进气参数对LPP燃烧室振荡燃烧特性和火焰结构的影响

为研究贫预混预蒸发(LPP)燃烧室振荡燃烧规律和LPP火焰结构,利用动态压力传感器测量了LPP燃烧室内不同进气参数下时域及频域上的压力脉动;利用激光诱导荧光(PLIF)测量系统研究了不同进气参数下的LPP火焰结构变化规律。结果表明:随着燃烧室入口流速的增加,激励出的振荡燃烧的当量比区域会减小;在一定的入口流速下,所激励的振荡燃烧主频会随着当量比的增加而增加;随着燃烧室入口空气温度的提高,激励出振荡燃烧的区域会减小,激励出的振荡燃烧的强度会下降,但振荡燃烧的主频均会增加;稳定燃烧时,LPP火焰为V型火焰;振荡燃烧则会将LPP火焰转化为平整型火焰。     

燃气轮机燃烧室预混燃烧不稳定性的数值研究

针对燃气轮机燃烧室内预混燃烧不稳定现象,应用湍流燃烧CFD的方法进行了数值研究,并着重对发生自激振荡时的火焰动态特性和燃烧室内的速度、压力和温度的振荡特性进行了分析.计算表明:非稳态雷诺平均Navier Stokes(URANS)方法和基于重整化群的RNG k-ε湍流模型以及有限速率/涡漩耗散(FR/EDM)燃烧模型对于燃烧不稳定性的研究是适用的.将预测结果与实验结果进行比较可以看出,数值计算精确地捕捉到了自激振荡燃烧过程中火焰的动态行为,还给出了燃烧室内速度、压力和温度值波动的幅值和频率.结果表明:燃烧室内低频压力振动主要是轴向的振动,热释放的波动与压力波动的频率是一致的,燃烧室内火焰的频率与燃烧室内压力和温度的波动频率也是一致的.     

LPP燃烧室振荡燃烧特性、火焰结构和NOx排放的实验研究

利用动态压力传感器、平面激光诱导荧光（Planer Laser Induced Fluorescence,PLIF）测量系统和气体分析仪针对不同入口气流旋流数和空气含湿量条件下,贫预混预蒸发（Lean Premixed Prevaporized,LPP）燃烧室中振荡燃烧特性、火焰结构变化规律和NOx排放特性开展了实验研究。研究表明：在一定条件下,随着燃烧室入口气流旋流数增加,激励出振荡燃烧的当量比区域扩大,所激励的振荡燃烧强度不断增加,但振荡燃烧的主频则不断下降,火焰变得更加紧凑且不断向燃烧室中心和上游壁面发展;随着燃烧室入口空气含湿量的增加,振荡燃烧强度会下降甚至消失,振荡燃烧的主频增加,火焰结构由振荡燃烧时的平整型火焰向稳定燃烧时的V型火焰转变,火焰的位置也向燃烧室侧壁面和下游方向移动;LPP燃烧室中NOx排放会随着燃烧室入口空气含湿量和入口气流旋流数的增加而下降。     

混合过程对旋流预混火焰燃烧不稳定性影响的实验研究

针对预混火焰燃烧振荡问题,通过改变旋流预混燃烧器的长度和气流速度,研究了混合长度、气体流速和当量比对燃烧不稳定性的影响,检验了时间延迟模型在宽时间尺度范围内的有效性,并揭示燃烧室压力脉动与燃烧器内燃料空气混合的相互作用机制,及其对燃烧模态的影响.结果表明,燃烧室内压力脉动会向上游传播,引起预混管内当量比脉动.当混合时间尺度小于临界尺度时,时间延迟模型具有一定的可行性.预混管内当量比脉动会随气体流动传至燃烧室中,进而影响燃烧过程,导致燃烧模态随混合时间增加而出现稳定-振荡的循环变化.当混合时间尺度大于临界尺度时,压力脉动向上游的扩散和当量比脉动向下游的流动传递衰减严重,燃烧处于稳定模态.该临界尺度约为τfc=1.5.     

双旋流火焰不稳定性模态转换

采用DTF燃烧模型通过大涡模拟(LES)对本课题组设计的燃烧室中甲烷/空气贫燃预混旋流火焰的燃烧不稳定性模态转换现象进行了研究．通过计算不同当量比的燃烧状况,在当量比渐增到0.9附近时,发现火焰结构出现明显变化,火焰模态从M型转换为V型．对此过程计算的数据进行后处理,分析其前后各自温度场,平均轴向、径向燃烧室内速度分布,取x分别为5 mm、15 mm、25 mm、40 mm、60 mm处轴向和径向脉动速度,采用Q准则方法,POD方法分析流场中的涡旋结构,从而分析其燃烧不稳定性和影响火焰结构的主要因素．发现模态转换前平均火焰为“M”型,转换后为“V”型,V型火焰是一种更为稳定的火焰结构,火焰模态的转换受内、外剪切层位置的直接影响并与涡脱落模式有重要关系．     

燃气轮机振荡燃烧特性试验研究

振荡燃烧是燃气轮机贫燃预混燃烧室不稳定运行的重要原因之一,因此需要掌握燃烧室压力脉动特性,以探究抑制振荡燃烧的方法。本文应用低压模化燃烧试验台,完成某型燃气轮机全尺寸振荡燃烧特性试验研究。分析了贫燃状态中,不同当量比、不同燃烧区域条件下,该型燃烧室运行的动态过程,并总结了燃烧室内压力脉动的影响因素和变化规律。试验表明:(1)减少燃料量、降低热释放量,可以减弱燃烧室内由燃烧区流动引起的压力脉动,尤其是对50 Hz以下的主频振荡;(2)燃烧区当量比过低,燃烧不稳定会引发50 Hz以上极强的主频振荡;(3)增加值班路,向燃烧区中心投放燃料可以有效抑制由燃烧不稳定引起的高频主振。     

贫燃预混旋流火焰的燃烧不稳定性

在低污染模型燃烧室上,从实验角度研究了常温常压下贫燃预混旋流火焰燃烧不稳定性.主要着眼于当量比、旋流数和掺混段结构对于燃烧不稳定性的影响.结果表明,当量比对燃烧的稳定性具有重要影响,随着当量比的提高,燃烧经历了稳定-不稳定-极限环,振荡的频率变化不大,而脉动压力幅值显著增大,最终达到极限环状态.旋流强度增大会导致压力脉动增大,进入不稳定的最小当量比降低.实验所采用的开孔掺混方式与开放式的自由混合方式相比,对燃烧不稳定压力脉动有减小的效果.     

马赫2凹腔燃烧室火焰振荡特性实验研究

通过本征正交分解、连续小波变换等统计学方法，对超声速凹腔燃烧室内火焰自发辐射光谱图像进行分析，以探究典型来流与燃料喷注情况下燃烧室内的火焰振荡情况．通过实验室可控的声激励射流火焰，验证了统计学方法在研究火焰振荡特性方面的可行性和有效性．进而，将这些方法应用于来流马赫2的超燃冲压模型燃烧室，研究了大长深比凹腔燃烧室在不同燃料喷注工况下的火焰振荡特性，通过与现有文献结果对比，得出了大长深比凹腔更有利于抑制燃烧振荡的结论．     

折流燃烧室几何结构简化和流量统计对比

以多喷嘴阵列燃烧器为对象,研究了甲烷预混模式下不同当量比燃烧的自激热声振荡特性,实验过程中同步测量了热释放率和压力脉动信号并获取了OH*时序图像。利用相空间重构和本征正交分解分别解析了压力脉动、反应区相干结构和各阶模态能量占比。研究结果表明,在当量比0.62~0.85范围内,随着当量比增加,燃烧室内依次出现低频振荡、稳定燃烧、间歇振荡和极限环振荡4种典型燃烧状态;当发生极限环振荡时,压力重构曲线为极限环,其轴线附近没有数据点分布,前3阶能量占比达到70%以上,反应区沿轴向发生明显的交替变化,沿径向具有较好的对称性和均匀性;稳定燃烧时,重构曲线凝成一团,前20阶能量占比不足25%,不存在明显的主频,瞬态火焰形态具有较好的一致性;甲烷预混多喷嘴阵列燃烧器的自激振荡模态为单一轴向振荡模态,和传统旋流燃烧有很大的不同,这可为后续进一步开展多喷嘴阵列燃烧器热声产生机理和抑制方案的研究提供参考。     

燃气轮机燃烧室振荡被动控制方法的数值研究

以预混燃烧方式工作的燃气轮机燃烧室易产生燃烧室振荡.应用非定常N-S方程、雷诺应力和紊流模型及涡团耗散燃烧模型,对该类型燃烧室在不同燃料喷注位置和空气流动速度下的气流流动特性和压力振荡特性进行了数值模拟.结果表明:采用CFD方法,可精确地获得放热与燃烧室声学特性之间的耦合关系,且与实验吻合较好.通过调整燃料喷注位置和空气的供给速度,可激发或抑制振荡.根据预混段流动时间及燃料喷注位置到火焰前沿的总流动时间均能可靠地预测稳定范围.     

模型燃烧室燃烧自激振荡与音频特征的实验研究

以甲烷为燃料,在以GE燃机6B喷嘴为基础的1/3模型燃烧室中,研究了燃烧室空气流量和当量比的变化对燃烧自激振荡的压力波动的影响,以及燃烧发出的音频信号的特征。实验结果显示：在3组不同的入口空气流量工况下,随着当量比的增加,燃烧室的稳定——自激振荡——稳定工作的变化趋势保持一致;在不同的流量下,当量比=0.61的工况产生了最强烈的自激振荡,同时振荡的压力波动幅值和频率随燃烧室入口空气流量的增加而增大;通过FFT（快速傅里叶变换）计算发现,在有明显自激振荡的工况中,动态压力与音频信号的幅值均大幅超过稳定燃烧的工况,同时音频信号的一个特征频率与动态压力信号的特征频率重合。     

Experimental study on micro modular combustor for micro-thermophotovoltaic system application

As one of the key components of micro modular thermophotovoltaic power generators, every micro combustor should be able to produce a high and uniform temperature distribution on the surface. In this work, three micro modular combustors with different fuel supply systems were designed and tested. The results indicated that the in-line design with only one fuel supply tube could not equally distribute H₂/air mixture to every combustor. The wall temperatures of the two central combustors were obviously higher than the two side combustors. However, both the in-line design with two fuel supply tubes and the parallel design could equally deliver the fuel/air mixture to every combustor, and an uniform temperature distribution could be obtained for every combustor. The total radiation energy and radiation efficiency of the micro modular combustors were also calculated for various flow speeds and H₂/air equivalence ratios. A radiation efficiency of 27.3% could be achieved when the H₂/air equivalence ratio was 0.8 and the flow speed was 6 m/s.     

Amplitude modulated instability in reactants plenum of a rotating detonation combustor

The pronounced interest in rotating detonation combustors (RDC) in recent years has witnessed the investigation of multiple facets of the combustor, like reactants, injection schemes and combustor geometry. The issue of instabilities in RDCs is a nascent field, and requires both the identification, and the subsequent explanation of different instability mechanisms. In particular, we are concerned with the low frequency instability exhibited by the detonation wave. This is attributed to two different types of low frequency instabilities—amplitude and frequency modulated—that are discovered in the air plenum of an RDC, and subsequently discussed. The occurrence of these instabilities is observed to depend on the fuel injection scheme used and the air flow rates through the combustor. The amplitude modulated instability in the air inlet is spatially varying, and rotates in a direction opposite to the direction of the detonation wave. At higher air flow rates, and thus higher pressure ratios across the air injection, this instability disappears. A preliminary hypothesis is proposed to explain this amplitude modulation.     

某型低排放燃烧室喷嘴结构优化研究

为提高干低排放燃烧室火焰稳定性,对某燃气轮机干低排放燃烧室喷嘴进行了结构优化,增加了中心预混值班喷嘴,同时对燃料分配进行调整,分析了值班火焰对燃烧室的火焰稳定性和污染物排放的影响。计算结果表明：值班路过量空气系数为1.5,两级旋流过量空气系数相同时,可有效拓宽燃烧室贫燃熄火边界,同时保持较低的污染物排放。最后通过试验测试了燃烧室的贫燃熄火特性和压力脉动特性,初步验证了值班喷嘴结构对稳定燃烧的作用。     

Flame stabilization mechanism study in a hydrogen-fueled model supersonic combustor under different air inflow conditions

Flame stabilization mechanisms of a hydrogen-fueled laboratory model scramjet combustor are numerically studied. The combustor consists of a sonic fuel jet injected paralleling into a supersonic air flow at the base of a wedge-shaped strut. The numerical calculations are based on an Open Source Field Operation and Manipulation (OpenFOAM) solver using the large eddy simulation method. A skeletal mechanism for hydrogen-air chemistry including 9 species 27 reactions is used to depict the combustion dynamics. Three cases with air stagnation temperature of 568 K, 460 K, and 960 K, are respectively studied under the same equivalence ratio and entrance Mach number. Damköler number based on the subgrid turbulent mixing time scale and the instantaneous chemical time scale is used to distinguish the role of mixture self-igniting from flame propagation in different air inflows. Flame stabilization in such strut-based combustor is compared with that of cavity-based one. It is found that the basic working principles for the two types of combustor are similar. However, the strut shows more simplicity in flame stabilization locations.     

Temperature traverse quality in the gas turbine combustor using heavy fuels

One of the most important performance requirements and most difficult to achieve is a uniform distribution of temperature in the exhaust gases of the gas turbine combustor. This is expected to be impaired by the trend of using heavier fuel oils. Measurements in a developed experimental combustor at various air pressures, inlet temperatures, air fuel ratios and fuel blends showed the importance of these operating parameters in optimizing the combustor design.     

燃气轮机双燃料燃烧室温度场优化研究

为了优化双燃料燃烧室温度场分布,针对某型逆流环管双燃料燃烧室,设计了3种不同的火焰筒配气结构。利用ANSYS FLUENT软件,选用Realizable k-epsilon湍流模型及Finate Rate Chemistry and Eddy-disspation燃烧模型对燃烧室额定工况下的温度场及速度场进行了数值模拟。研究表明:对比液体燃料,由于气体燃料扩散较快,燃烧室在使用气体燃料时高温区分布周向收缩并沿火焰筒轴向后移。对于本型燃烧室,适当增大主燃孔孔径并在火焰筒轴向方向偏后布置,可以有效解决双燃料燃烧室使用气体燃料时高温区后移的问题,对气/液两种燃料条件下的温度场组织更为有利。     

An experimental study of fuel–air mixing section on unstable combustion in a dump combustor

The main objective of this study is effect of the various fuel–air mixing section geometries on the unstable combustion. For the purpose of observing the combustion pressure oscillation and phase difference at each of the dynamic pressure results, the multi-channel dynamic pressure transducers were located on the combustor and inlet mixing section. By using an optically accessible quartz-type combustor, we were able to OH* measurements to characterize the flame structure and heat release oscillation with the use of a high-speed ICCD camera. In this study, we observed two dominant instability frequencies. Lower frequencies were measured around 240–380 Hz, which were associated with a fundamental longitudinal mode of combustor length. Higher frequencies were measured around 410–830 Hz. These were related to the secondary longitudinal mode in the combustion chamber and the secondary quarter-wave mode in the inlet mixing section. These second instability mode characteristics are coupled with the conditions of the combustor and inlet mixing section acoustic geometry. Also, these higher combustion instability characteristics include dynamic pressure oscillation of the inlet mixing section part, which was larger than the combustor section. As a result, combustion instability was strongly affected by the acoustically coupling of the combustor and inlet mixing section geometry.