用于催化甲醇制烯烃的SAPO-34分子筛合成的研究进展

介绍了用于催化甲醇制烯烃的SAPO-34分子筛合成的研究近况。SAPO-34分子筛的合成过程是影响其晶粒尺寸、酸性强弱等物化性能的重要因素, 因而是影响其催化性能的关键因素。本文详细叙述了原料配比及其种类、模板剂、F^-等合成因素对SAPO-34分子筛物化性能及其MTO反应催化性能的影响。针对SAPO-34合成及其催化性能优化的新技术, 综述了SAPO-34分子筛的金属改性及其超声波、微波辅助合成的特点和效果, 指出通过研发新的模板剂及其助剂、改性或制备新工艺进而改善分子筛的酸性、提高其烯烃选择性、延长催化反应寿命、降低合成成本是SAPO-34今后研发的重要方向。     

模板剂组成对SAPO-34分子筛结构和甲醇制烯烃性能的影响

添加双模板剂三乙胺和四乙基溴化铵,利用水热法合成片状SAPO-34作为晶种,改变模板剂组成合成不同厚度的层状SAPO-34分子筛。采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、氨气程序升温脱附等手段对合成的分子筛进行表征,在固定床反应器上评价SAPO-34的甲醇制烯烃催化性能。实验结果表明:添加晶种使SAPO-34分子筛的晶化时间缩短了36 h,无模板剂导向作用无法合成SAPO-34,利用模板剂组成可以调变层状SAPO-34分子筛的厚度;板层状SAPO-34比片层状和立方体状分子筛的低碳烯烃选择性略高,但其稳定性较片层的SAPO-34稍差。     

不同模板剂合成的SAPO-34分子筛催化丁烯裂解

受下游产品的影响,丙烯需求量逐年上升,提高丙烯生产能力显得尤为重要。SAPO-34分子筛具有八元环孔道结构,在丁烯裂解中可有效提高低碳烯烃选择性,尤其是丙烯选择性。以二乙胺、四乙基氢氧化铵和二乙胺+四乙基氢氧化铵为模板剂合成SAPO-34分子筛,采用XRD、NH3-TPD和SEM等进行表征,并在固定床反应器上考察模板剂对分子筛催化性能的影响。结果表明,模板剂种类对制备的SAPO-34分子筛的晶粒大小、酸强度、酸量以及催化性能有重要影响。以四乙基氢氧化铵为模板剂合成的分子筛酸量最少,酸性最弱;以二乙胺为模板剂合成的分子筛酸量最大且酸性最强,双模板剂发挥加和效应。将SAPO-34分子筛用于丁烯裂解反应时,酸量越少,酸性越弱,丙烯收率越高,丙烯最高收率为33.61%。     

液相晶化法合成SAPO-34分子筛

分别以吗啉(Mor)和吗啉-四乙基氢氧化铵(Mor-TEAOH)为模板剂,采用液相晶化法合成SAPO-34分子筛,考察晶化温度、晶化时间和模板剂对合成SAPO-34分子筛的影响和SAP-34分子筛催化甲醇制低碳烯烃(MTO)的性能.结果表明,合成SAPO-34的适宜晶化温度和时间分别为140～180℃和96～120 h,采用吗啉-四乙基氢氧化铵(Mor-TEAOH)为模板剂合成的分子筛晶粒较小.MTO反应的较佳条件为甲醇与水的体积比为2,质量空速5 h-1,催化剂8 g,常压,380℃.该条件下,甲醇转化率达98%以上,C2H4与C3H6总的选择性达84.01%.     

复合模板剂制备片状SAPO-34分子筛及催化MTO反应

采用三乙胺为主模板剂、双端氨基聚乙二醇800为辅助模板剂制备出片状SAPO-34分子筛,使用XRD、SEM、BET及NH₃-TPD对样品进行表征;并考察在甲醇制烯烃反应中的催化性能。结果表明,所合成的片状SAPO-34分子筛具有较大的比表面积(720 m²/g)和适中的酸性。在催化甲醇制烯烃反应中表现出较长的寿命,甲醇转化率达到99%以上,乙烯和丙烯(双烯)选择性达到80%以上。     

双模板剂调控SAPO-34对1-丁烯催化裂解的影响

利用水热合成法,通过调控模板剂吗啡啉和四乙基氢氧化铵物质的量比[n(MOR)∶n(TEAOH)]合成出不同SAPO-34分子筛。采用XRD、SEM、NH₃-TPD等测试方法对合成样品进行表征,并考察其在1-丁烯催化裂解制丙烯反应中的催化性能。结果表明,双模板剂相比单模板剂制得的SAPO-34分子筛具有不同的酸性和颗粒尺寸,适宜的[n(MOR)∶n(TEAOH)]可以协同SAPO-34分子筛有更弱的酸强度和B酸酸位,从而抑制裂解过程中氢转移反应的发生。当n(MOR)∶n(TEAOH)=2.0∶0.5时可以最大程度的提升丙烯产率和选择性,在1-丁烯催化裂解制丙烯中具有最高的丙烯产率和丙烯选择性,分别为37.03%和45.78%,可以有效应用于1-丁烯催化裂解反应。     

不同酸性SAPO-34分子筛的制备及其催化合成气制低碳烯烃性能研究

以三乙胺为模板剂,改变初始合成凝胶中n(SiO2):n(Al2 O3)调变SAPO-34分子筛的酸性质,合成了不同Si引入量的SAPO-34分子筛,并分别与ZnCrAlOx氧化物进行混合制备双功能催化剂,研究了其催化CO加氢直接合成低碳烯烃的性能.通过XRD、SEM、NH3-TPD、XRF以及N2吸附-脱附对分子筛的结...     

纳米SAPO-34分子筛粒径的影响因素研究

纳米SAPO-34分子筛因其颗粒尺寸小和比表面积大等特性,使其在吸附分离和工业催化等领域表现出更好的性能.本文主要阐述了常规水热合成法中硅源、模板剂等因素对合成的纳米SAPO-34分子筛颗粒尺寸的影响规律,并进一步评述了两种合成纳米SAPO-34分子筛的新方法.最后对这类材料的未来发展做了展望.     

双模板剂法SAPO-34分子筛的合成及其MTO催化性能调变

以四乙基氢氧化铵（TEAOH）和二乙铵（DEA）为混合模板剂，在低投料硅铝比[n (SiO₂) ∶n (Al₂O₃)=0.2]及低模板剂用量[n (模板剂) ∶n (Al₂O₃)=1.9]下，考察了两种模板剂比例的调变对合成的SAPO-34分子筛物化性能及其催化甲醇制烯烃反应（MTO）催化性能的影响。研究发现，通过改变两种模板剂比例，可以明显调变SAPO-34分子筛晶粒尺寸、硅分布（晶粒表面和体相的硅分布）、硅原子的配位环境，从而影响其MTO催化反应的效果。在低模板剂用量制备的SAPO-34产品中，晶粒尺寸是影响其催化寿命的最主要因素，小晶粒分子筛因其扩散路径短有利于延长催化寿命。此外，硅分布也是影响催化寿命的因素之一，表面富硅的分子筛导致外表面积炭程度大于晶内积炭，积炭趋势由外向内发展，加速分子筛“假性”失活。硅分布还影响MTO反应产物分布，表面富硅分子筛外表面更易发生非择形催化，显著提高C₄～C₆等产物的选择性，不利于目标产物双烯（乙烯+丙烯）选择性的提高。     

SAPO-34分子筛的合成与Ce改性

本论文主要研究了SAPO-34分子筛的合成与改性,阐述了当下SAPO-34分子筛的主要合成方法并通过水热合成法将稀土金属Ce引入SAPO-34分子骨架中制备出CeSAPO-34分子筛。考察了反应温度、晶化时间、模板剂、Ce金属改性等因素对SAPO-34分子筛结构的影响,优化制备工艺得出最佳的反应条件。     

甲醇制烯烃催化剂SAPO-34分子筛的制备和喷雾成型

SAPO-34分子筛用于催化甲醇转化制烯烃,乙烯和丙烯选择性高,是很好的甲醇制烯烃催化剂。由于SAPO-34分子筛失活速率快,甲醇制烯烃反应器通常是连续循环再生的流化床反应器,SAPO-34分子筛必须喷雾成型并达到一定抗磨强度后才能使用。在50 L反应釜合成了SAPO-34分子筛,并在中试喷雾装置上,以SAPO-34为活性组分喷雾成型甲醇制烯烃催化剂。结果表明,喷雾成型甲醇制烯烃催化剂的抗磨损指数为1.58%·h-1,抗磨性能达到工业应用要求,与两种工业甲醇制烯烃催化剂对比,喷雾成型甲醇制烯烃催化剂寿命最长,达260 min,乙烯、丙烯选择性以及乙烯+丙烯总选择性在对应的各个反应时间点均最高,260 min分别达到49.09%、35.05%和84.98%。     

棱片状SAPO-34分子筛的合成及其催化性能

在SAPO-34分子筛合成的成核阶段进行微波干扰，成功合成出棱片状SAPO-34分子筛，通过XRD、BET、SEM及NH3-TPD手段对样品进行表征，并考察在甲醇转化制烯烃反应中的催化性能。结果表明，此方法合成的SAPO-34分子筛存在特殊的酸位中心分布以及特殊的形貌，在甲醇转化制烯烃反应中表现出更长的催化寿命，甲醇转化率接近100%，乙烯和丙烯总选择性超过85%。
     

Busting the efficiency of SAPO-34 catalysts for the methanol-to-olefin conversion by post-synthesis methods

As an effective non-petroleum based process for producing light olefins, the methanol-to-olefin(MTO) route has become an indispensable alternative to the industrial production of light olefins. The silicoaluminophosphate SAPO-34 zeolite(CHA-type structure) has proven to be an efficient industrial catalyst for the production of ethylene and propylene by the MTO reaction. However, the inherent structure and related diffusion limitations of SAPO-34 limit the mass transport and thus cause rapid deactivation of the catalyst. Fabrication of hierarchical SAPO-34 zeolite is one of the most effective strategies to address the intrinsic diffusion limitation. As simple, inexpensive, and efficient approach, the post-synthetic route has attracted considerable attention and widely used to introduce secondary meso-/macropores into the microporous SAPO-34 material. Significant effort has been dedicated to the development of post-synthesis strategies to prepare hierarchical SAPO-34 zeolite, thereby enhancing its catalytic performance in the MTO process. This mini-review addresses the post-synthesis preparation of hierarchical SAPO-34 catalysts and their MTO performance. Furthermore, some current problems and prospects of the post-synthesis route to hierarchical SAPO-34 catalysts are also revised. We expect this minireview to inspire the more efficient preparation of hierarchical SAPO-34 catalysts for the MTO process.     

Busting the efficiency of SAPO-34 catalysts for the methanol-to-olefin conversion by post-synthesis methods

As an effective non-petroleum based process for producing light olefins, the methanol-to-olefin (MTO) route has become an indispensable alternative to the industrial production of light olefins. The silicoaluminophosphate SAPO-34 zeolite (CHA-type structure) has proven to be an efficient industrial catalyst for the production of ethylene and propylene by the MTO reaction. However, the inherent structure and related diffusion limitations of SAPO-34 limit the mass transport and thus cause rapid deactivation of the catalyst. Fabrication of hierarchical SAPO-34 zeolite is one of the most effective strategies to address the intrinsic diffusion limitation. As simple, inexpensive, and efficient approach, the post-synthetic route has attracted considerable attention and widely used to introduce secondary meso-/macropores into the microporous SAPO-34 material. Significant effort has been dedicated to the development of post-synthesis strategies to prepare hierarchical SAPO-34 zeolite, thereby enhancing its catalytic performance in the MTO process. This mini-review addresses the post-synthesis preparation of hierarchical SAPO-34 catalysts and their MTO performance. Furthermore, some current problems and prospects of the post-synthesis route to hierarchical SAPO-34 catalysts are also revised. We expect this minireview to inspire the more efficient preparation of hierarchical SAPO-34 catalysts for the MTO process.     

NaOH预处理对高岭土表面原位合成SAPO-34催化剂性能的影响

以高温煅烧高岭土微球(CKM)为载体,采用原位合成法制备了负载型SAPO-34催化剂(SCKM)。以质量分数2%～10%的NaOH水溶液对高岭土微球进行了预处理。采用XRD、XPS、SEM、N2吸附-脱附对NaOH处理的高岭土微球及原位合成的SAPO-34进行了表征,并在MTO固定床上对合成催化剂的活性进行了评价。结果表明,NaOH水溶液预处理对高岭土微球表面的化学组成、形貌结构以及原位合成SAPO-34负载型催化剂的性能均有显著影响。质量分数4%的NaOH水溶液处理高岭土微球表面合成的SAPO-34催化剂(4-SCKM)在MTO催化反应中的活性最佳,甲醇转化率达到100%,低碳烯烃选择性89.8%,单程寿命964 min,优于非原位合成的SAPO-34催化剂。     

Spatial confinement effects of cage-type SAPO molecular sieves on product distribution and coke formation in methanol-to-olefin reaction

Three kinds of 8-membered ring silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) molecular sieves with different cage structures, SAPO-34, SAPO-18 and SAPO-35, were employed in methanol-to-olefin (MTO) reaction. The main products over SAPO-34 and SAPO-18 were propene and butenes, whereas ethene and propene especially ethene were predominantly generated over SAPO-35. Coke species formation greatly depended on reaction temperature and varied systematically with cage size. The differences in production distribution and generated coke species in the MTO reaction suggest great spatial confinement effects imposed by cage structure of SAPO catalysts.     

草酸溶液处理对SAPO-34分子筛物性和催化性能的影响

用XRD、SEM、N₂物理吸附、XRF、ICP-AES以及NH₃-TPD、FT-IR、固体NMR和固定床甲醇制烯烃技术（MTO）反应评价等表征手段,研究了草酸溶液处理对SAPO-34分子筛的改性作用。结果表明,用草酸溶液对SAPO-34分子筛进行后处理可以通过刻蚀骨架在晶体中产生大孔,调变孔道结构,改善微孔扩散性能;选择性地降低分子筛的骨架硅含量,从而降低分子筛的酸强度和酸中心密度。将改性前后的分子筛应用于MTO反应中。评价结果表明,适度的酸处理能够在保证分子筛收率和乙烯、丙烯选择性的前提下,明显提高催化剂的单程寿命。草酸溶液处理是一种值得研究的SAPO-34分子筛后处理改性方法和MTO催化剂制备手段。     

Preparation of SAPO-34 catalyst and presentation of a kinetic model for methanol to olefin process (MTO)

Conversion of methanol to light olefins (MTO) using acidic SAPO-34 molecular-sieve as the reaction catalyst was studied in a differential fixed bed reactor within the temperature range of 375-425 °C and under 4 bar pressure. The importance of MTO process is due to the increasing demand for light olefins in recent years. SAPO-34 was synthesized by hydrothermal method, applying morpholine as the template. The latter compound was then changed into protonated form by ion exchange method with ammonium chloride at 80 °C. A simple stoichiometric scheme has been presented for MTO. In addition a mechanism for this process based on Langmuir-Hinshelwood formulation has been put forward and the kinetic parameters have been evaluated as functions of temperature.