Mg(OH)_2-Al(OH)_3-微胶囊红磷协同阻燃POE的研究

以氢氧化镁(MH)、氢氧化铝(ATH)为无卤阻燃剂,微胶囊红磷(MRP)为阻燃增效剂,通过共混挤出制备了一系列的阻燃聚烯烃弹性体(POE)复合材料。采用垂直燃烧、极限氧指数、热失重、傅里叶红外、微型量热分析等方法研究了其阻燃性能及阻燃机理。研究表明,同MH/POE和ATH/POE相比,MH/ATH/POE有较好的阻燃协效性,氧指数达到25.0%,残炭量达到31.7%,但垂直燃烧性能较差(测试无级别)。继续加入6份MRP后,体系的阻燃性能明显提高,其氧指数上升至27.5%,残炭量高达35.2%,垂直燃烧达到V-0级。表明MH/ATH和MRP对POE具有显著的协同阻燃作用。FTIR和TGA实验结果显示,MRP/MH/ATH/POE复合材料燃烧后生成了磷酸及其衍生物,增强了体系的成炭能力,促进了凝聚相阻燃效果,MRP阻燃机理主要表现为凝聚相阻燃。     

炼铁矿渣在聚氯乙烯阻燃消烟中的作用

以Sb_2O_3作为PVC的主要阻燃剂,制备了Sb_2O_3/PVC阻燃体系,在此基础上,引入炼铁矿渣(Iron Ore Slag,Slag)作为Sb_2O_3协效阻燃剂,得到了一系列Slag/Sb_2O_3/PVC阻燃体系;通过氧指数仪、锥形量热仪、热重仪、电子扫描显微镜(SEM)等分析仪器,考察了Slag、Sb_2O_3用量对体系阻燃性能的影响,研究了两者的协同阻燃效应及其抑烟效果,结果表明,当Slag/Sb_2O_3/PVC质量比为2∶5∶100时,PVC具有较好的阻燃抑烟效果,氧指数可达34. 1%;阻燃体系Slag/Sb_2O_3/PVC、Sb_2O_3/PVC相对于空白PVC具有良好的阻燃抑烟性,与Sb_2O_3/PVC相比,Slag/Sb_2O_3/PVC的热释放速率低、热稳定性高,成炭率高,材料更难点燃,火灾性能指数(FPI)高,炭层结构致密整齐,无断层缺陷,阻燃性能优异。     

羟基锡酸锌-还原氧化石墨烯杂化材料与氢氧化镁对PVC的协效阻燃作用

将自制的羟基锡酸锌（ZHS）还原氧化石墨烯（RGO）杂化材料（ZHS-RGO）和氢氧化镁（MH）协效应用于软质聚氯乙烯（PVC）中。通过氧指数测定仪、微型量热测定仪和锥形量热仪分析了ZHS和ZHS-RGO杂化材料分别与MH协效对软质PVC阻燃及消烟性能的影响。结果表明,ZHS和ZHS-RGO与MH协同应用在PVC中具有很好的协同阻燃抑烟效果;样品PVC/10ZHS-RGO/5MH的热释放速率峰值为436 kW/m2,烟释放总量为23.62 m2,相比于PVC/10ZHS/5MH分别降低了38.8 %和12.0 %;杂化材料中的RGO具有良好的物理阻隔作用。     

粉煤灰/三氧化二锑对软质聚氯乙烯阻燃消烟作用研究

将粉煤灰(Flyash)、三氧化二锑(Sb₂O₃)复合阻燃剂加入软质聚氯乙烯(PVC),制备PVC/Sb₂O₃/Flyash复合材料。通过氧指数(LOI)、TG、锥形量热、SEM等测试,探究Flyash和Sb₂O₃的协同效应,对PVC阻燃抑烟性能的影响。结果表明:当m(PVC)∶m(Sb₂O₃)∶m(Flyash)=100∶4∶3,PVC/Sb₂O₃/Flyash具有较好的阻燃抑烟性能,其LOI可达到33.9%。PVC/Sb₂O₃/Flyash的阻燃抑烟性比PVC/Sb₂O₃和PVC好。PVC/Sb₂O₃/Flyash的热释放速率降低、热稳定性增强,成炭率更高。PVC/Sb₂O₃/Flyash难点燃,火灾性能指数(FPI)大,火灾蔓延指数(FGI)小,降低火灾危险性,阻燃性能优异。     

硅烷交联无卤阻燃PP/POE复合材料的制备和性能

采用双螺杆挤出机和单螺杆挤出机两步熔融共混的方法,制备了硅烷接枝交联聚丙烯(PP)/乙烯辛烯共聚物(POE)/氢氧化镁（MH）/氢氧化铝（ATH）复合材料,并研究了不同硅烷接枝PP/POE共混物的效率和硅烷交联阻燃PP/POE复合材料的力学、热延伸、热失重和阻燃等性能。结果表明,PP/POE/MH/ATH/硅烷偶联剂A-151质量比为50∶50∶（95~47.5）∶（0~47.5）∶3.0时,复合材料的热延伸变形率≤25 %,冷却后永久变形率≤4 %;阻燃剂用量一定时,硅烷交联PP/POE/MH/ATH的极限氧指数随ATH含量增加而小幅度提高;PP/POE/MH/ATH复合材料的热稳定性低于PP/POE/MH复合材料;PP/POE/MH、PP/POE/MH/ATH、PP/POE/ATH的生烟速率依次变大。     

氢氧化铝/氢氧化镁复配提高乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物阻燃性能

研究了不同质量比的氢氧化铝(ATH)和氢氧化镁(MH)对乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)燃烧性能的影响,通过极限氧指数测试、垂直燃烧测试、热失重分析和锥形量热测试研究了EVA/ATH/MH复合材料的阻燃性能和热稳定性。结果表明,固定ATH和MH的添加量为60%(质量分数,下同),ATH/MH=2/1(质量比,下同)时,EVA/ATH/MH复合材料的阻燃性能最好,极限氧指数从18.3%提高到34.3%,达到UL 94V-2级别,热释放速率和热释放总量均有明显下降。     

MoO3/ZnO/APP对硬质PVC抑烟阻燃性能的影响

通过均匀实验设计方法研究了MoO3/ZnO/APP（聚磷酸铵）三元复合抑烟阻燃体系对硬质PVC复合材料的抑烟阻燃性能、力学性能和热稳定性的影响,用SPSS软件对试验结果进行了回归分析。结果表明,当MoO3、ZnO、APP分别为2.5份、3.5份和9份时,复合材料的协同抑烟阻燃性能最好,最大烟密度（SMD）由100降低到77.5,烟密度等级（SDR）由85.3降低到57.4,极限氧指数由44.5%提高到65.0%。复合材料的力学性能略有下降,拉伸强度由36.3MPa降至33.7MPa,断裂伸长率由48.1%降至44.7%。热重分析表明,MoO3/ZnO/APP三元复合抑烟阻燃体系使硬PVC失重温度范围变窄,最大失重温度降低了近50℃,而失重速率明显降低。     

原位共聚合改性HIPS/氢氧化镁复合材料的性能

采用乙烯基硅烷在氢氧化镁(MH)表面引入乙烯基后与苯乙烯原位聚合,制备苯乙烯原位共聚合改性MH。将改性前后的MH、微胶囊红磷(MRP)、高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)按不同配比熔融复合制备HIPS/MH和HIPS/MH/MRP复合材料。研究了复合材料的力学性能和阻燃性能。结果表明:改性后的MH能显著提高复合材料的冲击强度。改性前后的MH与MRP的协同阻燃效应使HIPS/MH复合材料极限氧指数提高到28.9%,UL 94垂直燃烧达到V-0级。MH与MRP的协同作用增加了HIPS/MH复合材料的点燃难度,有效抑制了HIPS的热释放速率和烟释放速率,对HIPS起到良好的阻燃作用。     

氢氧化铝/有机改性蒙脱土复合改性沥青性能研究

采用氢氧化铝(ATH)和两种有机改性蒙脱土(OMMT-C、OMMT-F)对沥青进行阻燃抑烟改性,旨在提高隧道沥青路面的阻燃抑烟性能。通过测试三大指标来评价ATH/OMMT复合改性沥青的常规性能,测试极限氧指数(LOI)与烟密度(SDR)来评价其阻燃抑烟性能,利用动态剪切流变(DSR)试验研究其流变性能。基于综合指数法优选出ATH/OMMT复合改性沥青的最佳复掺配比,通过热重(TG)试验分析了ATH/OMMT复合改性沥青的热解燃烧特性并建立了阻燃性能预测模型。研究结果表明,ATH/OMMT复合阻燃剂提高了沥青的稠度与软化点,降低了沥青的低温性能。当ATH掺量为10%(质量分数),OMMT-C掺量为3%(质量分数)时,复合改性沥青的综合性能最优,其极限氧指数大于23%,符合路用阻燃沥青的标准,同时烟密度相对基质沥青降低了33.9%,初始分解温度较基质沥青提高了3~6 ℃,分解残余量提高率最高可达61.3%。ATH/OMMT-C复合阻燃剂通过阻隔热交换通道提高了沥青的阻燃抑烟性能,通过增加沥青的弹性成分提高了沥青的复数模量与车辙因子,以及高温抗变形能力。     

MH/ATH/纳米硅树脂阻燃电缆料的制备与研究

以LDPE、EVA为基体,MH、ATH、纳米硅树脂粉为阻燃剂,通过挤出造粒、注塑成型制得高性能无卤少烟阻燃电缆料。通过极限氧指数、万能电子拉力机、热重分析、傅里叶红外等研究手段研究电缆料的阻燃性能、耐热性能及其力学耐油耐老化性能。结果表明:P2体系有较好的阻燃性、耐热性、耐油、耐老化以及良好的力学性能,适合用作对阻燃要求较高的阻燃电缆料。     

Flame‐retardant and smoke‐suppressant properties of zinc borate and aluminum trihydrate‐filled rigid PVC

The effects of zinc borate (ZB), aluminum trihydrate (ATH), and their mixture on the flame‐retardant and smoke‐suppressant properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as well as their mechanism for flame retardancy and smoke suppression were studied through the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, smoke density test, TGA, GC–MS, and SEM. The results show that incorporation of a small amount of ZB, ATH, and their mixture can greatly increase the LOI of PVC and reduce the smoke density of PVC during combustion. The mixture of ZB with ATH has a good synergistic effect on the flame retardance and smoke suppression of PVC. TGA and GC–MS analyses results show that incorporation of a small amount of ZB, ATH, and their mixture greatly promotes the char formation of PVC and decreases the amount of hazardous gases such as benzene and toluene released in PVC during combustion. Their mechanism is also proposed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 3119–3127, 2000     

Enhanced flame retardancy,smoke suppression,and acid resistance of polypropylene/magnesium hydroxide composite by expandable graphite and microencapsulated red phosphorus

Low flame retardant efficiency and poor acid resistance of filled polymer composites are two main drawbacks of magnesium hydroxide (MH) as a flame retardant (FR). To solve these problems, expandable graphite (EG) and microencapsulated red phosphorus (MRP) were introduced into polypropylene/magnesium hydroxide (PP/MH) composite by melt compounding. The obtained PP/MH/EG/MRP quadruple composite was studied regarding its fire behavior as well as acid resistance. Obvious flame retardant synergism among MH, EG, and MRP is found in PP, which diminishes the loading of FR from 63.0 to 37.5 wt% to obtain V-0 rating in UL-94 test and low smoke release. Compact intumescent char with high thermo-oxidative stability was generated on composite surface, which plays a vital role in flame retardancy. The removal of MH by acid erosion on PP/MH/EG/MRP composite surface does not affect production of intumescent char and fire behavior of this composite. The composite displays good fire retardancy, smoke inhibition, and acid resistivity concurrently. This article renders an easy and cheap route to overcome the main faults of MH.     

Effect of water erosion on flame retardancy of high-impact polystyrene/magnesium hydroxide composite and its mode of action

High-impact polystyrene (HIPS) flame retarded by magnesium hydroxide (MH) was treated in water at different conditions. The effect of water erosion on flame retardancy of the HIPS/MH composite and its mode of action was investigated by various means. The results indicate that both limiting oxygen index value and UL-94 rating of the HIPS/MH composite decrease observably after water erosion. The average heat release rate, average mass loss rate, total heat release, and total smoke release of the composite all increase remarkably after water erosion. The MH content in the surface layer of the HIPS/MH composite reduces, and the surface of this composite becomes rough and porous after erosion. The water-eroded composite shows a loose and discrete surface morphology after subjected to fire, which favors heat transfer and mass exchange between flame area and the underlying polymers. Consequently, both flame retardancy and smoke suppression of the polymer composite decrease significantly. The decrease in flame retardancy occurs in condensed phase. The result of this work has provided a basis for further investigations to prevent this detrimental effect induced by water erosion.     

阻燃剂对热固性酚醛树脂阻燃性能影响的研究

通过氧指数、垂直燃烧等级及产烟率测定研究了氢氧化铝(ATH)、氢氧化镁(MH)、膨胀石墨(EG)、膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)等以单一或协同复配的形式对酚醛树脂(PF)体系阻燃性能的影响,并采用差热分析(DTA)对体系的微观热行为进行了研究。结果表明,放热量最小的体系为ATH/MH/EG/PF,ATH/MH/EG/IFR/PF体系的氧指数最大,达到96。ATH/MH/PF体系的产烟率最低(72%)。添加阻燃剂后,体系的垂直燃烧等级可提高到UL94V-0级。     

壳聚糖/聚磷酸铵膨胀阻燃PP的阻燃及抑烟性能

为了提高聚丙烯(PP)的阻燃和抑烟性能,将壳聚糖(CS)作为膨胀型阻燃剂的碳源、聚磷酸铵(APP)作为膨胀型阻燃剂的酸源和气源,在此基础上通过熔融共混的方法制备了PP/CS/APP复合材料。采用极限氧指数仪、锥形量热仪等仪器研究了PP/CS/APP复合材料的的抑烟性及阻燃性。研究结果表明:CS/APP添加量为30%时,复合材料的极限氧指数值最大可达28.1%;且复合材料在烟气释放总量、CO和CO_2排放上明显降低,抑烟性得到了提升;热释放速率峰值、平均热释放速率值、平均有效燃烧热值、总热释放量值降低,成炭率升高,PP/CS/APP复合材料更难点燃;火灾性能指数明显提高,阻燃性能得到了大幅度提升,火灾蔓延指数显著减小,同时火灾危险性也相应降低。     

Synergistic effects of aluminum hydroxide on improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of transparent intumescent fire-retardant coatings

A series of novel aluminum phosphate ester (APEA) flame retardants were synthesized by the salification of cyclic phosphate ester acid (PEA) with different mass ratios of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) and thoroughly characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The PEA and APEAs were thoroughly mixed with melamine formaldehyde resin to produce five kinds of transparent fire-retardant coatings. The synergistic effects of ATH on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression properties of the coatings were investigated by different analytical instruments. The results show that the incorporation of ATH greatly decreases the weight loss, char index, flame spread rating, heat release rate, total heat release, smoke production rate, total smoke release and specific optical density in the coatings applied to plywood boards, which is ascribed to a more compact and intumescent char formed during burning, as determined from digital photographs and scanning electron microscopy images. The synergistic effects of ATH in the coatings depend on the content of ATH, and an excessive amount of ATH diminishes the synergistic effects on the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties based on fire protection tests and cone calorimeter test. Thermo-gravimetric analysis reveals that the thermal stability and char-forming ability of the coatings gradually improve with increasing loading of ATH. FTIR analysis demonstrates that the incorporation of ATH forms a more phosphorus-rich crosslinked char and aromatic char during burning, thus effectively reducing the mass loss, heat release, and smoke production and exhibiting excellent synergistic flame retardant and smoke suppression effects in the coatings.     

Thermal Properties and Flammability of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer/Montmorillonite/Polyethylene Nanocomposites with Flame Retardants

Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/montmorillonite (MMT) composite was blended with a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of the EVA/MMT composite are in support of an intercalated with partially delaminated nanocomposite. The tensile strength of the nanocomposite is about 20% higher than that without layered silicates, MMT. Furthermore, the incorporation of MMT into polymer blend delays the main thermo-oxidative degradation. Cone calorimeter test points out that the addition of layered silicates into the pristine EVA/LLDPE blend or the blend with a low smoke non-halogen (LSNH) fire retardants, aluminum trihydroxide, and antimony trioxide, can reduce the maximum heat release rate by 30–40%. The smoke suppressing effect of layered silicates is only observed in the nanocomposite containing flame retardants. According to the limiting oxygen index (LOI) data and cone calorimeter test, the addition of the nanodispersed layered silicate and LSNH flame retardants to the EVA/LLDPE exhibits a synergistic effect on the flame retardancy and smoke suppression.