倒装焊Sn—Pb焊点的热疲劳失效

对倒装焊Sn-Pb焊点进行了热循环实验,结合三维全局有限元模拟的结果,研究了Sn-Pb焊点热疲劳失效,结果表明,充胶后焊点内塑性应变范围减小近一个数量级,从而显著降低焊点的疲劳损伤后,由于底充胶改变了Sn-Pb焊点应力、应变分布,使得充胶前后焊点裂纹位置发生改变,Sn-Pb焊点热疲劳裂纹萌生于粗化的富Sn相,并穿过富Pb相沿Sn相生长,Sn和Pb晶粒的非均匀粗化趋势与模拟给出的剪切应变轴向分布一致。     

塑料封装球栅阵列器件焊点的可靠性

对比了充胶和未充胶塑料封装球栅阵列(PBGA)器件在-40 ℃～125 ℃温度循环条件下的热疲劳寿命,采用光学显微镜研究了失效样品焊点的失效机制,并分析了充胶提高器件热疲劳寿命的机制.实验发现底充胶可使PBGA样品的寿命从500周提高到2000周以上,失效样品裂纹最先萌生于最外侧焊球中近硅芯片界面外边缘处,界面处焊料组织粗化及界面脆性金属间化合物Ni3Sn2和NiSn3相的生成均促使裂纹沿该界面从焊球边缘向中心扩展.PBGA焊点界面处裂纹的萌生和扩展是该处应力应变集中、焊料组织粗化以及生成脆性金属间化合物等各种金属学和力学因素共同作用的结果.     

FCBGA器件SnAgCu焊点疲劳寿命预测

采用Anand模型构建Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu钎料本构方程,分析FCBGA器件在无底充胶以及不同材料属性底充胶情况下焊点的应力分布.结果表明,无论底充胶存在与否,最拐角焊点上表面都是应力集中的区域.使用底充胶可以使焊点的残余应力减小,并且使其均匀分布于焊点上表面上.运用Engelmaier修正的Coffin-Mason模型计算焊点疲劳寿命,发现使用底充胶的器件焊点寿命明显高于无底充胶器件的焊点疲劳寿命.对底充胶属性参数研究发现,线膨胀系数的大小对焊点疲劳寿命影响很大,而弹性模量的影响却很小,通过参数的优化模拟,可以为底充胶的选择提供一定的理论指导.     

晶圆级芯片尺寸封装Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu焊点跌落失效模式（英文）

依据JEDEC标准采用板级跌落实验研究晶圆级芯片尺寸封装Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu焊点的跌落失效模式。发现存在六种失效模式,即发生在印刷电路板(PCB)侧的短FR-4裂纹和完全FR-4裂纹,以及发生在芯片侧的再布线层(RDL)与Cu凸点化层开裂、RDL断裂、体钎料裂纹及体钎料与界面金属间化合物(IMC)混合裂纹。对于最外侧的焊点,由于PCB变形量较大且FR-4介质层强度较低,易于形成完全FR-4裂纹,其可吸收较大的跌落冲击能量,从而避免了其它失效模式的发生。对于内侧的焊点,先形成的短FR-4裂纹对跌落冲击能量的吸收有限,导致在芯片侧发生失效。     

底充胶叠层PBGA无铅焊点随机振动应力应变分析

建立了底充胶叠层塑料球栅阵列(plastic ball grid array, PBGA)无铅焊点三维有限元分析模型,研究了PBGA结构方式、焊点材料、底充胶弹性模量和密度对叠层无铅焊点随机振动应力应变的影响. 结果表明,底充胶可有效降低焊点内的随机振动应力应变;在其它条件相同下,对于Sn95.5Ag3.8Cu0.7,Sn96.5Ag3Cu0.5,Sn-3.5Ag和Sn63Pb37这四种焊料,采用Sn-3.5Ag的底充胶叠层焊点内的随机振动最大应力应变最小,采用Sn96.5Ag3Cu0.5的焊点内的最大应力应变最大;随着底充胶弹性模量的增大,叠层无铅内的随机振动应力应变值相应减小;随着底充胶密度的增大,叠层无铅内的随机振动应力应变值相应增大.     

热循环条件下高密度互连点的应力应变分析

采用多线性随动强化材料模型和粘塑性材料模型,模拟填充胶和无铅钎料的材料性质,建立高密度倒装芯片封装的有限元模型;基于热循环条件下封装体中互连点的应力应变分析,探讨其可靠性,通过试验对分析结果进行验证。结果表明,封装体中边角焊点承受最高的等效应力,为最易失效焊点;以最易失效焊点为代表,最大塑性剪切应变分布在该焊点的芯片侧,呈现出由外侧向内侧减小的分布特征,表明裂纹倾向于在外侧形成,向内侧扩展,试验结果验证了这一分析。此外,文中通过对塑性应变演变规律的分析,探讨了互连点的失效机理。     

热冲击条件下倒装组装微焊点的可靠性--应力应变

采用有限元模拟法,研究倒装组装芯片在-55～125℃热冲击过程中微焊点所承受的应力和应变,对微互连焊点的裂纹生长情况进行分析.结果表明,芯片最外侧焊点具有最大的累积塑性应变能密度,为组装体中最易失效焊点;累积塑性应变能密度主要集中在芯片侧镍焊盘附近,在外侧最大,向内侧逐渐递减,这表明裂纹形成在芯片侧,沿着焊盘由外侧向内侧扩散,最终穿过整个焊点.试验结果与模拟分析相一致,进一步验证了模拟结果对裂纹生长的分析.     

马氏体含量对双相钢焊点拉拉疲劳性能的影响

焊点的疲劳性能是决定车身安全性和可靠性的重要因素. 对不同强度的DP780,DP980和DP1180双相钢焊点进行了检验,在疲劳试验机上进行了拉剪疲劳试验,获得了焊点的疲劳寿命曲线,分析了焊点显微组织、硬度与疲劳性能的关系. 并对焊点的疲劳失效进行了分析. 结果表明：母材性能对其焊点的疲劳性能有较大影响. 母材强度越高即马氏体含量越多,其疲劳性能越优异,三种材料的失效模式均是沿着焊点圆周断裂,裂纹在熔核与母材交界的热影响区萌生,且先贯穿板厚,贯穿板厚的裂纹作为二次裂纹源向板宽方向扩展直至断裂.     

热循环对CBGA封装焊点组织和抗剪强度的影响

陶瓷球栅封装阵列(CBGA)器件的陶瓷基器件与印刷电路板之间膨胀系数的差异是导致焊点失效的主要因素,其可靠性一直是CBGA封装器件制造时需重点考虑的问题.研究了在-55～125℃热循环试验条件下,热循环对CBGA封装焊点的组织变化及对抗剪强度的影响.结果表明,随着热循环次数的增加,焊点的抗剪强度不断下降;随着热循环次数的增加,CBGA封装焊点在焊球边缘处开始萌生裂纹,然后裂纹沿着晶界扩展,最终导致完全失效.与此同时,焊点的组织变化的微观机制表现为焊点晶粒不断地长大,组织粗化,金属间化合物层逐渐增厚.     

基于晶粒取向的无铅互连焊点可靠性研究

对球栅阵列封装(ball grid array,BGA)组件进行热循环实验,通过EBSD对焊点取向进行表征,观察不同取向焊点内晶粒取向演化情况.同时采用Surface Evolver软件对BGA焊点进行三维形态模拟,并基于实际焊点内的晶粒构成,对热加载条件下BGA组件热应力应变分布进行计算.实验和模拟结果表明,晶粒取向对焊点可靠性和失效模式产生非常显著的影响.对于单个晶粒构成的焊点,应力应变主要集中在靠近界面的钎料内部,该处发生明显的再结晶并伴随着裂纹的萌生和扩展;而对于多个晶粒构成的焊点,应力应变分布则依赖于晶粒取向,再结晶和裂纹倾向于偏离界面沿原有晶界向钎料内部扩展.部分特殊取向焊点,当原有晶界与焊盘界面垂直时,不利于形变,表现出较高的可靠性.当晶界与焊盘夹角为45°时,在剪切应力和焊点各向异性的双重作用下,原有晶界处产生较大的应力应变集中,加速了裂纹的萌生和扩展,导致焊点最终沿着原有晶界发生再结晶和断裂,焊点发生早期失效的可能性增加.     

复合SnPb焊点的形态与可靠性预测

建立了复合焊点形态的能量控制方程,采用Ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ Ｅｖｏｌｖｅｒ软件模拟了复合ＳｎＰｂ焊点的形态,利用复合ＳｎＰｂ焊点形态的计算结果。采用统一型粘塑性Ａｎａｎｄ本构方程描述复合焊点Ｐｂ９０Ｓｎ１８和Ｓｎ６０Ｐｂ４０的粘塑性力学行为。采用非线性有限元方法分析复合ＳｎＰｂ焊点在热循环条件下的应力应变过程,基于Ｃｏｆｆｉｎ－Ｍａｎｓｏｎ经验方程预测焊点的热循环寿命,考察焊点形态对焊点可靠性的影响,研     

The numerical analysis of strain behavior at the solder joint and interface in a flip chip package

The aim of this study was to investigate the strain behaviors at the joint interface of a flip chip package during thermal cycling testing using a numerical method. Because the underfill and solder bump material properties exhibit a large non-linearity in the higher temperature range, the linear elastic assumption may lose accuracy during numerical analysis. This study compared the differences in interfacial stress or strain between the linear and non-linear material property assumptions. The viscoplasticity of the solder bump and temperature-dependent underfill properties were assumed in the non-linear analysis. The numerical results showed that the solder bump failure mechanism was a combination of fatigue and creep actions dominated by plastic shear strain. The tensile stress due to shrinkage and hardening in the solder joints in the low thermal cycle temperature dwell period could result in ablation at the joint interface.     

板级封装焊点中热疲劳裂纹的萌生及扩展过程

采用试验观测和数值模拟相结合的方法研究表面贴装板级封装焊点在热疲劳过程中的裂纹萌生及扩展规律。结果表明,在热疲劳过程中,焊点上存在着3个典型的热疲劳裂纹萌生位置,其中器件与钎料的交角附近区域最容易发生裂纹萌生。这与数值模拟分析得到的焊点在热疲劳过程中所产生的非弹性应变分布规律基本一致。无铅钎料焊点相对于锡铅钎料焊点具有相对较长的热疲劳寿命;焊盘尺寸较小时,热疲劳裂纹扩展速度相对较大。这与焊点中的等效非弹性应变数值具有较好的一致性。     

FCBGA器件SnAgCu焊点的热冲击可靠性分析

采用有限元法和Garofalo-Arrheninus稳态本构方程,在热冲击条件下对倒装芯片球栅阵列封装（FCBGA）器件SnAgCu焊点的可靠性进行分析. 结果表明,Sn3.9Ag0.6Cu焊点的可靠性相对较高. 通过分析SnAgCu焊点的力学本构行为,发现焊点应力的最大值出现在焊点与芯片接触的阵列拐角处. 随着时间的推移,SnAgCu焊点的应力呈周期性变化. Sn3.9Ag0.6Cu的焊点应力和蠕变最小,Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu焊点应力和蠕变次之,Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu焊点应力和蠕变最大,与实际的FCBGA器件试验结果一致. 基于蠕变应变疲劳寿命预测方程预测三种SnAgCu焊点的疲劳寿命,发现Sn3.9Ag0.6Cu焊点的疲劳寿命比Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu和Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu焊点的疲劳寿命高.     

Solder joint reliability in flip chip package with surface treatment of ENIG under thermal shock test

This study investigated the microstructural evolution and evaluated the thermo-mechanical reliability of a Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (in wt.%) flip chip package during a thermal shock test. The reliability of the flip chip bonded packages was evaluated by means of the thermal shock in the temperature range of 233 K to 398 K. After 250 thermal shock cycles, cracks finally occurred at the corner solder bump joint on the chip side interfacial regions. In that, the crack initiated at the solder region near the intermetallic compound (IMC) layers. For the interpretation of the failure mechanism of the package, finite element analyses were conducted. From the finite element analysis or computational simulation result, the distribution of the plastic work in the corner solder bump was found to be most considerable. This means that the corner solder bump has the highest potential for first crack initiation and growth, because the thermo-mechanical failure of the solder joints is mainly caused by the accumulation of the plastic work. This matched well with the experimental results.     

THE DESIGN OF AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR PREDICTING AND ANALYZING SOLDER JOINT SHAPE AND RELIABILITY IN SMT

1.IntroductionOnecriticalaspectinelectronicpackagingisthefatigUe/creep--inducedfailureinsolder(tin--leadbasedalloy)interconnections.previouswork,[l--ZJhaveprovedthatthesolderjointreliabilitydependsonthesolderjointshape(amongotherparameters).Manyissueshavefocusedontheresearchaboutsolderjointshapesince90.However,asystematicmethodofpredictingandanalyzingsolderjointshapeandreliability,whichcanheusedindirectingpracticalengineering,isstillnotgiven.Basedontheobject--orientedaPPmach,anintendedsystem…     

基于田口法的PBGA器件焊点可靠性分析

为提高塑料球栅阵列(PBGA)器件焊点可靠性,提出了一种基于田口法和数值模拟的试验方法.借用Anand模型描述钎料本构方程,对PBGA器件焊点热循环载荷下的应力应变分布进行有限元模拟.结果表明,填充底充胶能有效提高焊点可靠性;考虑基板、封装塑料、底充胶、PCB的线膨胀系数四个控制因素,借助田口试验法进行最佳参数选择,确定影响焊点可靠性的主要因素为基板线膨胀系数及封装塑料线膨胀系数.最优方案组合为A3B3C3D3.该优化方案的最大等效应变比原始值减小了41.4%,信噪比提高了4.61 dB.

Abstract：

In order to evaluate the reliability of PBGA soldered joints, an optimized method was proposed based on Taguchi design and numerical simulation, in which the Anand equation was used to describe the viscoplastic behavior of Sn3. OAgO. 5Cu solder,and the distribution of equivalent stress and strain in soldered joints under temperature cycle were studied respectively. Results indicate that the thermal fatigue life of soldered joints can be substantially improved by filling up the underfill between the PCB and substrate.The linear expansion coefficients of substrate, epoxy mold compound, underfill and PCB were considered as the controlling factors,and the linear expansion coefficient of the substrate and that of epoxy mold compound were deemed to the main influencing factors by Taguchi method. The optimized controlling factor combination can be decided as A3B3C3D3, and the verification test shows the maximum equivalent swain of the optimization scheme was decreased by 41.4%, and the ratio of signal to noise was increased by 4.61 dB.     

热循环对片式电阻Sn-Cu-Ni-Ce焊点力学性能的影响

研究了在热循环试验条件下,片式电阻Sn-Cu-Ni-Ce焊点力学性能的变化规律以及不同含量的稀土元素Ce对Sn-Cu-Ni-Ce焊点力学性能的影响.结果表明,随着热循环次数的增加,片式电阻Sn-Cu-Ni-Ce焊点的剪切力逐渐降低;在长时间热循环条件下,焊点开始萌生裂纹,导致焊点可靠性下降.与此同时,添加微量稀土元素Ce可有效提高Sn-Cu-Ni-Ce焊点的力学性能,随着Ce元素含量的增加,焊点的力学性能逐渐提高,当Ce元素含量为0.05%左右时,焊点的力学性能最佳,且在长时间热循环条件下仍然优于其它焊点.