硅铝比对Cu/SSZ-13分子筛低温催化性能的影响

采用水热法和液态离子交换法制备了一系列硅铝比(摩尔比)不同的Cu/SSZ-13分子筛[n(Si)/n(Al)=47,30,20,15],探究了硅铝比对NH_3选择性催化还原(NH_3-SCR)的影响,并通过XRD,ICP,N_2吸脱附,SEM,H_2-TPR,NH_3-TPD等表征分析对样品的物化性质进行了系统研究。活性测试结果表明,不同硅铝比分子筛的NH_3-SCR性能具有显著差异,特别是低温范围,其中催化剂起燃温度T_(50)(转化效率≥50%时的温度)顺序为n(Si)/n(Al)=20 n(Si)/n(Al)=15 n(Si)/n(Al)=30 n(Si)/n(Al)=47。从表征结果可知,硅铝比会影响分子筛催化剂的表面形貌、晶体结构,进而影响样品中Cu物种的分布和数量及酸性。4种分子筛催化剂中n(Si)/n(Al)-20具有最多的孤立Cu~(2+)以及弱L酸位数量,有利于低温NH_3-SCR反应的进行。     

大颗粒SiO_2载体负载Ir/FeO_x催化剂的巴豆醛加氢性能

选择粒径(1~3)mm的Si O2为载体,采用浸渍法制备Ir/Fe Ox/Si O2催化剂,考察Fe含量对催化剂气相巴豆醛选择加氢反应性能的影响,采用X射线粉末衍射、拉曼光谱及光电子能谱等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,随着Fe添加量的增加,反应1 h时巴豆醛转化率和反应10 h时巴豆醇选择性呈现先提高后下降趋势,n(Fe)∶n(Ir)=1.0时,反应1 h时巴豆醛转化率最高(达67%);n(Fe)∶n(Ir)=0.3时,反应1 h时巴豆醛转化率和反应10 h时巴豆醇选择性分别达88%和95%,反应过程中催化剂表面积炭是导致巴豆醛转化率降低的主要原因。对于同种催化剂,反应后电子结合能往低结合能方向偏移可能是导致选择性提高的原因。     

Ce/ZSM-5气相催化氧化甲苯制备苯甲醛

采用浸渍法、离子交换法以及均匀沉淀法制备出金属活性组分改性的M/ZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,气相催化氧化甲苯制备苯甲醛;同时采用XRD、FT-IR及N2-物理吸附等对其进行表征.结果表明:在反应温度为350℃,空速为2500h-1,n(空气)∶n(甲苯)=5∶1,催化剂为10％Ce/ZSM-5的反应条件下,苯甲醛的收率、转化率、选择性分别达到了5.0％、10.7％、46.8％.     

Mn-Fe-Ce/TiO2低温脱硝催化剂的制备条件优化及其表征

采用浸渍法、共沉淀法、溶胶-凝胶法制备了Mn-Fe-Ce/TiO2低温SCR催化剂,考察了制备方法对催化剂脱硝效果的影响,对制备条件进行优化,通过X线衍射仪(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对催化剂进行表征,并考察了SO2浓度对催化剂脱硝性能的影响。结果表明,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备的Mn-Fe-Ce/TiO2催化剂负载量为30%,n(Mn)∶n(Fe)∶n(Ce)=4∶1∶0.1,500℃焙烧时脱硝性能最佳,达95%以上,催化剂的载体主要以锐钛矿型TiO2晶型存在,FeOx、CeOx保持无定形的结构,通入烟气中SO2的浓度≤70 mg/m3时,中毒的催化剂在停止通入SO2后其部分活性可以自行恢复,浓度>70 mg/m3过程中中毒的催化剂均为永久性失活。     

Cu负载量及改性对Cu/SAPO-34催化剂NH_3-SCR性能的影响

通过浸渍法制备了不同负载量的Cu/SAPO-34和Cu-Ce/SAPO-34催化剂,探究Cu、Ce负载量对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,4%负载量的Cu/SAPO-34催化剂表现出优异的NH_3-SCR性能,在231～586℃时转化率均达到80%以上,最高脱硝效率达到98. 79%。通过共负载过渡金属Cu和Ce元素,提高了催化剂的中低温NH_3-SCR性能,拓宽了催化剂活性温度窗口。XRD、H_2-TPR、NH_3-TPD表征结果表明,掺杂Ce元素可以抑制CuO生成,同时可以促进活性较高的Cu~(2+)生成。增加Cu负载量可以提高Cu/SAPO-34催化剂酸性位的数量,Ce元素的掺杂占据分子筛载体的B酸性位,造成催化剂的中强度酸性位数量减少,Cu/Ce物质的量的比为4∶5时最佳。     

Cu(x)/TiO2催化剂NH3-SCR低温脱硝性能

以硝酸铜和二氧化钛为原料,采用浸渍法制备Cu(x)/TiO_2(x为以TiO_2载体质量为基准的铜负载量,下同)催化剂。运用XRD、XPS、NO-TPD、H_2-TPR等对催化剂进行了表征,在微型固定床反应器中评价了Cu(x)/TiO_2催化剂在以NH_3为还原剂的选择性催化还原NO反应(NH_3-SCR)中的脱硝活性。结果表明,铜物种以Cu_2O和Cu O的形式共存于TiO_2载体上;铜负载量影响催化剂的脱硝性能;Cu(6)/TiO_2催化剂(6代表铜的负载量为6%)表现出较好的氧化还原性和对反应物NO的吸附-脱附能力,低温脱硝活性较好,NO转化率达到85%和95%时对应反应温度T85和T95分别为195和218℃,NO转化率大于95%的活性窗口温度为218～270℃,宽度为52℃。     

Cu-SSZ-13分子筛NH_3-SCR脱硝技术研究

柴油车尾气中的氮氧化物日益危及人类健康和生态环境。Cu-SSZ-13分子筛脱硝催化剂因宽的温度窗口、优异的水热稳定性等性能而受到广泛关注。为了适应更为严格的氮氧化物排放标准,进一步提高Cu-SSZ-13分子筛催化剂的NH_3-SCR反应性能,深入研究Cu-SSZ-13分子筛催化剂物理化学性能及其对NH_3-SCR脱硝反应机理影响十分必要。介绍了近年来Cu-SSZ-13分子筛催化剂及其NH_3-SCR脱硝机理的研究进展。详细论述了Cu-SSZ-13分子筛催化剂在NH_3-SCR反应过程中的活性铜物种及其变化,并对不同Cu-SSZ-13分子筛催化剂的制备方法进行了比较。提出Cu-SSZ-13分子筛催化剂NH_3-SCR脱硝技术研究中SO_2气氛和理论与实验的结合需要进一步研究。     

铁钨复合氧化物用于NH_3选择性催化还原NO

采用共沉淀法制备铁钨复合氧化物催化剂,用于NH3选择性催化还原NO,考察了Fe/W物质的量之比、反应空速、SO2和H2O对催化剂脱硝活性的影响,同时运用SEM、XRD、BET、NH3-TPD等表征手段对催化剂的微观形貌、晶型、比表面积、孔结构参数及表面酸性进行了分析。实验结果表明当n(Fe)∶n(W)=4∶1时,催化剂的反应活性最佳,其在300~400℃温度范围内及GHSV=75 000 h-1条件下NO转化率仍保持在90%以上,同时其也显示出较强的抗SO2和H2O中毒性能。通过表征发现Fe与W之间强烈的相互作用,较大的比表面积和催化剂较强的酸性是催化剂催化活性较好的主要原因。     

MnO_x/WO_3/TiO_2低温选择性催化还原NO_x机理的原位红外研究

浸渍法制备15%MnO_x/5%WO_3/TiO_2低温脱硝催化剂,利用原位傅里叶变换红外(in situ FT-IR)设计包括多种吸附反应以及不同预处理方式的微观暂态试验与微观稳态试验,研究其NH3-SCR脱硝反应机理,并推测反应路径。结果表明,催化剂的NH_3-SCR反应主要以Eley-Rideal机理方式进行,仅在一定温度条件下可以看到Langmuir-Hinshclwood反应路径。催化剂表面Lewis酸位的NH_3吸附是还原剂的主要来源,Br?nsted酸位吸附的NH_4~+随温度上升参与反应的比例略有提高。NH3的吸附活化是整个反应的控制步骤,吸附态NH_3更易与NO_2发生反应,NO与催化剂表面的相互作用明显弱于NO_2。NO会在催化剂表面氧化活性中心形成大量双齿配位型硝酸盐,阻碍NH_3的吸附和活化,O_2存在条件下促进NH_3-SCR反应进行,阻止NO在催化剂表面形成双齿硝酸盐。NO与NH_3在催化剂表面存在吸附竞争,NO的吸附作用强于NH_3,温度达到100℃后吸附的NH_3方可大量活化并与NO_x发生进一步反应。     

正己烷在HZSM-5分子筛上的催化裂解研究

为筛选反应活性和烯烃选择性相对较高的催化剂用于研究吸热型碳氢燃料的催化裂解,以正己烷的催化裂解作为探针反应,探讨其在不同硅铝物质的量比HZSM-5［n(Si)∶n(Al)=25、36、100］分子筛上催化裂解的反应活性和产物分布。结果表明,正己烷在HZSM-5分子筛上的裂解转化率随温度的升高和分子筛中硅铝物质的量比的减小而增大;裂解产物中乙烯、丙烯和总烯烃的选择性均随裂解温度的升高和分子筛中硅铝物质的量比的增加而增加,在（300~550） ℃,HZSM-5［n（Si)∶n(Al)=36］上的总烯烃收率最高,芳烃含量随分子筛中硅铝物质的量比的增加而减小;基于裂解转化率、烯烃和芳烃收率等因素综合考虑,HZSM-5 n(Si)∶n(Al)=36］分子筛为优选催化剂。     

HY型分子筛负载Pd催化剂用于乙炔氢氯化反应制氯乙烯的催化性能

以水热法合成HY分子筛为载体,等体积浸渍法制备HY型分子筛负载Pd催化剂(Pd/HY)。在反应温度160℃、空速120 h-1和V(HCl)∶V(C2H2)=1.1∶1条件下,考察催化剂用于乙炔氢氯化反应制氯乙烯的催化性能及载体中硅铝比对催化剂催化性能的影响。用XRD、FI-IR、SEM和BET对Pd/HY催化剂的物化性质进行表征,结果表明,Pd/HY(HY分子筛的Si/Al=8)催化剂表现出较好的催化活性,乙炔转化率为97.67%,氯乙烯选择性为98.44%。与工业HY型分子筛为载体的催化剂相比,乙炔转化率提高29%,寿命较长,稳定性良好。     

负载型离子液体催化酯化法合成三醋酸甘油酯

研究了以磺酸咪唑基离子液体催化甘油和醋酸通过直接酯化法合成三醋酸甘油酯反应,结果表明,[(n-Bu-SO_3H)MIm][HSO_4]离子液体催化性能最好。采用浸渍法将其固载在SiO_2的表面,利用FT-IR对催化剂结构进行了表征,考察反应工艺条件对甘油转化率和三醋酸甘油酯选择性的影响,结果表明,在催化剂用量8%,醋酸与甘油物质的量比6∶1,110℃条件下反应8.0 h,甘油转化率可达到97.2%,对应的三醋酸甘油酯选择性可达21.2%。回收的催化剂经重复使用4次,反应体系中甘油转化率和三醋酸甘油酯选择性无明显下降。     

Selective catalytic reduction of NO by ammonia using mesoporous Fe-containing HZSM-5 and HZSM-12 zeolite catalysts: An option for automotive applications

Mesoporous and conventional Fe-containing ZSM-5 and ZSM-12 catalysts (0.5–8 wt% Fe) were prepared using a simple impregnation method and tested in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH₃. It was found that for both Fe/HZSM-5 and Fe/HZSM-12 catalysts with similar Fe contents, the activity of the mesoporous samples in NO SCR with NH₃ is significantly higher than for conventional samples. Such a difference in the activity is probably related with the better diffusion of reactants and products in the mesopores and better dispersion of the iron particles in the mesoporous zeolite as was confirmed by SEM analysis. Moreover, the maximum activity for the mesoporous zeolites is found at higher Fe concentrations than for the conventional zeolites. This also illustrates that the mesoporous zeolites allow a better dispersion of the metal component than the conventional zeolites. Finally, the influence of different pretreatment conditions on the catalytic activity was studied and interestingly, it was found that it is possible to increase the SCR performance significantly by preactivation of the catalysts in a 1% NH₃/N₂ mixture at 500 °C for 5 h. After preactivation, the activity of mesoporous 6 wt% Fe/HZSM-5 and 6 wt% Fe/HZSM-12 catalyst is comparable with that of traditional 3 wt% V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst used as a reference at temperatures below 400 °C and even more active at higher temperatures.     

Selective catalytic reduction of NO by C3H8 over CoOx/Al2O3: An investigation of structure–activity relationships

A series of CoO_x/Al₂O₃ catalysts was prepared, characterized, and applied for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by C₃H₈. The results of XRD, UV–vis, IR, Far-IR and ESR characterizations of the catalysts suggest that the predominant oxidation state of cobalt species is +2 for the catalysts with low cobalt loading (≤2 mol%) and for the catalysts with 4 mol% cobalt loading prepared by sol–gel and co-precipitation. Co₃O₄ crystallites or agglomerates are the predominant species in the catalysts with high cobalt loading prepared by incipient wetness impregnation and solid dispersion. An optimized CoO_x/Al₂O₃ catalyst shows high activity in SCR of NO by C₃H₈ (100% conversion of NO at 723 K, GHSV: 10,000 h⁻¹). The activity of the selective catalytic reduction of NO by C₃H₈ increases with the increase of cobalt–alumina interactions in the catalysts. The influences of cobalt loading and catalyst preparation method on the catalytic performance suggest that tiny CoAl₂O₄ crystallites highly dispersed on alumina are responsible for the efficient catalytic reduction of NO, whereas Co₃O₄ crystallites catalyze the combustion of C₃H₈ only.     

中油型加氢裂化催化剂工艺条件的影响

以NNY分子筛和Hβ分子筛为酸性组分,以γ-Al₂O₃为载体原料、Ni-W为金属组分、P为改性剂,采用较合适的配比利用挤条成型法和等体积饱和浸渍法制备较优的中油型加氢裂化催化剂,并针对此催化剂,在恒压15 MPa条件下,反应温度、空速和氢油体积比的变化对加氢裂化过程中馏分油转化率、产品分布、中油选择性和HDS、HDN效果的影响进行探究。结果表明,随着反应温度升高,转化率增大,产品分布向轻组分偏移,脱硫率和脱氮率增加,但中油选择性降低;随着空速增大,转化率、脱硫率和脱氮率均降低,中油选择性增大;随着氢油体积比增大,转化率、脱硫率和脱氮率先增大后趋于稳定,产品分布和中油选择性基本不变。在反应压力15 MPa、反应温度380 ℃、空速0.7 h^-1和氢油体积比1 500∶1条件下,转化率84.6%,中油选择性91.3%,生成油硫含量9.28 μg·g^-1,氮含量1.46 μg·g^-1。     

Study of M-ZSM-5 nanocatalysts (M:Cu,Mn, Fe,Co...) for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3: Process optimization by Taguchi method

A series of different transition metals (V, Co, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn) promoted H-ZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The catalytic activity of these catalysts was evaluated for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH₃ as reductant in the presence of oxygen. The results revealed that the catalytic activity of Cu-ZSM-5 nanocatalyst for NO conversion to N₂ was 80% at 300 ℃, which was the best among various promoted metals. Design of experiments (DOEs) with Taguchi method was employed to optimize NH₃-SCR process parameters such as NH₃/NO ratio, O₂ concentration, and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) over Cu-ZSM-5 nanocatalyst at 250 and 300 ℃. Results showed that the most important parameter in NH₃-SCR of NO is O₂ concentration; followed by NH₃/NO ratio and GHSV has little importance. The NO conversion to N₂ of 63.1% and 94.86%was observed at 250 ℃ and 300 ℃, respectively under the obtained optimum conditions.     

H-Al-MCM-48介孔分子筛的合成及其催化性能研究

采用水热法合成出n（Si）/n（Al）=25的Al-MCM-48介孔分子筛,并用NH4NO3溶液处理得到H型的H-Al-MCM-48介孔分子筛。采用XRD、N2吸附–脱附、TEM等手段对样品进行了表征,并研究了样品对苯酚与叔丁醇烷基化反应催化性能。结果表明,合成的Al-MCM-48样品具有高度有序的立方介孔结构,H-Al-MCM-48的介孔有序性和比表面积有所降低,但样品仍具有MCM-48的立方结构。H-Al-MCM-48在苯酚与叔丁醇的烷基化反应中显示出良好的催化活性,在反应温度为140℃时苯酚的转化率高达98.9%。     

微波热解制备g-Fe2O3催化剂及其SCR脱硝性能

以FeSO₄·7H₂O[Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O]为铁源,采用新型微波热解法制备γ-Fe₂O₃[a-Fe₂O₃]催化剂样品,通过XRD、N₂等温吸附-脱附、压汞法等实验手段对催化剂样品晶相、微观孔结构等进行表征;考察两种催化剂样品的NH₃-SCR脱硝性能,通过归一化处理得到两种催化剂在不同温度下的本征脱硝反应速率,同时对比研究了γ-Fe₂O₃与钒系催化剂的脱硝活性;研究氨氮比、氧浓度等运行参数对γ-Fe₂O₃催化剂NH₃-SCR脱硝性能的影响规律,并对其抗硫抗水性能进行考察.结果表明:采用新型微波热解法可得到纯度较高的γ-Fe₂O₃催化剂,其介孔分布合理且大孔数量丰富;同时γ-Fe₂O₃催化剂表现出优于a-Fe₂O₃催化剂的脱硝性能,400℃时最大NO_x转化率达到96%,300、325、350℃下单位面积脱硝速率达到a-Fe₂O₃催化剂的3倍左右;γ-Fe₂O₃催化剂具备优良的抗硫抗水性能,其最佳氨氮比为1、最佳氧体积分数为3.5%.     

Catalytic properties and electronic structure of copper ions in Cu-ZSM-5

The effect of ion exchange conditions, such as Si/Al ratio, precursor copper salt, pH and concentration of the solution, on the catalytic activity in SCR of NO by propane and on the electronic state of copper ions in Cu-ZSM-5 has been studied. The NO conversion in NO SCR by C₃H₈ has been found to reach a maximum value at Cu/Al ratio about 0.37–0.4 and remain constant at higher Cu/Al.

ESR and UV–vis DR spectroscopy have been used to elucidate stabilization conditions of copper ions in Cu-ZSM-5 zeolites as isolated Cu²⁺ ions, chain copper oxide structures and square-plain oxide clusters. The ability of copper ions for reduction and reoxidation in the chain structures may be responsible for the catalytic activity of Cu-ZSM-5. These transformations of copper ions are accompanied by the observation of intervalence transitions Cu²⁺–Cu⁺ and CTLM of the chain structures in the UV–vis spectra.     

Low temperature SCR of NO with NH3 over carbon nanotubes supported vanadium oxides

A novel multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNTs) supported vanadium catalyst was prepared. The structure of catalyst prepared was characterized by TEM, BET, FTIR, XRD and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) methods. The results indicated that vanadium particles were highly dispersed on the wall of carbon nanotubes. The V₂O₅/CNT catalysts showed good activities in the SCR of NO with a temperature range of 373–523 K. The Lewis acid sites on the surface of V₂O₅/CNT are the active sites for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH₃ at low temperatures. It was suggested that the reaction path might involve the adsorbed NH₃ species reacted with NO from gaseous phase and as well as the adsorbed NO₂ species. The diameter of CNTs showed positive effect on the activities of the catalysts. Under the reaction conditions of 463 K, 0.1 Mpa, NH₃/NO = 1, GHSV = 35,000 h⁻¹, and V₂O₅ loading of 2.35 wt%, the outer diameter of CNTs of 60–100 nm, the NO conversion was 92%.