β型γ-TiAl合金的组织特征及其超塑性变形行为

研究了热变形作用下β型γ-Ti Al合金Ti-43Al-4Nb-2Mo-0.5B(at%)的组织演变过程,以及锻态组织的高温超塑性变形行为。结果表明:包套锻造过程中,层片晶结构发生快速分解L(α/γ)→γ+β,γ和β晶粒发生显著的动态再结晶,锻态组织主要由大角度晶界的γ和B2细晶组成;该合金大角度晶界为主的γ+B2/β细晶变形组织在900~950℃之间表现出典型的低温超塑性变形行为,950℃/1.0×10-4 s-1时延伸率可达405%;超塑性变形过程中残余层片晶结构完全分解,γ和B2/β晶粒进一步动态再结晶细化;γ和B2/β晶粒的晶界滑移是该合金超塑性变形的主要变形机制。     

含微量Zr的Al-6%Mg合金再结晶行为及其超塑性

研究了含微量元素Zr的Al-6%Mg合金大的冷变形后的板材和旋压管材在不同条件下退火时的再结晶行为及其后续的超塑性变形行为。制备了Al-6%Mg和Al-6%Mg-Zr试验合金,合金1、2经过73%的冷变形后获得2mm厚板材;合金3采用Al-6%Mg-Zr合金锭坯,经50%旋压变形后获得2.4mm厚旋压管材。观察对比了3种合金试样经250～525℃退火1h后的显微组织。然后分别在480℃、500℃和520℃,以1×10-4～1.6×10-3s-1的应变速率进行拉伸试验。结果表明:Zr在合金中形成的Al3Zr化合物能明显细化Al-6%Mg合金的铸态组织,抑制合金退火过程中再结晶晶粒的长大,合金再结晶后的晶粒尺寸达1.62μm,轴比为1.04。含Zr的Al-Mg合金在520℃时以应变速率8×10-4s-1的速率拉伸,其伸长率可达到600%。Al3Zr质点还可在退火时和超塑拉伸时抑制晶粒长大,使合金获得细小等轴晶粒,这是Al-Mg-Zr合金获得超塑性的主要原因。     

成形温度对Mg-13Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金旋转反挤压变形组织和性能的影响

为达到晶粒细化和提高力学性能的目的,采用旋转反挤压变形工艺对高强耐热Mg-13Gd-4Y-2Zn-0. 5Zr合金进行剧烈塑性变形。利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机研究了Mg-13Gd-4Y-2Zn-0. 5Zr合金杯形件成形过程中成形温度对材料组织和性能的影响规律。结果表明:在变形过程中,合金基面滑移困难,产生了不连续的动态再结晶,随温度的升高,再结晶晶粒长大,在长大的再结晶晶界与原始晶界处产生二次再结晶。变形区域内的晶粒为随机取向,随温度的变化发生旋转,在450℃下晶粒的基面平行于挤压方向,织构强度弱化。变形区域内各区域硬度值相差不大,在轴心附近的硬度值相对较低,且在450℃下硬度值最低。     

金属间化合物大晶粒超塑性变形机理

在所研究的Fe3Al，Fe3Si，FeAl，Ni3Al，NiAl和TiAl等金属间化合物中均发现大晶粒超塑性。显微分析表明，超塑性变形过程中晶粒明显细化；电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术和透射电子显微学(TEM)分析表明，大晶粒金属问化合物超塑变形过程中形成了大量亚晶界网络，且随变形量增大．亚晶界不断吸收晶内滑动位错，使其位向差不断增大，从而逐渐演变成小角度和大角度晶界，即超塑性变形过程中产生了连续动态回复与再结晶(CDRR)。高温塑性变形是通过位错的滑移和攀移进行的，而亚晶界的迁移、滑动和转动起到协调变形的作用，保持了材料在宏观上的超塑性。     

铸态及挤压态Mg-11Li-3Al-xZr合金的组织及性能

通过真空感应熔炼及挤压变形制备了铸态及挤压态的Mg-11Li-3Al-xZr(x=0、0.1)合金,采用OM、XRD、SEM、EDS观察并分析了合金的显微组织,测试了不同状态合金的力学性能。结果表明,Mg-11Li-3Al-xZr合金均含有β-Li、α-Mg、θ-MgLi_2Al、AlLi相,Mg-11Li-3Al-0.1Zr合金中还存在Al_3Zr相。铸态合金晶粒粗大,挤压变形过程中发生动态再结晶使晶粒细化。Zr的添加能明显细化晶粒,尤其在挤压后Mg-11Li-3Al-0.1Zr合金晶粒尺寸仅为Mg-11Li-3Al合金的1/4左右。铸态时两种合金力学性能相近,Mg-11Li-3Al-0.1Zr合金伸长率略低;挤压变形后两种合金伸长率较高,而且由于加工硬化和细晶强化作用,强度明显提高,Mg-11Li-3Al-0.1Zr合金的强度达到194 MPa,较铸态提高32.8%。     

均匀化对7050铝合金板材淬火敏感性的影响

通过光学显微镜、透射电镜以及力学性能测试,研究均匀化制度对7050铝合金板材组织演变的影响。将合金固溶后在不同速率淬火,研究均匀化制度对该合金淬火敏感性的影响。结果表明:固溶后慢速率淬火过程中,平衡相η主要位于再结晶晶粒中Al3Zr粒子的相界、再结晶晶界、亚晶晶界以及亚晶中与位错交互作用的少量Al3Zr粒子上形核析出;均匀化时间较短时(室温,120℃/h升温至465℃,8h),合金中析出少量Al3Zr粒子,固溶后的试样发生完全再结晶,此时合金淬火敏感性最好,但硬度较低;延长保温时间至20h(室温,120℃/h升温至465℃,20h),试样中析出大量Al3Zr粒子,但分布不均匀,从而导致轧制固溶后的试样依然明显再结晶,合金淬火敏感性较差;采用快速升温的双级均匀化制度((室温,120℃/h升温至465℃,20h)+(475℃,8h)),Al3Zr粒子有所长大,淬火敏感性最差;采用慢速随炉升温((室温,18℃/h升温至465℃)+(475℃,8h))的双级均匀化制度,合金中将弥散析出大量细小的Al3Zr粒子,固溶后的再结晶得到有效抑制,较多η相在亚晶界上的非均匀形核析出在一定程度上增加了合金的淬火敏感性,但该制度处理的合金仍优于再结晶程度较高的快速升温双级均匀化制度的。     

Enhanced Grain Refining Efficiency Assisted by Martensitic Transformation in Metastable β-Titanium Alloy

利用重复冲击变形技术对比研究了α钛合金Ti-2Al-2.5Zr和亚稳β钛合金Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al变形过程中的微观组织演化及纳米晶的形成机制。金相形貌、X射线衍射及透射电镜观察显示,对于Ti-2Al-2.5Zr合金,塑性变形先后经历了形变孪生、位错活动、剪切等3个过程。与之相反,对于Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al合金,马氏体相变主导着合金的变形。相变分割、剪切及逆向马氏体相变持续贡献于合金的晶粒细化。同时发现,尽管变形到应变量1.2时两类合金组织内均出现纳米晶,但是大量的透射形貌观察显示Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al合金中生成的纳米晶晶粒尺寸更小,纳米晶区域更大。这表明,变形过程中激活马氏体相变可加速材料的晶粒细化。     

马氏体相变加速亚稳β钛合金变形晶粒细化（英文）

利用重复冲击变形技术对比研究了α钛合金Ti-2Al-2.5Zr和亚稳β钛合金Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al变形过程中的微观组织演化及纳米晶的形成机制。金相形貌、X射线衍射及透射电镜观察显示,对于Ti-2Al-2.5Zr合金,塑性变形先后经历了形变孪生、位错活动、剪切等3个过程。与之相反,对于Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al合金,马氏体相变主导着合金的变形。相变分割、剪切及逆向马氏体相变持续贡献于合金的晶粒细化。同时发现,尽管变形到应变量1.2时两类合金组织内均出现纳米晶,但是大量的透射形貌观察显示Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al合金中生成的纳米晶晶粒尺寸更小,纳米晶区域更大。这表明,变形过程中激活马氏体相变可加速材料的晶粒细化。     

AZ31B镁合金的铸轧组织及其相关变形机制

利用金相显微镜、透射电子显微镜对AZ31B镁合金铸轧板坯的微观组织进行研究.结果表明:铸轧AZ31B镁合金板坯主要由α-Mg基体、枝晶间Mg17Al12共晶体和弥散分布的细小析出相组成,铸轧对晶粒的细化效果不明显;板坯在铸轧过程中经历一定的塑性变形,且变形多分布于板材表层;塑性变形在合金中产生大量的位错及位错胞的同时,也产生一定数量的孪晶;经孪生改变晶体取向后的晶粒会在适合的条件下发生滑移变形,孪生和滑移的协同作用使孪晶和位错共存、孪晶中位错的产生和孪晶的变形;铸轧时的塑性变形和高温还导致回复和再结晶的发生.     

预变形对Zr-Sn-Nb合金淬火时效晶粒及析出相的影响

采用SEM附带的背散射电子通道衬度（ECC）像、二次电子（SE）像及能谱（EDS）分析技术,研究了β相水淬后预变形处理对Zr-Sn-Nb合金在时效过程中再结晶和第二相析出的影响规律.结果表明,未引入预变形直接时效时所得组织中再结晶晶粒尺寸粗大且形状不规则,第二相粒子尺寸差异也较大,其中尺寸大的第二相粒子为含Cu的Zr₃Fe,主要沿原β晶界分布;预变形后再时效的组织中再结晶晶粒显著细化且尺寸均匀,第二相粒子尺寸差异减小,大尺寸的Zr₃Fe粒子主要沿α再结晶晶界分布.无论有无预变形或时效时间长短,晶粒内部析出相均为弥散分布的小尺寸Zr（Fe,Cr,Nb）₂粒子.引入预变形会减弱沉淀相沿晶界析出和急剧长大的倾向,使锆合金的微观组织和第二相分布特征改变.     

微量Cr、Mn、Zr、Ti、B元素对铸态AlZnMgCu合金的晶粒细化效果的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析仪考察了Cr、Mn、Zr、Ti、B的联合加入对AlZnMgCu合金的晶粒细化效果。结果发现在铸态合金中同时加入Cr-Mn-Ti-B时晶粒尺寸由256 μm 降为102 μm。而当联合加入Ti-Zr-B后能产生更加强的细化效果,晶粒平均尺寸降为55 μm。这是因为Cr、Mn原子簇团有利于促进Al3Ti形核并成为其结晶基底。当联合加入Cr、Mn、Zr、Ti、B时则可产生更加明显的晶粒细化效果,平均晶粒尺寸变为22 μm。这是因为富Cr、Mn原子簇团在成为Al3Ti结晶核心后,部分Zr原子置换了其中的Ti原子形成了新的Al3(Tix, Zr1-x)结晶核心。而过渡族金属Cr、Mn还能降低液体金属和Al3Ti和Al3(Tix, Zr1-x)的表面张力,抑制结晶核心的长大。     

微量Sc和Zr对Al—Mg合金铸态组织的晶粒细化作用

制备了Ａｌ５Ｍｇ、Ａｌ５Ｍｇ０．２Ｓｃ、Ａｌ５Ｍｇ０．１Ｚｒ和Ａｌ５Ｍｇ０．２Ｓｃ０．１Ｚｒ四种铸态合金，采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜观察分析了微量Ｓｃ和Ｚｒ对ＡｌＭｇ合金铸态组织的晶粒细化作用及其机理。结果发现，０２％的Ｓｃ并未使ＡｌＭｇ合金产生晶粒细化作用，而０２％的Ｓｃ与０１％的Ｚｒ复合添加则使ＡｌＭｇ合金产生了极其强烈的晶粒细化作用。这一作用的产生，是由于Ｓｃ、Ｚｒ与Ａｌ在合金熔体中生成了Ａｌ３Ｓｃ和Ａｌ３Ｚｒ复合粒子，这种粒子在合金凝固过程中，起到了非均质晶核细化晶粒的作用     

Effect of minor Sc and Zr addition on grain refinement of as-cast AI-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys

The optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy as well as energy dispersive spectroscopy were employed to investigate the influence of joint addition of Sc and Zr on grain refinement of AI-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys.Results show that the addition of 0.20% Sc has a little effect on grain refinement because Sc is mainly dissolved into the matrix and hardly any primary Al3Sc particles are precipitated. The alloy with addition of 0.30% Sc and 0.16%Zr has more equiaxed grains than that of others,giving cast grain sizes as fine as 13μm. This is because the Sc substitutes for AI atom in the AI-Zr crystal cell and forms AI-Sc-Zr unit cell,which grows and becomes AI3(Scx,Zr1.x)particle,acting as a nucleus for the formation of a-AI. The addition of 0.04% Ti and 0.008% B makes the grain size drop from 250 μm to 50 μm. Its refinement effect is less than the 13 μm achieved by the alloy including 0.30% Sc and 0.16% Zr.     

钛合金针状焊缝组织的超塑性变形机理

钛合金激光焊缝是非理想的针状组织,对其超塑性变形机理的研究可进一步推进钛合金LBW/SPF技术的实际应用,也对材料成形机理的发展具有一定意义.研究结果表明,TC4钛合金激光焊接试样具有良好的超塑性变形能力,在变形过程中,焊缝发生两次重要的组织转变,即针状组织片层化和片层组织等轴化的组织转变.片层组织在应力作用下,通过断裂、解体和等轴化的过程而转变成等轴晶粒.片层断裂的主要机制是动态再结晶和应力挤压作用;片层解体的主要机制是晶界滑动和转动作用,接头组织的塑性流动机理为晶粒滚动和晶界滑动机理.     

晶粒尺寸和孪晶界间距对纳米多晶铝合金塑性变形影响的分子动力学模拟研究

采用分子动力学模拟方法,分别研究了晶粒尺寸和孪晶密度对纳米多晶铝合金塑性变形的影响。模拟结果表明,弛豫后的位错密度对纳米多晶Al的微观结构演变和逆Hall-Petch关系产生了重要影响。变形受晶粒大小限制,在细晶中可形成层错四面体和复杂层错结构,从而激活了晶界的辅助变形。当孪晶界间距（TBS）较大时,Shockley分位错在晶界处形核并增殖。然而,随着TBS的减小,孪晶界成为Shockley分位错的来源。孪晶界上大量的分位错形核会导致孪晶界迁移甚至消失。在塑性变形过程中还观察到形变纳米孪晶。研究结果为开发具有可调节力学性能的先进纳米多晶Al提供了理论基础。     

Dynamic recrystallization,texture and mechanical properties of high Mg content Al–Mg alloy deformed by high strain rate rolling

The Al–Mg alloy with high Mg addition (Al–9.2Mg–0.8Mn–0.2Zr-0.15Ti, in wt.%) was subjected to different passes (1, 2 and 4) of high strain rate rolling (HSRR), with the total thickness reduction of 72%, the rolling temperature of 400 °C and strain rate of 8.6 s⁻¹. The microstructure evolution was studied by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The alloy that undergoes 2 passes of HSRR exhibits an obvious bimodal grain structure, in which the average grain sizes of the fine dynamic recrystallization (DRX) grains and the coarse non-DRX regions are 6.4 and 47.7 μm, respectively. The high strength ((507±9) MPa) and the large ductility ((24.9±1.3)%) are obtained in the alloy containing the bimodal grain distribution. The discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) mechanism is the prominent grain refinement mechanism in the alloy subjected to 2 passes of HSRR.     

Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and Texture Evolution of Mg-Al-Zn-La-Gd-Y Magnesium Alloy by Hot Extrusion and Multi-Pass Rolling

A high-ductility Mg-8.10Al-0.42Zn-0.51Mn-1.52La-1.10Gd-0.86Y (wt%) alloy was developed by hot extrusion and multi-rolling processes. Relationships between microstructure, mechanical properties and texture evolution of the extruded and rolled alloy were investigated. The rolling process had significant effect on grain refinement of the extruded plate. The grain size reduced from 12.3 to 4.9 μm with the increasing rolling pass. With the increase in rolling pass, the proportion of dynamic recrystallized (DRXed) grains increases due to particle-stimulated nucleation, grain boundary nucleation and twin induced nucleation. In the process of multiple rolling, the basal pole gradually tilted from normal direction to transverse direction due to the asymmetric deformation and irregular grain deformation, resulting in the weakening of the base texture. The results showed that grain refinement and texture weakening were the main reasons for the good ductility of the alloy.     

Contribution of microstructural parameters to strengthening in an ultrafine-grained Al–7% Si alloy processed by severe deformation

An Al–7% Si alloy was severely deformed by equal channel angular pressing to study the refinement of the microstructure and associated changes of mechanical properties. The initial coarse dendritic structure was broken into an elongated submicron grain/subgrain structure, with a high dislocation density and distributed fine Si particles. The Si particles in the composite are seen to induce a high dislocation density during deformation and lead to faster structural refinement than in a monolithic alloy with the same composition as the matrix. The additional strengthening of the composite relative to the monolithic alloy is due to both the finer grain size and the high retained dislocation density. Severe plastic deformation also leads to an improvement in the ductility of the strong material due to the refinement of both the matrix microstructure and the Si particles.     

High strain-rate superplasticity in a fine-grained PM 7475 Al Alloy

Superplastic behavior of powder-metallurgy (PM) processed 7475 +0.7Zr Al alloy having a fine grain size of 2 um was investigated. Strain-rate-change tests were conducted at elevated temperatures to examine the strain rate-stress relations. The deformation behavior was analyzed by assuming the presence of threshold stress for grain boundary sliding. After the threshold-stress compensation, the plastic flow was found to correlated well with lattice self-diffusion in pure aluminum. A maximum tensile elongation of up to 1000% was observed at a very high strain rate near l0^-1s^-1 and 515°C. A deformation map was constructed to identify the dominant deformation mechanism for the PM alloy. It was the grain boundary sliding controlled by lattice diffusion in aluminum. Evidence of short fiber or whisker-like formation were observed on the fractured samples over a wide range of temperature.     

Ti、Sc、Zr对铝合金微观组织的影响

制备了含Ti、Sc、Zr的铝合金,测量了平均晶粒直径和硬度,并利用金相显微镜、XRD、SEM和EDS等方法研究其细化及强化机理。结果表明：Ti元素能显著细化合金的晶粒,但不能提高合金的硬度;0.2%Sc对合金晶粒细化不太显著,但对硬度提高非常显著;0.13%Zr添加时,其细化效果略好于0.20%Sc,而对硬度的影响略低于0.20%Sc;当三者同时添加时,得到较好的细化及强化效果。