表面负载不同金属离子的活性炭吸附二苯并噻吩

主要研究活性炭表面负载不同金属离子以提高其对二苯并噻吩吸附性能.通过浸渍法制备5种负载过渡金属离子活性炭Ag(Ⅰ)/AC、Cu(Ⅱ)/AC、Ni(Ⅱ)/AC、Zn(Ⅱ)/AC和Fe(Ⅲ)/AC.用静态吸附法测定了二苯并噻吩在不同活性炭上的吸附平衡等温线,并应用软硬酸碱理论分析和讨论活性炭表面负载不同金属离子对二苯并噻吩吸附性能的影响.结果表明活性炭表面负载Ag ,Ni2 、Cu2 或Zn2 离子,可提高其对二苯并噻吩的吸附,而活性炭表面负载Fe3 ,反而降低了其对二苯并噻吩的吸附能力.由于Ag 价格昂贵,而Ni2 、Cu2 和Zn2 价廉易得,而且Zn(Ⅱ)/AC、Cu(Ⅱ)/AC和Ni(Ⅱ)/AC对二苯并噻吩又具有良好的吸附能力,故表面负载Ni2 、Cu2 和Zn2 可改善活性炭吸附脱除油品中有机硫化物的能力.     

金属离子改性活性炭对二氯甲烷/三氯甲烷吸附性能的影响

主要研究了不同金属改性活性炭对三氯甲烷和二氯甲烷吸附性能的影响.采用浸渍法将4种不同金属离子负载改性活性炭,测定了三氯甲烷和二氯甲烷在改性活性炭上的吸附透过曲线,应用软硬酸碱理论分析和讨论了活性炭表面负载不同金属离子对二氯甲烷吸附性能的影响.结果表明,不同金属负载活性炭对三氯甲烷和二氯甲烷的吸附能力依次为:Fe(Ⅲ)-AC＞Mg(Ⅱ)-AC＞Cu(Ⅱ)-AC＞AC＞Ag(I)-AC,根据软硬酸碱理论分类,三氯甲烷和二氯甲烷属于硬碱,当活性炭表面负载硬酸类金属离子Fe~(3+)、Mg~(2+),增大了活性炭表面的硬酸性,对三氯甲烷和二氯甲烷的吸附能力加强,Ag~+属于软酸,它的负载局部增强了活性炭表面的软酸性,降低了其对三氯甲烷和二氯甲烷的吸附能力.     

苯并噻吩/二苯并噻吩在改性Y型分子筛上的吸附

主要研究了金属离子交换分子筛对有机硫化物苯并噻吩和二苯并噻吩的吸附.首先通过液相离子交换法对商品的Na(Ⅰ)/Y分子筛进行改性,分别制备了5种过渡金属离子的Y型分子筛Ag(Ⅰ)/Y、Ni(Ⅱ)/Y、Zn(Ⅱ)/Y、Cu(Ⅱ)/Y和Fe(Ⅲ)/Y,用静态吸附法测定了苯并噻吩和二苯并噻吩分别在6种Y型分子筛上的吸附等温线,应用软硬酸碱理论分析和讨论了其吸附能力的差异.结果表明: Na(Ⅰ)/Y对苯并噻吩有吸附,而对二苯并噻吩无吸附作用;a(Ⅰ)/Y分子筛经离子交换Ag 、Ni2 、Zn2 、Cu2 、Fe3 后,其吸附苯并噻吩和二苯并噻吩的能力得到了不同程度的提高,其中交换软酸离子的Ag(Ⅰ)/Y其吸附容量增加最多,交换交界酸的Ni(Ⅱ)/Y、Zn(Ⅱ)/Y、Cu(Ⅱ)/Y次之,而交换硬酸的Fe(Ⅲ)/Y增加最少.这表明,当Na(Ⅰ)/Y分子筛上分别离子交换以上5种软酸性大于Na 的金属离子时,所得到的改性分子筛其对苯并噻吩和二苯并噻吩的吸附容量均增强.同时,这种吸附能力的大小顺序基本上与这些离子的绝对硬度η成反比.     

载Ag改性13X分子筛的制备及其燃油吸附脱硫性能研究

通过金属硝酸盐溶液浸渍离子交换并结合焙烧的方式,制备负载Ag+改性13X分子筛,并考查其在燃油吸附脱硫中的应用。比较负载不同金属离子改性13X分子筛对模拟燃油中噻吩的吸附脱除能力,确定了对13X分子筛吸附脱硫能力影响依序为Ag+>Ni 2+>Zn2+>Fe3+,结果符合软硬酸碱理论。分析了焙烧条件对载银改性分子筛吸附脱硫能力的影响,确定最优焙烧温度450℃、焙烧时间6h。对Ag(Ⅰ)-13X进行SEM、XRD、BET等表征,结果表明改性过程没有明显改变分子筛原本的多孔结构。通过对比13X分子筛改性前后对模拟汽油的填充床吸附实验,表明载银改性后,分子筛吸附剂的脱硫能力得到显著提高。     

椰壳类活性炭孔隙结构对苯并噻吩脱附活化能的影响

主要研究活性炭孔隙结构对苯并噻吩脱附活化能及吸附性能的影响.使用ASAP 2010测定了3种椰壳制活性炭SY-6、SY-13和SY-19的BET比表面及其孔隙结构,采用程序升温脱附技术(TPD)测定了苯并噻吩在3种活性炭上的脱附活化能,用静态吸附法进行了苯并噻吩在不同活性炭上的吸附等温线,并讨论了活性炭孔隙结构对苯并噻吩脱附活化能及吸附性能的影响.结果表明,3种活性炭SY-6、SY-13和SY-19的比表面积分别为1106、1070和689m2/g,其平均孔径分别为1.96、2.58和2.16nm.苯并噻吩在SY-6、SY-19和SY-13活性炭上的脱附活化能依次为58.84、53.02和42.57kJ/mol,3种活性炭对苯并噻吩吸附容量的大小依次为SY-6＞SY-19＞SY-13.活性炭平均孔径越小,其表面对苯并噻吩的作用力越大,苯并噻吩在其表面上的脱附活化能越大.Freundlich模型能够较好的来描述苯并噻吩在活性炭上的吸附.     

高效液相色谱法测定成都平原地区农用土壤中苯并[a]芘含量及来源分析

本文采用高效液相色谱法分析了成都平原地区农用土壤中苯并[a]芘的含量,并对其主要来源进行分析,结果表明:苯并[a]芘平均浓度在未检出到0.319mg/kg之间,与国内其他地区土壤相比处于中等水平。成都东北部的基本农田地、德阳西南部蔬菜种植基地土壤中苯并[a]芘含量水平明显高于其他地区。成都平原地区农用土壤中苯并[a]芘含量主要受到人类活动、汽车尾气排放和城市道路灰尘的影响。     

活性炭改性及其对噻吩吸附性能的研究

吸附是一种极具应用前景的汽油深度脱硫分离技术。采用硝酸氧化、焙烧、负载金属等方法对活性炭进行改性,利用静态实验研究了改性活性炭对模拟汽油中噻吩的吸附脱除性能。结果表明硝酸氧化可以增加活性炭表面酸性基团的量,提高脱硫性能;N2气氛下焙烧后吸附剂脱硫效果明显优于未处理活性炭;活性炭表面负载Fe、Zn、Cu、Ni金属离子改性中,Fe离子改性活性炭脱硫效果最好。根据上述实验结果,进行了活性炭复合改性实验,得出68%硝酸氧化后再进行Fe离子负载,吸附剂脱硫率最高,噻吩的脱硫率可达到85%。     

沥青树脂基复合球形活性炭的制备及研究

以高软化点煤沥青和热塑性酚醛树脂为主要原料,机械混合均匀后,采用悬浮法制备沥青/树脂基复合球形活性炭。使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、N2物理吸脱附仪、颗粒强度测定仪,对复合球的表面形貌、孔道结构和机械强度进行表征。实验结果表明:树脂的加入不仅能够拓宽球形活性炭的孔径分布,而且能够有效地提高球形活性炭的机械强度。树脂含量为30%的球形活性炭BET表面积为1049m2/g,总孔容为0.62cm3/g,平均孔径为8.8nm,同时机械强度达6.2N。通过苯的静态吸脱附测试研究了沥青树脂基球形活性炭的吸附性能,结果表明:复合球形活性炭基本上保持了沥青基球形活性炭的快速吸脱附性能,树脂的加入并没有明显延长复合球形活性炭对苯的吸脱附时间。     

合金化时间对热镀锌镀层相结构与结合力的影响

为提高汽车用热镀锌钢板的可焊性,将热镀锌钢板进行合金化退火处理,采用电子显微镜、X射线衍射分析和结合力测试等试验手段,研究了不同时间合金化处理后热镀锌层的表面形貌、化学成分及热镀锌层与基体结合力的变化规律.结果表明:与原始镀锌层为单相Zn以及含有少量Fe相比,经合金化处理后,除了有Zn O和Zn O2相形成之外,同时出现了Zn-Fe金属间化合物;随着合金化处理时间的延长,镀锌层中的Fe含量以及Zn-Fe金属间化合物的Fe含量不断增加;与原始镀锌层和基体的结合力相比,经合金化处理后,镀锌层与基体的结合力增加,并随处理时间的延长,其镀锌层结合力不断提高.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定水中甲萘威、阿特拉津和苯并[a]芘

用二氯甲烷作为洗脱溶剂通过固相萃取的方法对水中的甲萘威、阿特拉津和苯并[a]芘进行同时萃取浓缩并转溶成甲醇溶液后,借助高效液相色谱紫外检测器(DAD)在220 nm波长下,结合荧光检测器(FLD)在激发波长为290 nm,发射波长为430 nm下进行同时测定。甲萘威和阿特拉津在0.03 mg/L~1.00 mg/L,苯并[a]芘在0.001 mg/L~0.100 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限分别为0.010 ug/L,阿特拉津为0.009 ug/L,苯并[a]芘为0.0006 ug/L,空白水样加标平均回收率为70.2%~81.4%,平行测定3次的RSD5%。     

Adsorption, desorption and bioregeneration in the treatment of 2-chlorophenol with activated carbon

This study aims to clarify the effect of activated carbon type on the extent of adsorbability, desorbability, and bioregenerability in the treatment of 2-chlorophenol. Four different activated carbon types; thermally activated and chemically activated powdered carbons (PAC), and their granular countertypes (GAC) with similar physical characteristics were used. Thermally activated carbons adsorbed 2-chlorophenol much better than chemically activated ones. However, adsorption was more reversible in the case of chemically activated ones. The use of powdered and granular activated carbon countertypes resulted in comparable adsorption and desorption characteristics. For each activated carbon type, 2-chlorophenol exhibited higher adsorbability and lower desorbability than phenol. Biodegradation of 2-chlorophenol took place very slowly when it was used as the sole carbon source in acclimated and non-acclimated activated sludges. Bioregeneration occurred only via desorption due to an initial concentration gradient and no further desorption took place due to low biodegradability. Bioregeneration of activated carbon loaded with 2-chlorophenol was not a suitable option when 2-chlorophenol was the only carbon source. It is suggested to remove 2-chlorophenol via adsorption onto activated carbon rather than applying biological treatment. Also in such cases, the use of thermally activated carbons with higher adsorption and lower desorption capacities is recommended rather than chemically activated carbons.     

Adsorption of aqueous metal ions on cattle-manure-compost based activated carbons

The objective of this study is to examine the suitability and performance of cattle-manure-compost (CMC) based activated carbons in removing heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. The influence of ZnCl₂ activation ratios and solution pH on the removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) were studied. Pore texture, available surface functional groups, pH of point zero charge (pH_PZC), thermogravimetric analysis and elemental compositions were obtained to characterize the activated carbons. Batch adsorption technique was used to determine the metal-binding ability of activated carbons. The equilibrium data were characterized using Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson models. It was found that the uptake of aqueous metal ions by activated carbons could be well described by Langmuir equation. It is suggested that the increase of surface area and mesopore ratio as a result of increasing activation ratios favored the removal of Cu(II), while activated carbon rich in acidic groups showed selective adsorption towards Pb(II). The preferable removal of Cu(II) over Pb(II) could be due to the rich nitrogen content as well as the higher mesoporous surface area in the CMC activated carbons. The impregnated CMC activated carbons also showed a better performance for Cu(II) removal at varying solution pH than Filtrasorb 400 (F400), while a similar performance was observed for Pb(II) removal.     

Particle size effect of raw material on the pore structure of carbon support and its adsorption capability

In this study, a series of activated carbons were prepared from Tuncbilek lignite with different particle size by chemical activation. The effect of particle size of lignite on the pore structure of activated carbon and the adsorption kinetics of crystal violet (CV) onto these activated carbons was investigated. BET surface area values of activated carbon samples were determined in the range of 940–1054 m² g^?1. Adsorption capacity of CV onto activated carbons was investigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters such as initial dye concentration, agitation time and adsorption temperature. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to describe the adsorption equilibrium studies. The adsorption kinetics of CV has been discussed using the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Results show that the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation could describe the adsorption kinetics for CV onto activated carbons. Using the thermodynamic equilibrium coefficient obtained at different temperatures and for the initial dye, the thermodynamic constants of adsorption (ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°) were also evaluated.     

Catalytic activity of active carbons impregnated before activation of pinewood sawdust and nutshells to be used on the control of atmospheric emissions

This work analyses the catalytic activity of metal oxides impregnated on activated carbons to be used for the complete oxidation of benzene present in atmospheric emissions. When the impregnation step is performed before CO2 activation, the knowledge about catalytic activity is as yet quite scarce, being the main objective of the study here reported. Pinewood sawdust and nutshells were recycled to produce the activated carbons. Non-expensive metal oxides (CoO, Co3O4 and CrO3) were impregnated. When the impregnation was performed before CO2 activation instead of after activation, at 523 K the kinetic constants were 3.6-4.3 times higher for sawdust carbons, and 2.1-2.7 times higher for nutshell carbons, due to a better metal oxide dispersion on higher mesopore areas and on wider micropores. With Co3O4 as catalyst, a benzene conversion of 90% was reached at a lower temperature than with CrO3 (472 and 558 K, respectively). The carbons impregnated before CO2 activation allowed very good conversions at temperatures that guarantee carbon stability (lower than 575 K). The results obtained led to the conclusion that activated carbon is a suitable support for metal oxide catalyst aiming the complete oxidation of benzene, mainly if an adequately porous texture is induced, proceeding to the impregnation before CO2 activation.     

金属Cu的负载方法对活性炭电极电化学性能的影响

采用浸渍法和掺杂法分别在活性炭中负载金属Cu,初步电化学性能测试表明,活性炭负载金属Cu可以提高活性炭电极的放电容量,但不同负载方法对其循环性能造成较大的影响.通过电镜照片和XRD等手段对金属在活性炭上的负载状态进行分析比较,结合电极的充放电性能,发现在活性炭中均匀掺杂金属Cu,可以提高电容器的放电容量,且电化学性能稳定.     

Removal of lead (II) and nickel (II) ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon prepared from rapeseed oil cake by Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>CO<Subscript>3</Subscript> activation

In this study, rapeseed oil cake as a precursor was used to prepare activated carbons by chemical activation with sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) at 600 and 800 °C. The activated carbon with the highest surface area of 850 m² g^?1 was produced at 800 °C. The prepared activated carbons were mainly microporous. The activated carbon having the highest surface area was used as an adsorbent for the removal of lead (II) and nickel (II) ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of pH, contact time, and initial ion concentration on the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon were investigated. The kinetic data of adsorption process were studied using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order kinetic models and intraparticle diffusion model. The experimental data were well adapted to the pseudo-second-order model for both tested ions. The adsorption data for both ions were well correlated with Langmuir isotherm. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of the activated carbon for the removal of lead (II) and nickel (II) ions were determined as 129.87 and 133.33 mg g^?1, respectively.     

Physical and chemical properties and adsorption type of activated carbon prepared from plum kernels by NaOH activation

Activated carbon was prepared from plum kernels by NaOH activation at six different NaOH/char ratios. The physical properties including the BET surface area, the total pore volume, the micropore ratio, the pore diameter, the burn-off, and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation as well as the chemical properties, namely elemental analysis and temperature programmed desorption (TPD), were measured. The results revealed a two-stage activation process: stage 1 activated carbons were obtained at NaOH/char ratios of 0-1, surface pyrolysis being the main reaction; stage 2 activated carbons were obtained at NaOH/char ratios of 2-4, etching and swelling being the main reactions. The physical properties of stage 2 activated carbons were similar, and specific area was from 1478 to 1887m(2)g(-1). The results of reaction mechanism of NaOH activation revealed that it was apparently because of the loss ratio of elements C, H, and O in the activated carbon, and the variations in the surface functional groups and the physical properties. The adsorption of the above activated carbons on phenol and three kinds of dyes (MB, BB1, and AB74) were used for an isotherm equilibrium adsorption study. The data fitted the Langmuir isotherm equation. Various kinds of adsorbents showed different adsorption types; separation factor (R(L)) was used to determine the level of favorability of the adsorption type. In this work, activated carbons prepared by NaOH activation were evaluated in terms of their physical properties, chemical properties, and adsorption type; and activated carbon PKN2 was found to have most application potential.