of the Pichia pastoris PRC1 gene encoding carboxypeptidase Y

We purified a 58 kDa serine protease from culture-supernatant of Pichia pastoris and found that the NH₂-terminal amino acid sequence of this protease is closely homologous to that of mature protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae carboxypeptidase Y (CPY), which is encoded by the PRC1 gene. Using the S. cerevisiae PRC1 gene as a hybridization probe, a cross-hybridizing fragment of P. pastoris genomic DNA was identified and the gene, PRC1, encoding CPY, was cloned. The open reading frame of the P. pastoris PRC1 gene consists of 1569 bp encoding a protein of 523 amino acids. The molecular mass of the protein is calculated to be 59·44 kDa without sugar chains. The protein comprises 20 amino acids of pre (signal)-peptide, 87 amino acids of pro-peptide and 416 amino acids of mature peptide, and has four N-glycosylation sites. The NH₂-terminal amino acid sequence of mature peptide is completely identical with that of the protease purified from the culture-supernatant. There is 61% identity between the amino acid sequences of P. pastoris Prc1p and S. cerevisiae Prc1p. Chromosomal disruption of the PRC1 gene resulted in the loss of CPY activity. Over-expression of the PRC1 gene under regulation of the P. pastoris AOX1 promoter resulted in accumulation of a large amount of active CPY in the intracellular fraction, and secretion of a slightly larger molecule that is thought to be pro-CPY. The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper will appear in the EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the Accession Number X87987.     

Identification and characterization of GRIP domain Golgin PpImh1 from Pichia pastoris

Budding yeast Pichia pastoris has highly advanced secretory pathways resembling mammalian systems, an advantage that makes it a suitable model system to study vesicular trafficking. Golgins are large Golgi‐resident proteins, primarily reported to play role in cargo vesicle capture, but details of such mechanisms are yet to be deciphered. Golgins that localize to the Golgi via their GRIP domain, a C‐terminal Golgi anchoring domain, are known as GRIP domain Golgins. In this present study, we have identified and functionally characterized a homologue of one such GRIP domain Golgin protein, Imh1, from the budding yeast P. pastoris. We have demonstrated that the GRIP domain present at the C‐terminal of P. pastoris Imh1 (PpImh1) functions as its Golgi‐targeting sequence. Using a combination of yeast two‐hybrid analysis, dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy, we have shown that PpImh1 can self‐associate and form a homodimer. Analysis of purified recombinant PpImh1 by CD spectroscopy indicates the presence of an 85% α‐helical structure, a characteristic of high‐content α‐helical coiled‐coil sequences normally present in other Golgin family proteins. Two‐hybrid analysis indicated self‐interaction between C‐terminal fragments, yet N‐terminal fragments do not mediate any such form of self‐interaction, suggesting that PpImh1 may form a parallel dimer. Electron microscopy data indicates that PpImh1 forms extended rod‐like homo‐dimeric molecules with splayed N‐terminal end which can act as a tether for capturing vesicles. Our study provides the first evidence in support of the dimeric Y‐shaped structure for any Golgin in the budding yeast.     

The ICL1 gene of Pichia pastoris, transcriptional regulation and use of its promoter

We cloned and characterized a gene encoding isocitrate lyase from the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. This gene was isolated from a P. pastoris genomic library using a homologous PCR hybridization probe, amplified with two sets of degenerate primers designed from conserved regions in yeast isocitrate lyases. The cloned gene was sequenced and consists of an open reading frame of 1563 bp encoding a protein of 551 amino acids. The molecular mass of the protein is calculated to be 60.6 kDa with high sequence similarity to isocitrate lyase from other organisms. There is a 64% identity between amino acid sequences of P. pastoris Icl and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Icl. Northern blot analyses showed that, as in S. cerevisiae, the steady-state ICL1 mRNA levels depend on the carbon source used for cell growth. Expression in P. pastoris of the dextranase gene (dexA) from Penicillium minioluteum under control of the ICL1 promoter proved that P(ICL1) is a good alternative for the expression of heterologous proteins in this methylotrophic yeast. The sequence presented here has been deposited in the EMBL data library under Accession No. AJ272040.     

Isolation and bioenergetic characterization of mitochondria from Pichia pastoris

Pichia pastoris is a methylotrophic yeast of high biotechnological interest. The bioenergetic properties of mitochondria from Pichia pastoris have not yet been determined. We report on a protocol for the isolation of the mitochondria in a state that shows good energy coupling. Analysis of Pichia pastoris growth and bioenergetic properties of the isolated mitochondria reveals that glycerol is the carbon source that yields the best results. Under our growth conditions, mitochondria oxidize external NADH but do not possess an alternative oxidase. Finally, Pichia pastoris mitochondria also lack the nucleotide-stimulated uncoupling pathway previously identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     

Disruption of the KEX1 gene in Pichia pastoris allows expression of full‐length murine and human endostatin

Endostatin is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor. In order to isolate sufficient quantities of soluble protein for in vivo studies in mice, we expressed murine endostatin in Pichia pastoris. Analysis of the expressed protein by mass spectrometry indicated that the protein was truncated. N‐terminal sequence analysis determined that the N‐terminus was intact, suggesting that the C‐terminal lysine was missing. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kex1p can cleave lysine and arginine residues from the C‐terminus of peptides and proteins. We hypothesized that the KEX1 homologue in P. pastoris is responsible for the loss of the C‐terminal lysine of endostatin. To test this hypothesis, we cloned and disrupted the P. pastoris KEX1 gene. Although the overall amino acid identity between the P. pastoris and the S. cerevisae Kex1p is only 36%, the amino acid residues involved in the catalytic activity or close to the active residues are highly conserved. Disruption of the KEX1 reading frame allowed expression of murine and human endostatin with the C‐terminal lysine. The KEX1 disruption strain may be a useful tool for the expression of other proteins with a C‐terminal basic amino acid. Addition of a lysine to the C‐terminus of recombinant proteins may protect the C‐terminus from degradation by other carboxypeptidases. 3·5 kb of the P. pastoris KEX1 gene locus have been deposited in the GeneBank database and are available under Accession No. AF095574. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Identification and characterization of novel promoters for recombinant protein production in yeast Pichia pastoris

Pichia pastoris expression system has been widely used in recombinant protein production. So far the majority of heterologous proteins are expressed by methanol inducible promoter P_AOX1 and constitutive promoter P_GAP. The use of other promoters is rather limited. Here we selected 16 potentially efficient and regulatory promoter candidates based on the RNA‐seq and RNA folding free energy ΔG data. GFP and recombinant amylase were inserted after these promoters to reveal their strength and efficiency under different carbon sources and culture scales. Two novel promoters were successfully identified and could possibly be applied in recombinant protein expression: the methanol‐inducible promoter P₀₅₄₇ and the constitutive promoter P₀₄₇₂.     

人对氧磷酶1在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的表达与纯化

人对氧磷酶1（Human Paraoxonase 1,hPON1）是人体血液中的一种非专一性酯酶,可以水解多种有机磷化合物,被认为是一种有机磷农药中毒的解毒剂。为了得到较纯的具有活性的hPON1,本文采用巴斯德毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris表达系统,对hPON1进行胞内表达。hPON1基因经过密码子优化后克隆至pPICZA表达载体上,构建得到pPICZA-PON1重组表达质粒,经线性化后转化至巴斯德毕赤酵母X33菌株中,筛选得到阳性重组菌株。将重组菌株进行摇瓶发酵120 h,酶活达0.15 U/mL。收集发酵液并细胞裂解后,用Ni-NTA螯合亲和层析的方法进行纯化,得到纯化的hPON1,SDS-PAGE结果显示表达产物的大小约37 ku,与预期的蛋白分子量相符。表达的重组hPON1的最适反应温度为45 ℃,最适pH为9.0。以上结果表明,本研究成功地表达并得到较纯的有活性的hPON1蛋白。     

毕赤酵母分泌表达华根霉脂肪酶（r27RCLC）的糖基化鉴定

研究了毕赤酵母GS115中能够高效分泌表达的华根霉脂肪酶(r27RCLC)的糖基化情况。运用糖基化抑制剂衣霉素处理表达目的蛋白的毕赤酵母细胞,通过SDS-PAGE比较分析经衣霉素处理后的脂肪酶r27RCLC分泌表达量的变化,结果显示酶的分泌表达受到很大的抑制,说明脂肪酶r27RCLC在表达时候很可能发生了糖基化,且糖基化对其有重要影响。通过生物化学方法,利用内切糖苷酶PNGase F和Endo Hf酶切处理脂肪酶r27RCLC,SDS-PAGE和Western Blot,结果显示r27RCLC未发生糖基化。将样品r27RCLC通过胰蛋白酶酶解等步骤处理,进行MADLI-TOF-MS质谱分析,结果发现MADLI-TOF-MS鉴定结果与内切糖苷酶酶切处理结果一致,进一步证明毕赤酵母分泌表达的华根霉脂肪酶r27RCLC未发生糖基化。     

Coprinopsis cinerea 漆酶基因的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的表达

本文通过RT-PCR从Coprinopsis cinerea okayama7#130中克隆得到laccase1,应用SignalP3.0Server软件分析其氨基酸序列后设计不含信号肽序列的新引物扩增得到不含信号肽的漆酶基因1（lac1）,并构建重组酵母表达载体pPIC9K-lac1,电击转化毕赤酵母GS1115并用甲醇诱导表达,之后研究重组酶的酶学性质。克隆得到的laccase1全长为1593bp,编码530个氨基酸,其中信号肽包含18个氨基酸。SDS-PAGE显示重组蛋白大小约为65KDa。酶学性质研究表明,该酶最适反应温度为45℃,最适pH为4.3。重组漆酶在45℃保存3h后活性基本保持不变,在pH4.0～10.0的范围内稳定性较好。成功分泌表达的漆酶活力达到1.108U/mL。     

过敏原肌质钙结合蛋白在毕赤酵母中的表达、优化及免疫反应性研究

目的 探究天然肌质钙结合蛋白(sarcoplasmic calcium binding protein, SCP)的可替代物,为蟹类过敏原的检测提供基础材料,本研究首次利用毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris, P. pastoris)高效表达表达三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)重要过敏原SCP,并检验其免疫反应性。方法 根据毕赤酵母的密码子偏好性优化SCP基因并构建重组质粒。将其热激转化至P. pastoris GS115菌株后经遗传霉素(Geneticin, G418)筛选获得阳性高拷贝子。最后通过甲醇诱导表达重组SCP并结合免疫印记(Western blotting, WB)和间接酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)验证其免疫反应性。结果 SCP在P. pastoris GS115中实现了可溶性高效表达,其表观分子量约为28 kDa。在摇瓶水平下,最佳诱导条件为pH为6.0、每24 h添加1.0%(v/v)甲醇,于28℃发酵144 h,在此条件下,纯度为91.6%的SCP产量可达15 mg/L。WB和间接ELISA结果表明,重组SCP具有IgG结合能力。结论 毕赤酵母表达系统可以得到纯度较高且免疫反应性良好的重组SCP。本研究为SCP的理化研究及产业化应用奠定了基础,并有望促进特异性甲壳类过敏原检测的发展。     

A PMR1-like calcium ATPase of Aspergillus fumigatus: cloning, identification and functional expression in S. cerevisiae

The understanding of the controlling factors of calcium homeostasis in Aspergillus fumigatus is very poor, although this ion is involved in several important events of these particular cells. We have cloned, identified and expressed for functional complementation a PMR1-like Ca(2+)-ATPase gene from A. fumigatus. The Afpmr1 gene encodes a protein of 1061 deduced amino acids, containing all the conserved subdomains found in other P-type ATPases: the phosphatase region, phosphorylation site, FITC labelling site, ATP binding domain; E(386), N871, D875 amino acid residues for calcium ion interaction and Q880, a residue that alters ion selectivity in PMR1. The expressed AfPMR1 in S. cerevisiae K616 strain functionally complemented the deficient growth in EGTA (5-20 mM)- and MnCl2 (4 mM)-containing medium. These results demonstrate the first evidence of a Ca(2+)-ATPase in A. fumigatus and strongly suggest a role for this enzyme in calcium and manganese homeostasis.     

Cloning and sequence analysis of the Pichia pastoris TRP1, IPP1 and HIS3 genes

The Pichia pastoris TRP1 and HIS3 genes were cloned by complementation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae trp1 and his3 mutants, respectively, and their nucleotide sequence was determined. The P. pastoris TRP1 gene includes an open reading frame (ORF) of 714 nucleotides corresponding to a polypeptide of 237 amino acids whose sequence shares about 40% identity with that of TRP1 encoding proteins in other yeast species. DNA sequencing showed that an ORF of 858 nucleotides, encoding a protein of 285 amino acids with high homology to inorganic pyrophosphatases (IPP1), is located downstream of the P. pastoris TRP1 gene. Both genes converge in this chromosomal region, showing a genetic organization analogous to that found in the Kluyveromyces lactis genome. The P. pastoris HIS3 gene possesses an ORF of 675 nucleotides, encoding a polypeptide of 224 amino acids which shows 74·1% identity to the homologous S. cerevisiae protein. The hexameric consensus GCN4 binding sequence (TGACTC), characteristic of many amino acid biosynthetic genes, is present in the promoter region. The TRP1 and IPP1 sequences were deposited in the EMBL databank under Accession Number AJ001000. The Accession Number of the HIS3 gene is U69170. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chromosomal DNA patterns and gene stability of Pichia pastoris

We have clearly resolved four chromosomal bands from four Pichia pastoris (Komagataella pastoris) strains by using contour-clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis. The size of the P. pastoris chromosomal bands ranged from 1·7 Mb to 3·5 Mb and total genome size was estimated to be 9·5 Mb to 9·8 Mb; however, chromosome-length polymorphisms existed among four strains. Thirteen cloned genes isolated from strain GTS115 were assigned to the separated chromosomes, revealing that different hybridization patterns were observed in the AOX2 and URA3 genes among strains. P. pastoris is frequently used as an efficient host for heterologous gene expressions. We analysed chromosomal stability of strain GTS115-derived recombinant cell expressing human serum albumin during serial cultivation under the condition of vegetative and non-selective growth. No chromosomal rearrangements were observed and the expression constructs integrated into the his4 locus on chromosome I were very stable even at 83 generations, suggesting that stable expression would be carried out even in large-scale fermentation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simplified protocol for faster transformation of (a large number of) Pichia pastoris strains

During the last couple of decades, the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris, has emerged as an important yeast species owing to its increasing importance both in industry and in basic research. The presently available methods for P. pastoris transformation necessitate the preparation of competent cells, which requires lots of resource, space, time, and efforts. This limits the number of transformations that can be performed by an individual in a given time. This paper is reporting a modification in the available protocols, which makes P. pastoris transformation hassle-free. In the present, modified procedure, cells were grown in patches on YPD plate(s), and the rest of the steps were carried out in small Eppendorf tubes. This modified protocol does not require a big centrifuge and shaker. This modified procedure of P. pastoris transformation with its unique way of competent cells preparation will be helpful for those working with this yeast species.     

毕赤酵母对酸粥滋味品质形成的评价

将毕赤酵母与乳酸菌进行复配发酵制备酸粥样品,同时使用乳酸菌单一发酵作为对照,并采用电子舌技术结合多元统计学 方法对其滋味品质进行评价。 结果表明,酸味是发酵酸粥的主要滋味特性。 通过马氏距离聚类分析发现复配组与乳酸菌组发酵酸粥聚 为一类,进一步利用多元方差分析发现,两组发酵酸粥滋味品质差异不显著（P＞0.05）,毕赤酵母对酸粥滋味品质形成无积极影响。     

cp4-epsps基因在毕赤酵母中的表达及鉴定

为建立一种新的外源蛋白安全评估方法,构建转外源基因酵母是关键步骤。本研究以来源于转基因作物的抗除草剂合成酶蛋白CP4-EPSPS为研究模板,首先通过基因优化和化学合成获得cp4-epsps基因,优化后基因密码子适用性指数(CAI)为0.85,GC含量为52%。目的基因克隆至毕赤酵母表达载体p PICZb,经鉴定筛选正确的重组载体p PICZb-EPSPS电击转化至毕赤酵母GS115,cp4-epsps基因通过同源重组方式整合至酵母基因组,PCR扩增酵母基因组筛选得到在正确位点发生同源重组的4株阳性菌株。随后,各阳性菌株分别于28℃、250~300 r/min培养,0.5%甲醇诱导4 d后,提取各组菌株总蛋白,采用SDS-PAGE和western blotting鉴定CP4-EPSPS表达的正确性。CP4-EPSPS单克隆抗体及载体标签C-MYC单克隆抗体的western blotting结果一致显示cp4-epsps基因在毕赤酵母GS115中成功获得表达,大小约50 ku。本实验成功构建了转cp4-epsps基因的毕赤酵母基因工程菌,为下一步开展转基因作物CP4-EPSPS成份的安全评价奠定基础。     

毕赤酵母发酵表达金属硫蛋白的制备及活性

以Cu Cl2诱导的巴斯德毕赤酵母发酵液为原料,比较高温沉降和等电点沉淀法对发酵液中杂蛋白去除效果,进而通过超滤膜分离、DEAD-FF琼脂糖凝胶层析及EDTA螯合脱除Cu2+,纯化制备MT,并评价其对自由基的清除活性。结果发现,相比于等电点沉淀法,采用80℃保温10 min,再以8000 r/min离心20 min的高温沉淀法,对发酵液中杂蛋白去除及MT保持效果较佳;发酵液再经50 ku平板膜超滤浓缩、DEAE-FF离子交换层析,有效保留了发酵液中MT并去除杂蛋白;采用EDTA螯合去除MT中结合的Cu2+,其脱除率达61.90%;纯化制备MT对Pb2+、Cr6+、Cd2+和Cu2+表现出一定再吸附能力,并具有较好的OH·,O2-·和DPPH自由基清除活性。研究结果可为酵母源MT的分离提取以及进一步活性开发与应用,提供一定的参考与基础。     

内切葡聚糖酶与木聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中的共分泌表达

为实现内切葡聚糖酶和木聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中的共分泌表达,进而降低酶制剂的生产成本,构建含木聚糖酶基因的重组表达载体pPICZαA-Aoxyn11A,经SacI线性化后,电转化至含内切葡聚糖酶基因Aucel12A的重组毕赤酵母GSC7中,获得双重重组毕赤酵母GSCX8。经甲醇诱导表达后,GSCX8发酵上清液中内切葡聚糖酶和木聚糖酶的活性分别为47.77IU/mL和192.71IU/mL,为单独表达菌株GSC7和GSX5的85%和80%。酶学性质分析显示,内切葡聚糖酶的最适pH为4.0,在pH3.0~8.5稳定;最适温度为50℃,在60℃以下稳定。木聚糖酶的最适pH为5.5,在pH3.0~10.0稳定;最适温度为55℃,在50℃以下稳定。GSCX8遗传稳定性测试结果表明,内切葡聚糖酶和木聚糖酶在毕赤酵母中实现了稳定的共表达。