金刚石砂轮表面形貌测量系统

为了实现对金刚石砂轮表面形貌的非接触精密测量,开发了基于干涉原理的金刚石砂轮表面形貌专用测量系统,研究了该系统的测量原理和关键技术。根据垂直扫描白光干涉显微测量原理以及被测对象的特征,提出了适用于砂轮测量的方法,研究了系统的自动扫描范围、垂直方向的扫描方法、单次测量三维表面的恢复算法和磨粒的识别算法。结合自行设计的夹具搭建了砂轮测量系统,并对多次测量拼接算法进行了实验分析。实验结果表明:基于区域重合大小(重合度为30%~50%)的拼接算法获得的拼接前后重合区域的相关系数均大于0.8,拼接后重合区域的高度差均小于0.4μm。得到的结果显示所搭建的系统可以恢复砂轮的形貌,其测量范围和精度满足砂轮磨粒评定和分析的要求。     

The application of 3D-motif analysis to characterize diamond grinding wheel topography

The extraction of protruding diamond grains feature from the measured data of grinding wheels is the key to assessing their surface texture and predicting their functional performance. The 3D-motif analysis was utilized to identify the significant features. Based on 6-neighbourhood and wolf pruning, the tiny and insignificant motifs were eliminated and the surface of grinding wheel was segmented into large significant motifs. Four surface samples of #600 diamond grinding wheel were measured by using Alicona Infinite Focus Measuring Instrument and analyzed based on 3D-motif method. As the results shown, the 3D-motif analysis provided an effective method to segment the measured surface into significant features. The experiments also indicated that wolf pruning at 5% produced a proper count of the protruding grains extracted from grinding wheel surface.     

Modeling and simulation of grinding surface topography considering wheel vibration

Grinding is an important means of realizing precision and ultra-precision machining. Vibration caused by an unbalanced grinding wheel in grinding process has a significant impact on the quality of workpiece surface. However, the effect of wheel surface topography and/or the relative vibration between grinding wheel and workpiece are not considered in most researches. Taking the relative vibration between grinding wheel and workpiece into account, alongside the abrasive grain trajectory equation, a new analysis and simulation model for surface topography of the grinding process is established. The model for the topography of the grinding wheel surface is first studied, and subsequently, a new simulation model for surface topography of the grinding process is proposed. Case studies are performed at the end, and the influence of grinding wheel vibration amplitude, wheel grit number, as well as grinding parameters on the surface waviness and roughness is discussed. The simulation results could be used to optimize the actual grinding process to improve the ground surface quality or predict the surface topography by given grinding parameters.     

Ultra-precision grinding of optical glasses using mono-layer nickel electroplated coarse-grained diamond wheels. Part 2: Investigation of profile and surface grinding

After finishing the precision conditioning of mono-layer nickel electroplated coarse-grained diamond wheels with 151 μm (D151), 91 μm (D91) and 46 μm (D46) grain size, resp., profile and surface grinding experiments were carried out on a five-axis ultra-precision grinding machine with BK7, SF6 optical glasses and Zerodur glass ceramic. A piezoelectric dynamometer was used to measure the grinding forces, while an atomic force microscopy (AFM), white-light interferometer (WLI)) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the ground surface quality in terms of micro-topography and subsurface damage. Moreover, the wear mechanics of the coarse-grained diamond wheels were analyzed and the grinding ratio was determined as well, in aiming to evaluate the grinding performance with the conditioned coarse-grained diamond wheels. Finally, the grinding results were compared with that of the fine-grained diamond wheels with regard to the ground specimen surface quality, process forces and wheel wear as a function of stock removal. The experimental results show that the precision conditioned coarse-grained diamond wheels can be applied in ductile mode grinding of optical glasses with high material removal rates, low wheel wear rates and no dressing requirement yielding excellent surface finishes with surface roughness in the nanometer range and subsurface damage in the micrometer range, demonstrating the feasibility and applicability of the newly developed diamond grinding technique for optical glasses.     

系统误差对铝轮毂检测精度的影响分析

智能铝合金轮毂精密检测机是一种全自动化高档轿车铝合金轮毂高精密检测设备,设计检测精度远高于其关键部件的制造精度,采用适当的误差分离与补偿是保证良好性能价格比的重要措施.并且详细分析了铝轮毂装夹定位误差、测头移动定位误差,以及测量基准轴径向晃动和轴向窜动等系统误差对检测精度的影响,为采取相应的误差分离和补偿措施提供了理论依据,对保障检测精度具有重要意义.     

Effects of dressed wheel topography on patterned surface textures and grinding force

The camshaft is a crucial component of an engine’s valve train. This paper devotes to the experimental studies of the performance of laser surface textured (LST) camshaft. The first part experiment was carried out on the block-on-ring tester to investigate the tribological behaviors of textured surface in line contact. The area density of the textured dimples was in the range 3–40% with depths 5–24 μm and diameter 70 μm. The friction coefficient and wear tracks were analyzed to confirm the optimum textured patterns. After that, the local LST cams (textured on the lifting region) were further tested in a single-cylinder diesel. It was found that after 300 h durability test at the rated speed and load, the total lifting loss of cams decreased nearly 34.4% in maximum. In addition, the performance of the engine was not affected evidently. The enhanced lubricity and local hardening were two mechanisms for highly promoting the anti-wear property of the LST cams.     

螺纹磨床CNC砂轮修整器设计与修型方法研究

CNC砂轮修型的初始修型是砂轮修整的关键,本文以SK7450螺纹磨床CNC砂轮修整器为例,分析并介绍一种新的砂轮修型方法。该方法操作简便,适应面广。     

Kinematic simulation of the uncut chip thickness and surface finish using a reduced set of 3D grinding wheel measurements

This paper combined experimentally-measured grinding wheel topography data taken around the entire circumference of the grinding wheel with a kinematic simulation of the grinding process. Several new methods were developed in order to create the resulting high-fidelity and computationally-efficient simulation. First a novel peak-removal technique was developed and applied to effectively remove erroneous peaks in the raw wheel topography data. Next a method was found to determine only the active cutting points on the wheel model by considering the kinematics of the grinding process. This new approach was able to reduce the simulation time from over twelve hours to about four seconds without losing any information about the cutting edge–workpiece interaction. The resulting predicted workpiece surface was then experimentally validated by carrying out a grinding experiment using the same grinding wheel used to develop the grinding wheel computer model and then measuring the resulting workpiece surface profile. Good agreement between simulated and experimental workpiece profiles was observed. Finally, the validated simulator was used to develop a kinematically-exact method to calculate the maximum uncut chip thickness and the simulation results were investigated for different depths of cut, wheel speeds and workpiece feeds.     

Evaluation of wheel life by grinding ratio and static force

A degree of sharpness in wheel grains affects the surface roughness and dimensional accuracy in the grinding process. If a wheel with dull grains is used, the grinding force is increased and the surface roughness is deteriorated. In ovder to produce a precision component economically, the magnitude of the wear amount in the grinding wheel has to be limited. In this study, experimental evaluation of a wheel life varying with the grinding ratio and static grinding force was conducted. The grinding ratio and grinding force were measured to seek the grinding performance of the WA wheel. The relationship between the grinding ratio and static grinding force was presented.     

Experimental study on fabrication and evaluation of micro pyramid-structured silicon surface using a V-tip of diamond grinding wheel

A mechanical fabrication of micro pyramid-structured silicon surface is proposed using crossed grooving with a 60° V-tip of diamond grinding wheel. It can obtain high form-accuracy, good surface quality and efficient productivity in contrast to laser machining and etching, and also assure a high aspect ratio in contrast to other mechanical processes. In order to describe its micro-structured topography, a white-light interferometer was employed, and its measured point cloud was matched using an Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm. In micro grinding, a novel CNC mutual-wear truing was first developed to sharpen the wheel V-tip; then, the effects of microscopic wheel topography, silicon crystal-orientation and grinding parameter were investigated on ground micro-topography, truing ratio and material removal ratio; finally, its form-accuracy, pyramid top radius, groove tip radius, surface roughness and aspect ratio were evaluated. It is shown that better microscopic grain protrusion topography on wheel V-tip produces much larger material removal ratio and much better micro-structured topography in micro grinding, but it leads to much less truing ratio in finer GC truing. In micro grinding, silicon crystal-orientation has little effect on micro-structured topography due to diamond crystal-orientations that are randomly distributed on wheel V-tip. Although the micro pyramid-structured form error is only about 3.4 μm, its V-groove bottom and pyramidal top have very large form errors (23.1-47.9 μm) due to the sharpness of wheel V-tip and the frangibility of micro pyramid top. On increasing feed speed, its pyramid top radius decreases and its groove tip radius slightly increases, ultimately leading to an increase in aspect ratio, whereas its surface quality descends. It is concluded that the micro-pyramid arrays may be precisely patterned on silicon surface using a SD600 wheel with crossed tool paths, on-machine V-tip truing and the depth of cut in 1 μm.     

Reduced models of grinding wheel topography and material removal to simulate dynamical aspects in grinding

Increasing competition and short product life cycles make it necessary to optimize and evaluate the outcome of manufacturing processes. In tool grinding, models for the final workpiece geometry and cutting forces are of particular interest. To establish a valid general grinding model, we investigated the cutting process and the influence of local grinding wheel engagements on the material removal. We consequently developed models of material removal and grinding wheel topography, which capture the main correlations in grinding. In combination, temporal cutting forces and final workpiece geometry are predictable and are in excellent agreement with experimental data. The introduced models are valid for grinding in general, since they are solely based on the geometry and process parameters, and hence are applicable for manufacturing process optimization.     

Effects of micromilled NiP mold surface topography on the optical characteristics of injection molded prismatic retroreflectors

Automotive lighting applications require mold micro-features with increasingly better surface finishing, especially for optical lenses and retroreflectors. In this work innovative micromilling experiments were conducted on electroless-plated nickel phosphorous (NiP) surfaces to fabricate a mold for prismatic retroreflectors. Cutting parameters effects on surface topography of mold micro-features were experimentally characterized and optimized, monitoring moreover the cutting forces generated by NiP micromilling. Furthermore, the mold surface topography was replicated on polycarbonate injection molded retroreflectors and its effects on their optical performance was characterized by means of a dedicated spectrophotometric technique. The obtained results show that micromilling of electroless-plated NiP can substitute polishing in the fabrication of high surface finish mold micro-features.     

在轨光学相机探测图像数字仿真系统设计与实现

根据在轨光学相机测量原理与工作环境,建立了空间目标相对运动学与反射光学特征模型、相机成像模型以及背景恒星成像模型;分析了相机测量噪声及相机探测灵敏度并在仿真中考虑了对干扰因素成像质量的影响,完成了现有星表中背景恒星的视星等根据相机的探测波段范围进行了仪器星等的等效计算,以提高仿真图像的逼真度;根据相机工作原理设计了仿真流程,应用Visual C++与Open GL技术完成了仿真软件的实现。     

Evaluation of the uncertainty of an optical machine with a vision system for contact-less three-dimensional measurement

Optical machines with a vision system containing a video camera are designed to perform contact-less three-dimensional measurements. They are becoming more widely used in the industrial sector because of the many possibilities for automation they permit and because of the speed and economies in measurement tasks that can consequently be obtained. Within dimensional control these machines introduce significant characteristics of flexibility, savings and reliability. Therefore the purpose is to identify the principal metrological characteristics of such machines and so characterise the metrological traceability of the measurements obtained from them. The aim is to qualify each part of the optical machine as well as on the whole. Previously, no metrological traceability of this equipment has been provided in primary metrology, either at national (SIT—Sistema di Taratura in Italia—Calibration System in Italy) or at international level (EA–European co-operation for Accreditation). For this reason we develop a mathematical model that permits the evaluation of the measurement uncertainties in the use of such a device. The purpose is to obtain the certification of the measurement results furnished by the optical machine in as broad a context as possible. The experimental results of the tests are introduced for validating the proposed method. This paper provides the basis of the expression of the uncertainty of a measurement result obtained using the optical measurement machines and it shows the necessary requirements for the numerical evaluation of such uncertainty.     

汽车轮毂在线识别系统的研究

主要研究了一种机器视觉系统,这种系统能够识别不同款式,不同尺寸的多种汽车轮毂.其识别的基本步骤有:图像获取,图像预处理,特征提取和识别分类.该识别方法可以实现多种轮毂在传送带上随机混流的状态下的自动识别分类,有效识别正确率在99%以上.     

Design of an optical probe for testing surface roughness and micro-displacement

This paper presents a practical monitoring tool for measurements of surface roughness and micro-displacement. An optical probe of the methods based on light scattering for measuring surface roughness and optical triangulation for measuring micro-displacement is described. The proposed technique allows evaluation of surface roughness and micro-displacement of specimen by using just one device. The theoretical models of surface roughness and micro-displacement measurements have been established for the probe. The measuring principles applied in the design are described in detail and the validity of the design is demonstrated by experimental evaluations. The experimental results show that, for specimens with surface roughnesses R_a in the range from 0.005μm to 0.1 μm, micro-displacement measurements in the linear range of ± 300μm can be obtained.     

Design,development, and calibration of a force-moment measurement system for wheel–rail contact mechanics in roller rigs

A force measurement system, referred to as “dynamometer”, for accurately acquiring the contact forces and moment in a single-wheel roller rig using piezo-electric load cells is designed and developed. Accurate determination of the wheel–rail contact forces and moments is an essential requirement for studying the wheel–rail contact mechanics. The dynamometer is placed in the load-path between the wheel–rail interface and the ground, enabling it to measure the forces and moments at the interface. A series of tests are performed to determine the quasi-static and dynamic characteristics of the dynamometer. Additionally, finite element analysis and multi-body dynamic modeling are used to establish flexural modes and dynamic interface between the components. The simulation and test results indicate that the dynamometer is able to accurately and reliably measure the contact forces and moments at the wheel–rail interface.     

基于视觉的汽车轮毂打磨实训系统设计

随着智能制造技术的飞速发展,企业转型升级加速,对技术技能型人才的需求与日俱增。该文设计汽车轮毂智能化打磨加工工艺的实训系统,通过Profinet工业以太网通信,结合PLC实现对系统的逻辑控制,通过机器视觉对轮毂表面检测,将需要打磨的区域反馈给工业机器人实现自动打磨,提高轮毂打磨的精度和效率,改善加工工艺。该实训系统能满足对学生进行PLC与工业机器人现场编程、机器视觉的基础应用以及制造加工工艺的知识与技能的训练,提高学生综合技能与素养。     

金刚石滚轮修整器的设计及磨削方式

金刚石滚轮是新兴的砂轮修整工具,可以修整出各种复杂形面。介绍金刚石滚轮修整器的设计原理及磨削方式。     

Theoretical model of brittle material removal fraction related to surface roughness and subsurface damage depth of optical glass during precision grinding

Brittle material removal fraction (BRF) is defined as the area fraction of brittle material removed on machined surface. In the present study, a novel theoretical model of BRF was proposed based on indentation profile caused by intersecting of lateral cracks. The proposed model is related to surface roughness and the subsurface damage (SSD) depth of optical glass during precision grinding. To investigate the indentation profile, indentation tests of K9 optical glass were conducted using single random-shape diamond grains. The experimental results indicate that the indentation profile is an exponent function. To verify the proposed BRF model, BRF, surface roughness and SSD depth of K9 optical glasses were investigated by a series of grinding experiments with different cutting depths. The experimental results show that BRF is dependent on surface roughness and SSD depth. The relationship between BRF, surface roughness and SSD depth is in good accordance with the proposed theoretical model. The proposed BRF model is a reasonable approach for estimating surface roughness and SSD depth during precision grinding of optical glass.