A new method for characterizing axis of rotation radial error motion: Part 1. Two-dimensional radial error motion theory

In the current standards of spindle metrology, the fundamental component of radial probe measurement is considered radial throw (eccentricity) of the installed test artifact and the fundamental radial error motion is treated as non-existent. The goals of this paper are: (1) to make evident the fact that fundamental radial error motion can actually exist; (2) to present a new two-dimensional (2D) method to analyze spindle radial error motion measurement; (3) to discuss the limitations of current spindle motion analysis methods. In the 2D framework, the radial error motion is an application-independent geometric property and thus separate from the consequence of radial error motion in spindle applications. The 2D method can not only determine the axis of rotation radial error motion, but also the consequence of error motion in all classes of spindle applications, including a new class of spindle applications with two radial sensitive directions. In comparison, the radial error motion values specified in current standards give the consequence of radial error motion in two classes of spindle applications, but do not represent radial error motion itself. The new method is presented in two parts. Part 1 focuses on the theory and illustration of the 2D method. Part 2 presents the experimental results of a ball bearing spindle and an aerostatic bearing spindle.     

A new method for characterizing axis of rotation radial error motion: Part 2. Experimental results

In the current standards of spindle metrology, the fundamental component of radial probe measurement is considered radial throw (eccentricity) of the installed test artifact and the fundamental radial error motion is treated. The goals of this paper are: (1) to make evident the fact that fundamental radial error motion can actually exist; (2) to present a new two-dimensional (2D) method to analyze spindle radial error motion measurement; (3) to discuss the limitations of current spindle motion analysis methods. In the 2D framework, the radial error motion is an application-independent geometric property and thus separate from the consequence of radial error motion in spindle applications. The 2D method can not only determine the axis of rotation radial error motion, but also the consequence of error motion in all classes of spindle applications, including a new class of spindle applications with two radial sensitive directions. In comparison, the radial error motion values specified in current standards give the consequence of radial error motion in two classes of spindle applications, but do not represent radial error motion itself. The new method is presented in two parts. Part 1 focuses on the theory and illustration of the 2D method. Part 2 presents the experimental results of a ball bearing spindle and an aerostatic bearing spindle.     

Geometrical error compensation of machines with significant random errors

In this paper, we present a new statistical approach towards soft geometrical error compensation of machines with significant errors. The approach, based on an analysis of the probability of the random error recurring, can reduce the adverse influence of random errors on the compensation of systematic errors. The proposed methodology is made up of three steps. First, error classes are defined from the error bands obtained from calibration. Second, the probability of the magnitude of random error belonging to each of these classes is computed based on the density of the data set within the class. Based on these probabilities, the most probable systematic part of the error measurement can be statistically deduced. Finally, the geometrical error compensation is carried out based on this value. Experimental results are provided for the linear error compensation of a single-axis piezo-ceramic motion system.     

激光自准直测角中零位畸变模型及仿真

基于透视投影变换和空间解析几何理论,提出了一种新的激光自准直测角模型建立方法,通过对像点的椭圆轨迹中心与系统基准零位的分析,建立了基准零位畸变误差模型,并进行了仿真研究,获得了该误差的变化规律,为激光自准直测角系统标定、基准零位的确定等问题的有效解决提供了一个有效的理论依据,具有一定的理论意义和工程实际应用价值。     

全系统动态测量精度理论的基本问题

动态测量已成为现代测量技术发展的主流趋势,但对动态测量系统的描述和评价仍沿用传统的静态测量理论,本文提出全系统动态测量精度理论新概念,并论述了传递链函数和全系统动态测量误差等基本问题,为深入研究这种新颖理论建立了必要基础     

测试转台轴线不正交对测量精度影响的分析

论述了由于测试转台横轴与竖轴不正交,光电测角装置在测试转台上作测试试验,产生测量参数的误差。提出误差推导的一种新方法,利用向量旋转及坐标系变换理论推导出误差公式。通过对光电平台的检测,测得不同正交度情况下的测量参数误差。实验结果是不正交度在β≤5′时,方位角最大误差为-5″;俯仰角最大误差为-13.2″,均符合精度要求。     

大管径超声波测流误差的影响因素及修正分析

流量测量是影响水轮机效率测试精度最主要的因素。大管径流量测量的方法主要采用超声波法,然而,其测量精度及误差构成尚无有效的校验方法。结合时差法超声波流量计的测流原理,推导得到流量综合误差,建立测流误差描述模型。提出一种基于流量测量理想系统来进行误差分析的量化方法,为超声波测流系统的误差分析与控制提供一种新的途径。通过测流理想系统对超声波测流精度的影响因素进行仿真研究,分析了各项参数测量误差对系统综合误差的影响,针对影响较大的主导因素提出了相关修正方法,并对系统综合误差的控制进行了分析。最后搭建实验系统进行研究,实验结果初步验证了该方法的有效性。     

防雷接地电阻测试仪的电极布置分析

以4102型防雷接地电阻测试仪为例,通过对其测量误差的原理分析得知：电压电极P和电流电极C与主电极E的相对距离d12、d13以及d13与地网最大尺寸D的合理对应关系是影响测量误差的主要因素;又根据恒定电场理论计算得出为使得测量误差为零时d12与d13的对应关系,再根据电位降法测量原理推导出测量误差的数学表达式,进而通过绘制测量误差δ随d13/D值变化的曲线图,最后得出测量误差在允许范围之内时的d13与地网最大尺寸D的合理对应关系,提供了减少4102防雷接地电阻测试仪测量误差的思路和方法.     

基于误选用380V直接接入式三相三线电能表的误差及更正系数分析

380V三相四线系统存在用三相三线电能表的情况,由于误选型导致计量附加误差。文章主要从理论公式推导,结合电压电流相量图,分析包括各种单相负荷、两相负荷、三相负荷情况的误差,从误差数值得出相应的各种工况的电能计量更正系数。     

基于激光三角法的圆度误差在线检测技术研究

提出了一种基于激光三角测距原理的圆度误差在线检测新方法。论述了检测系统的构成、测量原理和测量方法,讨论了主轴回转误差的分离,最后在普通车床上进行了实验验证,并用三坐标测量机作了对比测量,结果表明,两种测量方法的标准差均为0.75μm,两者间相对误差平均为4%。     

基于误差传播理论的PnP问题姿态精度分析

提出了一种在辨识一组典型特征点误差关系的基础上,建立间接测量值与直接测量值之间的最有利函数关系,并根据误差传播理论综合其他特征点的误差影响,最终获得完整的方位、俯仰和倾斜角误差数学模型的PnP问题误差分步分析新方法。以P4P问题研究为例,推导得到了单目视觉测量中相关参数和变量的误差函数解析式,揭示了影响姿态测量精度的误差规律。经P4P姿态解算仿真,验证了误差数学模型的正确性,以及基于误差传播理论的误差分步方法的有效性。分析误差数学模型可以看出:在单目视觉测量参数确定的条件下,方位角测量误差与方位角值无关,与相机高度和合作标志尺寸的比值成正比,在较大范围内俯仰和倾斜角变化对方位角测量误差影响小;俯仰/倾斜角的测量误差与俯仰/倾斜角值有关,与相机高度和合作标志尺寸比值的平方成正比;方位角测量误差小于俯仰/倾斜角测量误差。给出的分析方法和误差解析数学模型对单目视觉测量系统设计有指导作用。     

KINEMATICS AND ERROR ANALYSIS FOR MULTIBODY SYSTEM

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High-accuracy roundness measurement by a new error separation method

This paper presents a new error separation method for accurate roundness measurement called the orthogonal mixed method. This method uses the information of one displacement probe and one angle probe to separate roundness error from spindle error. This method was developed from the mixed method, which uses the information of two displacement probes and one angle probe to carry out the error separation. In the present paper, the relationship between the characteristics of the mixed method and the probe arrangement is analyzed. Well-balanced harmonic response of the mixed method is verified to be obtainable for the case where the angular distance between the displacement probe and the angle probe is set at 90°. This orthogonal mixed method also had the simplest probe arrangement, because it requires only one displacement probe and one angle probe to realize the error separation. Optical probes were used to construct an experimental measurement system that employs the orthogonal mixed method. The displacement probe and the angle probe both use the principle of the critical angle method of total reflection, and they have stabilities of 1 nm and 0.01 in., respectively. The measurement results show that roundness measurement can be performed with a repeatability on the order of several nanometers.     

亚微米数控车床误差补偿技术研究

在分析亚微米超精密数控车床样机误差源的基础上,采用在线测量和离线测量相结合的方法辨识误差补偿量,建立了误差补偿控制系统,实验结果表明所用的误差补偿策略是相当有效的。     

转台-摆头式五轴机床几何误差测量及辨识

为降低转动轴几何误差对转台-摆头式五轴机床精度的影响,提出了基于球杆仪的位置无关几何误差测量和辨识方法。基于多体系统理论及齐次坐标变换方法建立了转台-摆头式五轴机床位置无关几何误差模型,依据旋转轴不同运动状态下的几何误差影响因素建立基于圆轨迹的四种测量模式,并实现10项位置无关几何误差的辨识。利用所建立的几何误差模型进行数值模拟,确定转动轴的10项位置无关几何误差对测量轨迹的影响。最后,采用误差补偿的形式实验验证所提出的测量及辨识方法的有效性,将位置无关几何误差补偿前后的测量轨迹进行比较。误差补偿后10项位置无关几何误差的平均补偿率为70.4%,最大补偿率达到88.4%,实验结果表明所提出的建模和辨识方法可用于转台-摆头式五轴机床转动轴精度检测,同时可为机床精度评价及几何精度提升提供依据。     

剔除离群值的学生化残差新方法

在计量测试领域中，离群值就是含粗差即粗大误差或过失误差的测量值。首先研究了学生化残差及其绝对值的基本概念、性质及其分布函数，提出了剔除离群值的学生化残差新方法，该方法不需要区分离群值在上侧或下侧的情况，因此所得到的判断条件更加方便。采用蒙特卡洛模拟法求出了测量次数小于50时，各分布函数、均值及其标准差的具体数值。最后得到了剔除离群值的学生化残差绝对值法的临界值表，并通过测量实例验证了理论分析的正确性，与现有的判别方法进行比较，结果表明该方法可以迅速、可靠地剔除测量数据列的离群值。     

一种测量双导轨位置度误差的新方法

介绍了一种新的位置度误差测量方法,该方法利用激光器、PSD、LVDT、倾角传感器、数据采集卡以及计算机组成的测量系统,能够对平行双导轨的位置度进行有效的测量。     

阿贝原则再认识

为探究阿贝原则在现代超精密制造和测量中的适应性,回顾了古典阿贝原则及其扩展,剖析了要素布局产生的一次误差,研究了二维长度测量中的阿贝原则。通过分析测量系统的标准量、被测量、瞄准点、读数点、导向面5个要素的不同布局产生的误差,发现当标准量和被测量按经典阿贝原则要求处于同一条直线上,而其余要素不在这条直线上时,也会产生一次误差。提出了瞄准共线、读数共线、导向共线以及阿贝臂误差、瞄准臂误差、读数臂误差、导向臂误差和阿贝综合误差等概念。揭示了阿贝原则的隐含条件,重新表述了阿贝原则。讨论了上下堆叠式和共平面式二维结构的阿贝原则适应性,提出了一种提升工具显微镜精度的简明方案,介绍了一种减小阿贝误差的共平面二维精密工作台。对阿贝原则的再认识,可更新设计理念,用于研制超精密仪器和机械,也可用于经典量仪的精度再提升。     

用电涡流传感器测量轮辋尺寸的方法及误差分析

通过应用电涡流传感器扫描测量轮辋尺寸的试验 ,及时对不同的测量区段进行标定 ,确定各个测量区段的标定函数 ,测量轮辋尺寸 ,最后进行了测量误差分析     

机床加工误差补偿信号的实时测量系统

机床加工误差补偿是提高加工精度的重要途径.正确测量机床主轴误差运动是实现加工误差补偿的前提.然而,这一测试问题一直未得到很好解决.本文提出的用差动传感器直接相对主轴表面测量的系统比较简单,容易实现,且为实时测量.该方法已用于车削加工误差实时补偿系统之中,取得了较好的效果.