CO与CO2甲烷化反应研究进展

介绍了甲烷化反应的催化剂,尤其是Ni基催化剂的研究进展,综述了助剂、载体以及制备方法对甲烷化催化剂催化性能的影响,不同催化剂上CO和CO2甲烷化反应过程的机理。     

流化床反应器中CO2甲烷化过程实验研究

设计制造一套千瓦级容量甲烷化流化床反应装置,进行甲烷化流化床反应器运行特性实验研究.综合考察温度、空速、压力对甲烷化反应转化特性的影响,并在此基础上对电转气工艺设计思路进行探讨和分析.结果表明:随着温度的升高,CO2转化率先逐渐上升再下降,因此在单级流化床反应器内难以兼顾反应转化效率和副产蒸汽品质;甲烷化反应速率快,空...     

微生物电解池辅助CO2甲烷化阴极材料的研究进展

微生物电解池（microbial electrolysis cell,MEC）产甲烷技术是一种有望成为缓解能源危机与温室效应的重要新型途径。它以外界输入的较小电能为能量来源,以微生物为催化剂,在阳极通过分解有机物形成电子和质子;在阴极产生氢气和甲烷。近年来,MEC在反应器构型、阴极材料设计及电子转移途径、微生物群落结构组成等方面的研究取得了重要进展,寻找高效低价的阴极材料催化剂,实现MEC从概念到应用成为相关领域的研究热点。本文综述了MEC耦合厌氧消化系统产甲烷的工作原理和常见阴极材料的发展现状;分别对碳基阴极、金属基阴极及复合阴极的甲烷产率进行了阐述;系统介绍了不同阴极系统的电子传递方式、电化学特性、生物相容性、微生物群落结构组成等属性;讨论了各类电极的优缺点,并指出了今后的重点研究方向,以期为MEC耦合厌氧消化产甲烷技术的工程应用提供基础。     

CO2催化加氢甲烷化研究进展

介绍了CO2加氢甲烷化反应及其热力学性质。从催化剂和反应机理等角度阐述了CO2加氢甲烷化反应研究进展。认为采取全球CO2循环策略系统是降低大气中CO2含量的一条有效途径。     

Ni-Ru/TiO2-凹凸棒石复合材料的制备及其CO2甲烷化性能

基于黏土矿物在催化剂制品中的广泛应用和因CO2增长过快造成的全球温室效应,通过溶胶凝胶法在凹凸棒石(ATP)表面负载TiO2并以其为载体,采用浸渍法制备了用于CO2甲烷化的Ni-Ru/TiO2-ATP催化剂.比较Ru和Ni负载量对催化性能的影响,重点考察了反应温度和空速对甲烷化过程的影响,并采用原位红外测试技术进一步揭...     

Ni/Al2O3催化剂对高纯HCl中微量CO2甲烷化反应的催化性能

用浸渍法制备了以Al₂O₃为载体、Ni为活性组分的Ni/Al₂O₃二氧化碳甲烷化催化剂,在等温固定床反应器中研究了在Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂作用下,高纯氯化氢中微量CO₂甲烷化反应效果,并考察了温度、压力、氯化氢体积空速以及H₂/CO₂摩尔比对CO₂转化率的影响,同时研究了催化剂活性、稳定性及其再生性能。结果表明,在温度为250℃、压力为4.0 MPa、氯化氢空速为100 h^-1、H₂/CO₂摩尔比为500:1条件下,CO₂甲烷化反应效果最好,其转化率可达到90%左右,对于高纯氯化氢中微量CO₂的脱除起到很好的效果;催化剂在温度高于300℃时,反应不久后会迅速失活;催化剂再生性能只能部分恢复到新鲜水平。     

UV/H_2O_2高级氧化工艺脱汞试验研究

烟气中的汞污染是燃煤电厂污染源之一,将烟气中的Hg~0氧化脱除是脱汞的重要思路。采用光化学鼓泡反应器研究UV/H_2O_2高级氧化工艺脱汞过程,结果表明,增加UV的功率可以提高Hg~0去除率;随着H_2O_2浓度提高,Hg~0去除率先上升后趋于下降;随着Hg~0初始浓度提高,Hg~0去除率呈下降趋势;而Hg~0去除率与溶液体积成正比。该UV/H_2O_2高级氧化工艺可为燃煤电厂烟气脱汞提供新思路。     

的吸附与解吸研究进展

本文介绍了工业上CO₂的主要来源及应用,以及工业上分离、回收CO₂的常用方法。同时介绍了活性炭在变压吸附分离气体领域的应用,以及变压吸附过程中吸附剂再生的常用方法。详细综述了活性炭的孔结构、表面化学结构等因素对CO₂的吸附及解吸性能影响的研究进展。     

Separation of CO2 from flue gas using electrochemical cells

Past research with high temperature molten carbonate electrochemical cells has shown that carbon dioxide can be separated from flue gas streams produced by pulverized coal combustion for power generation. However, the presence of trace contaminants, i.e., sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides, will impact the electrolyte within the cell. If a lower temperature cell could be devised that would utilize the benefits of commercially-available, upstream desulfurization and denitrification in the power plant, then this CO₂ separation technique can approach more viability in the carbon sequestration area. Recent work has led to the assembly and successful operation of a low temperature electrochemical cell. In the proof-of-concept testing with this cell, an anion exchange membrane was sandwiched between gas-diffusion electrodes consisting of nickel-based anode electrocatalysts on carbon paper. When a potential was applied across the cell and a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide was flowed over the wetted electrolyte on the cathode side, a stream of CO₂ to O₂ was produced on the anode side, suggesting that carbonate/bicarbonate ions are the CO₂ carrier in the membrane. Since a mixture of CO₂ and O₂ is produced, the possibility exists to use this stream in oxy-firing of additional fuel.From this research, a novel concept for efficiently producing a carbon dioxide rich effluent from combustion of a fossil fuel was proposed. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are captured from the flue gas of a fossil-fuel combustor by one or more electrochemical cells or cell stacks. The separated stream is then transferred to an oxy-fired combustor which uses the gas stream for ancillary combustion, ultimately resulting in an effluent rich in carbon dioxide. A portion of the resulting flow produced by the oxy-fired combustor may be continuously recycled back into the oxy-fired combustor for temperature control and an optimal carbon dioxide rich effluent.     

回收NMP-CS2混合溶剂萃取原煤基本性状研究

以平顶山煤和徐州煤为原料,利用回收NMP与CS_2混合溶剂和反萃取剂将两种煤全组分分离成萃余煤组分、沥青质组分、精煤组分和轻质组分四大族组分,主要对比原煤及各族组分的真密度、工业分析与元素分析。结果表明,萃余煤组分真密度最大,分别为1.59和1.45,精煤组分与沥青质组分真密度低于原煤。轻质组分具有较多非共价键成键点,易与水分子形成氢键,水分含量最高,分别为6.09%和5.77%,而萃余煤组分水分含量最低,分别为0.96%和0.63%。沥青质组分接近无灰。挥发分含量以轻质组分沥青质组分精煤组分原煤萃余煤组分顺序降低。C元素含量以精煤组分与沥青质组分相对较高,萃余煤组分C元素含量较两者偏低,分别为80.91%和80.65%。轻质组分中N、O和S元素含量较高,C元素含量最低。     

CO2化学吸收系统污染物排放与控制研究进展

CO₂化学吸收技术因其捕集效率高、技术相对成熟和适应性好,是目前最具工业应用潜力的CO₂捕集技术,然而,CO₂化学吸收系统在使用吸收剂捕集烟气中CO₂的同时,部分吸收剂及其降解产物随烟气排出,不仅增加吸收剂损耗,且在大气中进一步反应生成强致癌物硝胺和亚硝胺。因此,有必要对CO₂化学吸收系统污染物排放进行有效控制。目前,通常通过调节系统运行参数、使用污染物控制手段对污染物进行控制,但缺乏普适性的控制方法,还未建立污染物排放的控制目标值。介绍了CO₂化学吸收系统污染物的3类排放形式,包括物理夹带、气体和气溶胶,其中气溶胶具有较高的排放量且难以被传统方式控制;梳理了研究机构测量到的排放情况,不同规模的CO₂化学吸收系统普遍具有较高的排放量;分析了气溶胶生成生长机理,气溶胶排放主要通过非均相成核产生,依赖于凝结核的存在和过饱和的环境;基于试验和模拟2种方法综述了烟气凝结核、贫液进口温度、贫液负荷、烟气CO₂含量等因素对气溶胶主导的有机胺排放影响。简要介绍了对降解产物排放的研究,包括氧化降解和热降解;最后对当前污染物排放控制手段的控制效果及优缺点进行了总结。传统水洗方法能有效控制有机胺气态排放,传统除雾器对大粒径气溶胶颗粒控制效果好,但对小颗粒脱除效率低。湿式电除尘、蒸汽注入、干床等方法虽有一定脱除效果,但成本较高。酸洗能解决氨气排放问题,但难以回收有机胺。胶质气体泡沫法对气溶胶脱除效率高,但缺乏工业级研究。未来对于污染物的排放需要开发新型控制手段,这一手段既要有效减少气相和气溶胶形式的污染物排放,又要控制工业投资成本,这将成为建立先进碳捕集工艺系统的关键环节。     

生物质合成气甲烷化机理及催化体系研究进展

天然气的供需矛盾促使人们寻找新的天然气资源,其中利用生物质合成天然气（Bio-SNG）的替代技术受到了全世界的关注。在整个工艺过程中,生物质合成气制取甲烷是关键技术,而甲烷化催化剂是其核心要素。简述了近年来生物质合成气甲烷化机理及其催化体系的研究进展,重点讨论了合成气中CO甲烷化、CO₂甲烷化反应机理,以及甲烷化催化剂中活性金属、助剂和载体对CO甲烷化、CO₂甲烷化以及CO与CO₂共存条件下甲烷化反应性能的影响,分析了目前仍存在的主要问题,并指出了进一步研究的发展方向。     

Influence of coal characteristics on CO2 gasification

The rate of CO₂ gasification of a coke is one of the most important qualities of metallurgical coke. Many workers are trying to estimate the rate of CO₂ gasification of coke by studying properties of coal, such as the reflectance of vitrinite and the amounts of inertinite and ash in coal. The specific-gravity separation method is used to prepare coals which possess almost the same reflectance, but contain different amounts of inertinite and ash. The relation between the rate of gasification and the properties of coal is quantitatively explained.     

A fixed-bed reactor modeling study on the methanation of CO2

The methanation of carbon dioxide has gained renewed interest during the last years as a possible technology to synthesize a feasible chemical energy carrier. This modeling study aims at a basic understanding of the aspects relevant for designing an externally cooled fixed-bed reactor for the methanation of a pure, stoichiometric feed gas. It is shown that the reaction rates and the exothermicity (ΔH° = −165 kJ/mol) prevent a fixed-bed reactor of technical dimensions to be operated at high conversions without runaway of the reactor. The model predictions of differently detailed pseudo-homogeneous reactor models and a heterogeneous reactor model where the intraparticle transport of mass is described according to a dusty-gas approach are compared to assess the needed level of detail in terms of modeling the heat transfer, fluid flow characteristics and transport resistances on the pellet scale. Under specific conditions, intraparticle mass transfer and external heat transfer need to be considered for describing the temperature and concentration profiles adequately. The study is completed by modeling a fixed-bed membrane reactor as an example of a structured reactor that offers improved temperature control by separated and controlled feeding of hydrogen and carbon dioxide.     

Enhanced methanation stability of nano-sized MoS2 catalysts by adding Al2O3

A series of unsupported MoS₂ catalysts with or without Al₂O₃ modification was prepared using a modified thermal decomposition approach. The catalysts were tested for the methanation of carbon monoxide and the optimum one has 25.6 wt-% Al₂O₃ content. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen adsorption measurement, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that adding appropriate amount of Al₂O₃ increases the dispersion of MoS₂, and the increased interaction force between MoS₂ and Al₂O₃ can inhibit the sintering of active MoS₂ to some extent.     

CO2吸附活化及催化加氢制低碳烯烃的研究进展

随着工业化的发展,CO2的排放与日俱增,给环境带来了不可忽视的严重后果。同时,石油资源日渐匮乏,使得以石油为原料制低碳烯烃的工业面临严峻的挑战。利用CO2制低碳烯烃是缓解环境与资源双重压力的有效途径之一。本文综述了CO2催化加氢制低碳烯烃的热力学分析,CO2在过渡金属单晶和氧化物表面的吸附活化机理以及CO2催化加氢制低碳烯烃催化剂的研究进展。分析比较了包括单金属催化剂、双金属催化剂和复合催化剂在内的CO2制低碳烯烃催化剂的优缺点。提出了催化反应过程中存在催化剂难以兼顾选择性和转化率的技术难题,并指出了今后的主要研究方向是加强催化反应机理和催化剂制备、改性技术的研究。