Experimental validation of non-contacting measurement method using LED-optical displacement sensors for vibration stress of small-bore piping

There have been many reports of fatigue failures of small-bore piping systems such as drain piping, vent piping and instrumentation piping in nuclear power plants that arise from vibration sources such as pumps. To prevent the failures, integrity evaluation of piping is conducted by measuring and analyzing vibration stress in the piping. But, a more efficient and economical measurement method is desirable to evaluate the vibration fatigue in small-bore piping. In this study, a non-contacting measurement method was proposed that is based on optical displacement sensors using light emission diodes (LEDs) to measure the vibration stress. The applicability of the method was discussed based on the vibration experiments using pipe elements and a mock-up piping system. From the experimental results, the proposed method was clarified to be sufficiently applicable and practically useful for the vibration measurement and stress evaluation in small-bore piping systems.     

Experimental study on a noncontact method using laser displacement sensors to measure vibration stress in piping systems

This study presents a noncontact measurement method of vibration induced stress (vibration stress) using multiple laser displacement sensors and clarifies its applicability to piping vibration. In the beam structures such as piping, the stress due to bending deformation can be caused by vibration. In the presented method, the vibration displacement in the beam structures induced by the bending deformation is measured at three different locations using laser displacement sensors in a noncontact manner and the vibration stress is estimated by a simple calculation based on the beam theory. First, an applicability validation of the presented method was done by a vibration test using a cantilevered beam plate. This validation was done by comparing measurements by the presented method and the conventional method using strain gauges. Next, an experimental validation was conducted by the vibration test using a pipe specimen, and the applicability to the piping vibration was confirmed.     

A vibration analysis method based on hybrid techniques and its application to rotating machinery

Vibration-based condition monitoring and fault diagnosis technique is a most effective approach to maintain the safe and reliable operation of rotating machinery. Unfortunately, the vibration signal always exhibits non-linear and non-stationary characteristics, which makes vibration signal analysis and fault feature extraction very difficult. To extract the significant fault features, a vibration analysis method based on hybrid techniques is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the raw signals are decomposed into a few product functions (PFs) using local mean decomposition (LMD), and meanwhile instantaneous frequency and instantaneous amplitude also are obtained. Subsequently, Fourier transform is performed on the derived PFs, and then, according to the spectra features, the useful PFs are selected to reconstruct the purified vibration signals. Lastly, several different fault features are fused to illustrate the operating state of the machinery. The experimental results show that the proposed method can accurately extract machine fault features, which proves that the combined application of LMD and other signal processing techniques is a successful scheme for the machine vibration analysis.     

DSC-element method for free vibration analysis of rectangular Mindlin plates

A novel DSC-element method is proposed to investigate the free vibration of moderately thick plates based on the well-known Mindlin first-order shear deformation plate theory. The development of the present approach not only employs the concept of finite element method, but also implements the discrete singular convolution (DSC) delta type wavelet kernel for the transverse vibration analysis. This numerical algorithm is allowed dividing the domain of Mindlin plates into a number of small discrete rectangular elements. As compared with the global numerical techniques i.e. the DSC-Ritz method, the flexibility is increased to treat complex boundary constraints. For validation, a series of numerical experiments for different meshes of Mindlin plates with assorted combinations of edge supports, plate thickness and aspect ratios is carried out. The established natural frequencies are directly compared and discussed with those reported by using the finite element and other numerical and analytical methods from the open literature.     

基于有限元的摩托车振动分析与控制

振动是影响汽车、摩托车等车辆乘坐舒适性和可靠性的重要因素,运用有限元分析和实验模态分析方法对车辆的 振动进行分析,可以将振动问题在设计阶段解决,以缩短产品开发周期,节约开发成本。以摩托车为对象,建立了摩托车 的有限元模型,对模型进行理论模态分析和谐响应分析,并用实验分析对比验证理论模型,通过分析找到摩托车振动的 原因和控制振动的有效方法。     

An examination of the handheld adapter approach for measuring hand-transmitted vibration exposure

The use of a handheld adapter equipped with a tri-axial accelerometer is the most convenient and efficient approach for measuring vibration exposure at the hand-tool interface, especially when the adapter is incorporated into a miniature handheld or wrist-strapped dosimeter. To help optimize the adapter approach, the specific aims of this study are to identify and understand the major sources and mechanisms of measurement errors and uncertainties associated with using these adapters, and to explore their improvements. Five representative adapter models were selected and used in the experiment. Five human subjects served as operators in the experiment on a hand-arm vibration test system. The results of this study confirm that many of the handheld adapters can produce substantial overestimations of vibration exposure, and measurement errors can significantly vary with tool, adapter model, mounting position, mounting orientation, and subject. Major problems with this approach include unavoidable influence of the hand dynamic motion on the adapter, unstable attachment, insufficient attachment contact force, and inappropriate adapter structure. However, the results of this study also suggest that measurement errors can be substantially reduced if the design and use of an adapter can be systematically optimized toward minimizing the combined effects of the identified factors. Some potential methods for improving the design and use of the adapters are also proposed and discussed.     

光学拼接镜面微位移主动调节机构的设计和实测

设计和制造了一套微位移主动调节机构和支撑系统,用以实现拼接镜面天文光学望远镜的每块平面子镜精密地调节倾斜和轴向平移,并在典型的仰角工况下对该机构进行了实测。设计技术要求子镜主动调节行程须达±1 mm,同时分辨率须达50 nm以下。选用了工作行程为6 mm和分辨率为50 nm的位移促动器,并引入杠杆机构提高位移分辨率和抑制误差;采用平衡配重和预拉弹簧机构使工作中位移促动器上保持恒定负载,以保护位移促动器和保证其输出位移精度。依据拼接镜面的工作原理,建立了子镜微位移调节系统性能测试的数学模型,并在实验室内采用分辨率为5 nm的位移传感器进行了实测。结果表明其位移分辨率可达12 nm,线性良好,与理论值相对误差为5.6%,验证了该机构设计的合理性和在不同工作位置良好的灵敏度。     

低压压气机转子叶片振动特性计算与分析

利用优化的八节点超参数单元法对某型发动机低压压气机转子叶片的振动特性进行了计算分析,并结合转子结构和发动机工作状态深入分析了可能发生的危险共振情况,发现第二级转子叶片抗振性能不好,为转子叶片的在线监测与故障预报提供了重要依据。     

Sensitivity analysis of anti-resonance frequency for vibration test control of a fixture

The test specimen in environmental vibration test is connected to the fixture through several attachment points. The forces generated by the shaker must be transmitted equally to all attachment points. The forces transmitted to attachment points, however, are different because of the flexural vibration of the fixture. The variations of the transmitted force cause the undertest, especially at anti-resonance frequencies, in vibration test control. Anti-resonance frequencies at the attachment points of the fixture must be same in order to avoid the under-test in vibration test control. The structural modification of the fixture is needed so that anti-resonance frequencies at attachment points have the same value. In this paper, the method to calculate the anti-resonance frequencies and those sensitivities is presented. This sensitivity analysis is applied to the structural modification of the fixture excited at multi-points by the shaker. The antiresonance frequencies at the attachment points of the fixture can have the same value after structural modification, and the under-test in the vibration test control can be removed. Several computer simulations show that the proposed method can remove the under-tests, which are not removed in conventional vibration test control.     

A new formulation for the torsional vibration analysis of rotating cantilever rods

This paper presents a new modeling method for the analysis of torsional vibration of rotating cantilever rods. The natural frequency and mode shape variations due to the rotational motion could be accurately estimated with the modeling method, and the coefficient for the well-known Southwell equation could be obtained, as well. This method has couple of advantages compared to previous conventional modeling methods. Different from the previous modeling methods, the equations of motion of the rotating cantilever rod were derived with consistent linearization in a rigorous way. An eigenvalue problem to obtain the coefficients of the Southwell equation of rotating rods were derived from the original eigenvalue problem.     

Friction-induced vibration for an aircraft brake system—Part 1: Experimental approach and stability analysis

Friction-induced vibrations are a major concern in a wide variety of mechanical systems. This is especially the case in aircraft braking systems where the problem of unstable vibrations in disk brakes has been studied by a number of researchers. Solving potential vibration problems requires experimental and theoretical approaches. A non-linear model for the analysis of mode aircraft brake whirl is presented and developed based on experimental observations. The non-linear contact between the rotors and the stators, and mechanisms between components of the brake system are considered.Stability is analyzed by determining the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix of the linearized system at the equilibrium point. Linear stability theory is applied in order to determine the effect of system parameters on stability.     

A reverse receptance approach for analysis of vibration of grooved plates

A reverse receptance approach is proposed to solve eigenvalues of a plate with two orthogonally connected through grooves, two parallel through grooves and two parallel internal grooves. The procedure is a modification of the well-known receptance method commonly used to study vibrations of combined structures. In the present paper, vibrations of rectangular plates with grooves in different sizes and boundary conditions are studied analytically to illustrate the approach. A through groove is simulated by a simply supported beam, while an internal groove is simulated by a free–free beam. The accuracy is evaluated by comparing the percent differences between the natural frequencies solved using the reverse receptance method and the standard finite element method.It is verified that the reverse receptance method with both force and moment connections at the interface of each plate–groove pair and with sufficient interaction points is adequate and accurate for solving vibration characteristics of a plate with either through or internal grooves. Parametric study reveals that the percent differences are directly proportional to the length, the width and the depth of the grooves on the plate. It is found that, for good accuracy, the groove width should not exceed 3.6% of the plate width, while the groove depth should not exceed half of the plate thickness. This report demonstrates the potential of reverse receptance concept in the engineering practice of machine design, as a simple numerical or analytical approach to study dynamics of structures with complex geometries.     

HSK刀柄不平衡引起振动信号的特征分析

介绍了不平衡振动的机理;分析了HSK刀柄产生不平衡的原因和振动信号的特征;阐述了信号预处理的方法;最后利用小波理论进行小波变换重构信号,更准确的提取了HSK刀柄的振动信号,为今后的科学研究和HSK综合测量系统的开发提供了很好的依据。     

Angular resampling for vibration analysis in wind turbines under non-linear speed fluctuation

This work presents the development of an angular resampling algorithm for applying in conditions of high speed variability, as occurs in wind turbines, and the results obtained when applied to simulated signals, bearings diagnostic test-beds and wind turbines. The results improve the accuracy of similar resampling algorithms offered by the consulted bibliography. This algorithm is part of the wind turbine diagnostic system developed by the authors.     

汽车变速器模态分析及振动噪声测试实验研究

在PRO/E环境下建立SG13 5汽车变速器的 3D实体模型 ,应用I DEAS对变速器箱体进行动力学有限元分析 ,获得动力学参数。设计实验方案 ,测试和分析了箱体不同部位的振动与噪声信号 ,为变速器的减振降噪优化设计奠定了基础。     

反射式光纤位移传感器在测量牙齿咀嚼过程中的应用

反射式光纤位移传感器具有对测量环境的要求低、适用于各种常规方法无法满足的特殊场合、测量范围大和测量精度高等优点.本文简述了该传感器的工作原理,针对牙齿咀嚼过程测量和在口腔中工作的特殊要求设计了专门的光纤头和反射面,建立了一套测量该过程的装置,对该测量系统进行了校准,对牙齿咀嚼过程进行了实时测量,得到了一组人体牙齿咀嚼状况下的实时位移的测量结果,在牙医界第一次实现了牙齿咀嚼过程的动态实时测量.文中讨论了口腔这一特殊的测量环境和一些影响测量精度的因素,在实测中摸索了一些减小误差的方法,最后对测量误差作了分析.     

复合式振动发电装置电磁发电性能仿真分析

针对微机电系统和无线传感器网络的迅速发展及其对清洁环保新型能源的需求,提出一种复合式振动发电装置,可实现电磁振动发电和压电振动发电。基于Ansoft有限元仿真软件,对复合式振动发电装置的电磁发电性能进行有限元仿真和结构优化。仿真结果显示,通过优化定子槽数和充磁方向,可以获得性能较优的电磁发电性能。     

Thermoelastic and vibration analysis of functionally graded cylindrical shells

The static response and free vibration of metal and ceramic functionally graded shells are analyzed using the element-free kp-Ritz method. The material properties are assumed to vary continuously along the depth direction. The displacement field is expressed in terms of a set of mesh-free kernel particle functions according to Sander's first-order shear deformation shell theory. The effects of the volume fraction, material property, boundary condition, and length-to-thickness ratio on the shell deflection, axial stress, and natural frequency are examined in detail. Convergence studies of node numbers are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Comparisons reveal that the numerical results obtained from the proposed method agree well with those from the classical and finite element methods.     

滚动轴承的振动特性分析及典型故障诊断

滚动轴承的固有振动、轴承加工安装引起的振动和在运行时故障引起的振动是它的三种主要振动类型,其振动的频谱结构因此有高频段、中频段和低频段三个部分.通过实验测试滚动轴承的振动特性,并采用功率谱和小波变换对振动信号进行分析,从而识别出滚动轴承的滚动体缺损、内滚道点蚀和外滚道点蚀三种典型故障.     

Detection of stator winding faults in induction machines using flux and vibration analysis

This work aims at presenting the detection and diagnosis of electrical faults in the stator winding of three-phase induction motors using magnetic flux and vibration analysis techniques. A relationship was established between the main electrical faults (inter-turn short circuits and unbalanced voltage supplies) and the signals of magnetic flux and vibration, in order to identify the characteristic frequencies of those faults. The experimental results showed the efficiency of the conjugation of these techniques for detection, diagnosis and monitoring tasks. The results were undoubtedly impressive and can be adapted and used in real predictive maintenance programs in industries.