降雨诱导滑坡自动监测系统的应用

对海南石梅湾沿自然山体修建酒店和别墅项目的一处滑坡进行全自动监测,研究了降雨诱导滑坡的机理。监测采用了含水量计、张力计、孔隙水压力计、测斜仪以及雨量计等一系列仪器,通过与自动数据采集仪连接实现对边坡状况的实时监控。监测周期开始于2011年旱季直至2012年雨季再次发生滑坡,主要介绍了现场滑坡监测系统的设计和安装。通过对所取得的数据的分析,认为暴雨条件下边坡含水率和基质吸力的巨大变化是诱导浅层滑坡发生的重要原因。     

两种降雨模式下基坑渗流及稳定性研究

基于非饱和土渗流及抗剪强度理论,采用瞬时暴雨和连阴雨两种降雨模式,利用MIDAS有限元软件对西安桩锚支护的深基坑边坡进行渗流分析,探讨在不同降雨模式下边坡土体负孔隙水压力消散规律,结果表明,短时间暴雨只会在边坡表层形成一个暂态饱和区,深层土体基质吸力变化不大,而连阴雨会逐渐渗入土体,导致边坡土体饱和;同时,利用得到的孔隙水压力导入边坡稳定分析荷载中,采用强度折减法对边坡进行稳定分析,表明连阴雨对边坡安全系数及支护结构内力的变化影响较大。     

降雨/蒸发对膨胀土边坡稳定性影响研究

为深入研究降雨/蒸发作用对膨胀土边坡稳定性的影响,本文将改进的二维渗流模型与极限平衡分析法相结合,计算分析降雨、蒸发两种不同类型的气候作用下试验场地膨胀土边坡体内的渗流场变化及边坡的稳定性;结合试验边坡的现场监测资料,论述了膨胀土边坡的失稳机理。本文的研究表明:持续降雨引发土体吸力降低、强度衰减、有效应力降低并在坡脚处首先达到极限平衡状态;蒸发作用使浅层土体含水量降低,吸力增加,但同时也出现的收缩作用将产生裂隙而折减土体强度且增强渗透性,但土体内吸力的大幅提高则起主导作用。本文的研究成果将有助于分析评价膨胀土边坡在遭受干湿循环作用下的长期稳定性。     

降雨入渗条件下土质边坡的稳定性分析

降雨对边坡的稳定性具有重要影响。在降雨作用下,土坡中的饱和度及含水率增加,基质吸力减小,而水、气压力的变化又影响着土体骨架的变形。文章基于饱和–非饱和渗流分析及强度折减法,对降雨作用下的土质边坡进行了固体和流体的耦合分析及不耦合分析,研究了饱和渗透系数及降雨强度对边坡安全系数及滑面位置的影响,并分析了安全系数及滑面位置与时间的关系。研究表明:土体的饱和渗透系数对边坡的稳定性影响很大;对于渗透性较好的土体,降雨强度越大,在降雨作用下边坡的安全系数变化程度也越大,安全系数降低及恢复的速度也越快;对于渗透性较差的土体,降雨强度对边坡稳定性的影响有限;在相同的计算条件下,不耦合分析对应的安全系数小于耦合分析的相应值;在不同强度的降雨作用下,滑面位置变化的范围有所不同,不耦合分析的滑面位置变化范围主要出现在坡肩,而耦合分析的滑面位置变化范围主要出现在坡脚。     

降雨入渗对非饱和黄土边坡稳定性的影响分析

开展降雨条件下黄土边坡的非稳态渗流有限元计算,分析降雨过程中黄土边坡孔压分布以及边坡稳定系数的变化规律,得出以下结论:降雨导致的非饱和黄土边坡表层土体基质吸力丧失是诱发浅层滑坡的重要原因。     

降雨入渗条件下抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性分析

采用有限差分软件FLAC~(3D)内置FISH语言编制相关程序,将边坡非饱和区渗透系数和基质吸力随饱和度的变化关系嵌入到数值计算中,实现了降雨入渗条件下边坡非饱和渗流过程的模拟,结合基于Fredlund双应力状态变量理论的强度折减法,进一步实现了非饱和边坡的稳定性分析。基于某典型抗滑桩加固边坡算例建立数值计算模型,研究了降雨入渗对边坡孔隙水压力分布及边坡稳定性的影响,并对降雨强度、基质吸力及桩顶约束形式对边坡稳定性的影响进行了参数分析。研究结果表明:降雨入渗条件下,随降雨历时增加,湿润锋线不断向坡体内部推进,基质吸力明显减小,边坡安全系数显著降低;边坡安全系数随降雨强度增大而减小,当降雨强度超过土体饱和渗透系数后,边坡安全系数随降雨强度变化不大,并趋于稳定;基质吸力对边坡稳定影响显著,考虑基质吸力时边坡安全系数明显提高;在桩顶设置预应力锚索可使桩身位移明显减小,边坡安全系数提高。     

降雨条件下坡积土边坡暂态饱和区形成机理及分布规律

降雨是引起坡积土边坡失稳的最常见外部因素之一.雨水的入渗在引起土体抗剪强度参数降低的同时,还将导致土体重度的增加、基质吸力的降低,最终造成边坡的失稳.开展雨水在边坡内部的渗流过程研究已成为分析边坡在降雨条件下稳定性的前提.基于有限元数值模拟方法,进行了雨水在土体中渗流过程的模拟,着眼于降雨条件下边坡暂态饱和区的形成、分布及消散特征,描述了该过程中边坡内部含水率、基质吸力、水力梯度的变化规律.结果表明:暂态饱和区形成的主要原因是土体中向湿润锋下方渗出的雨水量小于降雨入渗补给量,从而使得土体中的含水率累积升高;暂态饱和区的形成与降雨强度、降雨时间具有十分密切的关系,暂态饱和区形成时间、雨水入渗深度、土体表面体积含水率大小分别与降雨强度存在函数关系;清晰描述了暂态饱和区形成-发展-消散-地下水位升高的全过程,从该过程看,边坡排水措施的设计值得思考.     

考虑降雨入渗影响的非饱和土边坡瞬态安全系数研究

以土壤体积含水率作为控制变量,应用非饱和土水分运动基本理论建立了降雨入渗过程中土体瞬态含水率的计算模型并且编制了计算程序,在计算模型中通过改变边界条件考虑了降雨过程中土壤入渗能力的变化,采用非饱和土强度理论和极限平衡方法,得出了可以考虑基质吸力影响的边坡安全系数计算公式,编制了计算程序,最后通过具体的算例,讨论了降雨入渗对土质边坡稳定性的影响.     

增湿条件下黄土陡坡变形特性及稳定性分析

降雨入渗诱发的黄土边坡病害屡见报道,黄土遇水软化以及近坡表非饱和区基质吸力降低是边坡失稳的主要原因。本文采用有限差分数值计算软件,通过软件内置语言编制相关计算程序,考虑降雨过程中非饱和区基质吸力、非饱和渗透系数以及土体强度参数的变化情况,并采用自定义非饱和土强度折减法对降雨过程中黄土陡坡稳定性进行评价。研究结果表明:降雨入渗对非饱和黄土陡坡的稳定性影响很大,随降雨历时增加,湿润锋线不断向坡体内部推进,非饱和区基质吸力减小,边坡安全系数降低;边坡最大水平位移出现在坡脚处,潜在滑动面呈现出浅层滑动趋势。     

降雨对滑坡形态影响的宏细观分析

进行人工降雨诱发边坡滑坡的模型试验,着重研究不同降雨强度对滑坡形态的影响。基于不同降雨强度下边坡发生滑坡的破坏过程,利用高速动态数据采集仪和孔隙水压力传感器进行孔压量测;利用土体水分传感器监测降雨过程中坡体内部含水率的变化情况,研究含水率和饱和度对滑坡形态的影响;并结合细观组构变化进行水土作用机理分析。研究结果表明:不同降雨强度下坡体发生滑坡的宏观破坏形态、孔压变化规律不同;随着降雨强度的增加,坡体滑坡形态从牵引式向推移式转化;牵引式滑坡形成机理为坡脚发生渗透破坏,坡体失去坡脚支撑作用而分层下滑;推移式滑坡形成机理为坡体上部雨水聚集导致孔压上升、土体强度降低,当下滑力大于抗剪强度时,上部土体挤压下部土体,突然整体滑动。本文研究有助于工程中对降雨诱发滑坡的预防和治理。     

Role of topography in the behavior of the matric suction of unsaturated fill slopes

This paper presents the result of a field study on the influence of topography on the distribution of the matric suction of the soil in unsaturated slopes subjected to rainfall. The matric suction was measured in the lower, middle and upper parts of planar, ridge-like and gullied slopes before and after two significant rainfall events. Jet-filled tensiometers were used for depths of >1.2 m and the filter paper method at depths of <0.9 m. It was found that in the dry season the matric suction of the soil at a shallow depth in the gullied slope is significantly less than that in the planar and ridge-like slopes while following a rainfall event the decrease in the matric suction is smallest in the gullied slope and greatest in the ridge-like slope, irrespective of the amount of the accumulated precipitation.     

Characteristics of Scanning Curves of Two Soils

Scanning curves of two different soils were obtained from three series of infiltration and drainage experiments on two physical models of soil slopes in the laboratory. The first slope model consisted of a fine sand layer overlying a gravelly sand layer, while the second slope model involved a silty sand layer overlying a gravelly sand layer. Each soil layer had a thickness of 200 mm and both slope models had an inclination angle of 30°. The slope models were subjected to artificial rainfalls of different intensities, followed by draining where no rainfall was applied. Various instruments were installed to continuously measure the changes in matric suction, volumetric water content and the water balance of the slope models during the experiment. Scanning curves were then constructed using the matric suction and water content data measured at the bottom, middle and top parts of the slope models and were compared with the primary drying and primary wetting soil-water characteristic curves that were measured separately. It was found that the scanning curves followed the primary wetting curve during the adsorption process and then followed the primary drying curve during the desorption process. During the transition period, over which the scanning curve moved from the primary drying curve to the primary wetting curve (or vice versa), the path of the scanning curve had a relatively flat slope as compared to the slope of the primary curves, and sometimes it was almost horizontal. However, the slope and the path of the scanning curves were found to be similar for the cases with similar initial conditions.     

野外土-水特征及其工程意义

为了研究非饱和土边坡的土-水特征，在香港某人工边坡坡顶1，2，3，4m等不同深度同时安装了含水量计及吸力计。根据土体体积含水量和吸力值的野外监测结果，得出了边坡坡顶土体不同深度的野外土-水特征曲线。同室内土-水特征曲线明显的滞后性相比，野外土-水特征曲线的滞后性可以忽略。野外土-水特征曲线滞后性可以忽略的原因可能是由于边坡坡顶土体在暴雨期间的非平衡效应或者是体积含水量和吸力在野外和在实验室内测定方法不同的缘故。此外，对野外土-水特征曲线的工程意义进行了探讨。     

Consolidation behavior of an unsaturated silty soil during drying and wetting

In this work, the effect of hysteresis phenomenon on the consolidation behavior of an unsaturated silty soil was investigated through a program of experimental tests. Compacted samples were prepared by the slurry method and experimental tests were carried out in a double-walled triaxial cell. Consolidation tests were conducted by the ramping method at suctions of 0, 100, 200, 250 and 300 kPa on drying and wetting paths of the soil water characteristic curve. The results show that the paths of specific water volume and specific volume are not consistent during stabilization in either condition (drying or wetting). In addition, the yield stress for the wetting path is higher than that for drying. The trend of variations of the specific water volume during loading is similar to the consolidation curves for different suction. For both conditions of drying and wetting, the slope and intercept of the virgin line due to variations of specific volume and specific water volume are a function of suction. While their values decrease with increasing suction, these values are higher for the dry path than wetting.     

多孔介质中两相流动过程的毛细滞回效应

 含水量大小以及干湿循环变化历史对多孔介质渗流过程有着重要影响。基于多孔介质理论和毛细滞回内变量模型,建立能够考虑含水量变化历史影响的多孔介质两相流动模型,并利用开发的U-DYSAC2有限元程序进行相应的数值模拟。通过模拟结果与试验数据的比较,验证所建数值模型在模拟复杂条件下非饱和多孔介质渗流问题的可靠性与有效性。对干湿循环变化条件下土质边坡渗流过程进行数值分析,结果表明：毛细滞回效应对非饱和土渗流过程具有显著影响,非饱和土水力状态不仅取决于当前含水量或基质吸力大小,而且还与土体所经历的水力历史有关;特别地,如果利用主脱湿线来描述土水特征关系,那么土体中基质吸力的预测结果会偏高,从而使得传统边坡稳定性分析方法高估土体抗剪强度以及坡体安全系数。因此,在模拟非饱和多孔介质复杂渗流问题时必须要考虑毛细滞回效应。     

干湿循环过程中压实黄土的胀缩变形特性研究

为了研究干湿循环过程中压实黄土的胀缩变形特征,利用自主设计的黄土增减湿过程模拟装置,制备了初始含水率为10％,干密度分别为1.45、1.55、1.65 g/cm3的土柱,首先将其浸水饱和,然后在自然条件下干燥收缩至初始状态,如此进行3次反复干湿循环试验.结果表明:浸水直至土体饱和过程中,土体会持续膨胀,膨胀应变ε随时间...     

Impact of the wetting process on the hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated residual soil from flysch rock mass: preliminary results

Slope instabilities in the form of shallow and deep-seated landslides in flysch formations throughout Europe typically occur after prolonged periods of heavy rainfall. The Rječina River Valley, Croatia, is characterized by the presence of flysch material in the lower part of the Valley, where numerous historical and recent landslides have occurred. The weathering process and climate conditions result in a complex engineering geological profile of flysch slopes in the Valley, with unsaturated residual soil covering the slopes. To investigate the behavior of residual soil existing on the flysch slope under increasing water content due to the rainfall infiltration process, undisturbed soil samples collected at natural water content were tested in the modified direct shear apparatus. Under imposed stress conditions, samples of low hydraulic conductivity were subjected to a prolonged wetting process simulating the rainfall infiltration process in the field. The obtained results suggest that a gradual decrease of matric suction and an increase of water content resulted in an increase of displacement rates under constant shear stress, which was interpreted as a failure of samples in partially saturated conditions. A unique shear strength envelope expressed in terms of Bishop’s effective stress equation was found to be able to predict stress conditions at the slip surface at the time of failure, while the relationship between measured matric suction and water content closely matched with the main wetting curve. Although the testing results did not point out any special characteristics of residual soil from flysch rock mass behavior, the data about hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated residual soil from flysch rock mass, as well as similar fine-grained soils, are very rare and presented results would be valuable for further research. The presented testing procedure and obtained results are useful for studies of rainfall-induced landslides triggered in fine-grained soil materials in zones above the phreatic line, such as shallow landslides occurring in natural flysch slopes or in physical landslide models built in laboratories.

     

Clarifying the hydrological mechanisms and thresholds for rainfall-induced landslide: in situ monitoring of big data to unsaturated slope stability analysis

The development of early warning systems for landslide hazards has long been a challenge because the accuracy of such systems is limited by both the complicated underlying mechanisms of landslides and the lack of in situ data. In this study, we implemented a multivariate threshold criterion that integrates in situ monitoring data and data from unsaturated hydro-mechanical analyses as an early warning system for rainfall-induced landslides in the Wenchuan earthquake region of China. The results indicate that rainfall intensity is closely correlated with the probability of landslide occurrence. Variations in matric suction and suction stress were obtained from in situ measurements and used to quantify the soil water retention curve, which presented clear hysteresis characteristics. The impacts of rainfall infiltration on slope failure in post-earthquake landslide areas under transient rainfall conditions were quantified by hydro-mechanical modelling theories. Variations in the suction stress of unsaturated soil were used to calculate the safety factor. The influence of hydrological hysteresis processes on the slope failure mechanism was analysed. Multivariate threshold criteria that include the intensity–probability (I-P) threshold, soil moisture and matric suction based on in situ big data and unsaturated slope stability analysis benchmarks are proposed for use in an early warning system for rainfall-induced landslides.