电磁动态注塑对等规聚丙烯增韧和增强研究

利用普通注射成型和电磁动态注塑机注射成型制备等规聚丙烯试样，并对其进行拉伸强度、冲击强度、差示扫描量热仪（DSC）和广角X射线衍射（WAXD）测试。对动态与稳态注射成型聚丙烯制品的力学性能进行了比较，并结合微观测试结果，深入探讨了制品微观结构与力学性能之间的关系。力学测试结果表明，动态成型制品的拉伸性能和冲击性能比稳态加工条件下都有所提高，尤其是制品冲击性能的提高幅度可以达到40％以上，实现了对制品的同时增强和增韧。DSC和WAXD测试表明，动态成型制品的结晶比稳态制品完善，并且晶粒尺寸也小于稳态制品。经过理论分析，认为结晶情况的改善是制品拉伸强度提高的原因，而晶粒细化则大幅度提高了制品的冲击强度。     

PBT含量对PLA/PBT原位微纤复合材料流变及发泡性能的影响

聚乳酸(PLA)是用量最大的可生物降解材料之一,由于其拉伸流变性能较差,难于发泡。本文采用聚合物微纳层叠共挤装置制备PLA/聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)原位微纤复合材料(PLA/PBT-MRC),研究了PLA/PBT-MRC的微纤形态、熔体的动态流变性能和拉伸流变性能。PLA、PLA/PBT-MRC注塑发泡后的泡孔形貌、注塑发泡制品的拉伸、缺口冲击和弯曲力学性能。研究表明：PLA/PBT-MRC中微纤宽度低至0.72μm,宽度随PBT含量增加而增大;随PBT含量增加PLA/PBT-MRC的储能模量、损耗模量和复数黏度都增大;PBT含量增加可以明显改善PLA熔体的拉伸流变性能,相对PLA表现出明显的拉伸应变硬化;PLA/PBT-MRC注塑发泡后泡孔直径比PLA注塑发泡泡孔直径减小800%,泡孔密度增加600%,发泡制品的拉伸强度、缺口冲击强度、弯曲强度分别提高22.2%、10.1%和26.4%。     

全生物降解PLA/PBC薄膜的制备及性能研究

本文以PBC（聚碳酸丁二醇酯）和PLA（聚乳酸）为主要原料,经双螺杆挤出机混合制得吹膜专用树脂,然后通过吹膜机制备出PBC/PLA全生物降解薄膜。并对全生物降解薄膜做了力学性能测试、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)、热重分析(TG)、酶降解性能和扫描电镜(SEM)分析。结果表明PBC/PLA全生物降解材料具有很好的相容性,随着PBC含量的增加,多组分PBC/PLA生物降解薄膜的降解性能逐渐提高。薄膜具有良好的热稳定性。PBC/PLA全生物降解薄膜拉伸强度随PBC含量增加有所降低但与PLA相比强度的降低不超过19.5%,薄膜的断裂伸长率确能由6.63%提高到192.50%,大大的提升了PLA的韧性。     

脉动压力诱导注射成型加工技术

介绍脉动压力诱导塑料制品注射成型技术以及实现该技术的塑化注射装置。模块化设计的液压激振装置结构简单,输出功率高,方便对传统塑料注射机进行改造。新技术具有加工能耗低,制品品质高等特点,通过控制脉动频率与振幅可以对制品的品质进行调控。     

液压脉振塑化过程振动参数对LDPE性能的影响

采用新型液压脉振式注塑机成型低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)标准试样,测试成型过程整机能耗及试样的拉伸强度、密度等,探讨塑化过程中振动频率和振幅对制品性能的影响.实验发现,保持其他工艺参数不变,施加振动后,试样拉伸强度最大提高6.1%,密度增大3.3%,熔点向高温移动1.7℃,整机的加工能耗约降低6.8%,且呈现一定的变化规律.     

美杜邦推出PLA用新助剂

美国DuPont（杜邦）公司推出生物降解塑料聚乳酸（PLA）用新助剂BiomaxStrong。 据DuPont公司介绍,这种助剂能提高要求有一定刚性的热成型流延PLA片材的韧性,并降低片材的脆性,改进和提高PLA的抗冲击强度、柔软性和熔体的稳定性。若按BiomaxStrong的推荐用量使用,能提高PLA的抗冲击强度,而对透明性影响很小,PLA仍达到生物降解塑料关于填埋后降解速率的要求。     

PLA/Lyocell纤维复合材料结构与性能研究

以聚乳酸(PLA)为基体,新型纤维素纤维Lyocell纤维为增强材料,通过熔融共混及注塑成型制备了PLA/Lyocell纤维可生物降解复合材料,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、力学性能测试、差示扫描量热法(DSC)和维卡软化温度测试等手段,探讨了Lyocell纤维含量对复合材料结构和性能的影响。结果表明:随着Lyocell纤维含量的增加,PLA/Lyocell纤维复合材料的结晶度、弯曲模量和维卡软化温度均随之提高,而拉伸强度和冲击强度则呈现先上升后下降的趋势。其中当Lyocell纤维含量达到6%时,其在复合材料中的分布较为均匀,所对应复合材料的力学性能相对较好,其拉伸强度、缺口冲击强度和弯曲模量比纯PLA分别提高了15.3%、12.3%和13.0%。     

PLA/PHBV共混3D打印线材的制备及性能研究

采用熔融共混法制备了聚乳酸/聚(3-羟基丁酸-co-3-羟基戊酸酯)(PLA/PHBV)共混物,用熔融沉积成型(FDM)技术制备了三维(3D)打印标准测试样条,研究了PLA/PHBV质量比对PLA/PHBV共混物及3D打印线材性能的影响。结果表明,PLA/PHBV共混材料是完全不相容的体系,随着PHBV含量的增加,PLA/PHBV共混物以及3D打印制品的拉伸强度下降,但断裂伸长率有所提高;弯曲强度及冲击强度均先上升后下降;注塑样品的拉伸强度最大可达43.31 MPa,断裂伸长率可达5.37%;3D打印制品的拉伸强度最大可达49.16 MPa,断裂伸长率可达7.41%;PLA/PHBV共混物以及3D打印制品淬断断面呈现典型的"海岛"分布,PHBV相均匀的分散在PLA基中;随着PHBV含量的增加,注塑样条的断面逐渐变得粗糙,打印制品层与层之间空隙减小,填充率上升,黏结性能提高。     

纤维素纳米纤维对聚乳酸结晶、流变和拉伸性能的影响

采用熔融共混⁃注射成型制备了聚乳酸（PLA）/纤维素纳米纤维（CNFs）可生物降解纳米复合材料,利用差示扫描量热仪、流变测试、拉伸性能测试等手段,考察了CNFs含量对PLA/CNFs复合材料结晶行为、流变特性和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,少量的CNFs能均匀分散在PLA基体中,CNFs可作为PLA的异相成核剂,提高结晶速率常数,缩短半结晶时间,CNFs的含量为5 %（质量分数,下同）时,半结晶时间由纯PLA的10.4 min缩短至2.9 min;CNFs体现出润滑作用,使PLA/CNFs复合材料的储能模量和损耗模量均低于纯PLA;CNFs的含量为3 %时,复合材料的断裂伸长率较纯PLA提高了41.2 %。     

注射成型立构复合聚乳酸的热变形性能分析

采用左旋聚乳酸（PLLA）和右旋聚乳酸（PDLA）为原料,采用熔融共混法制备了立构复合聚乳酸（SC?PLA）粉末,再通过注射成型制备了SC?PLA样条,并通过差示量热扫描仪（DSC）和热变形温度测定仪对SC?PLA粉末和样条的熔融、结晶情况和热变形性能进行了表征分析。结果表明,SC?PLA粉末的结晶能力与初始熔融状态直接相关;当熔融温度为220~230 ℃时,SC?PLA粉末的熔融稳定时间增加,有助于SC?PLA体系结晶,该温度适合SC?PLA的注射成型加工;SC?PLA样条中SC?PLA结晶度越高,均聚物PLA结晶度越低,越有助于样条热变形性能的提高;低注射温度和以SC?PLA粉末、PLLA、PDLA为原料成型有助于SC?PLA样条在220 ℃下加热再退火后获得较高的SC?PLA结晶度,其热变形温度最高可达到150 ℃以上;注射成型过程中,有利于保留更多SC?PLA晶体和提高SC?PLA结晶度的方式,有助于提高样条在退火后的热变形性能。     

用于FDM的PLA共混改性

采用酰胺成核剂(NT–C)和聚乙二醇(PEG2000)对聚乳酸(PLA)进行熔融共混改性,制备了用于3D打印的PLA/NT–C/PEG2000共混物,并在200℃的温度下通过熔融沉积成型(FDM)工艺制备了共混物FDM打印件。研究了NT–C的用量对PLA/NT–C打印件结晶性能的影响,并在此基础上研究了PEG2000用量对共混物流变性能、共混物打印件的结晶性能和力学性能的影响。差示扫描量热分析表明NT–C可在一定程度上提高PLA/NT–C打印件的结晶度,一定用量的PEG2000的添加进一步提高了共混物打印件的结晶性能,当NT–C和PEG2000的质量分数分别为2%和5%时,打印件的结晶度达到17.1%,相比PLA提高了12倍;流变性能测试表明PEG2000提高了共混物的熔体流动速率,降低了共混物储能模量和损耗模量对温度的依赖性,扩宽了PLA在FDM工艺中的成型温度;力学性能测试表明PEG2000显著提高了PLA/NT–C/PEG2000共混物的缺口冲击强度,降低了打印中断丝的几率,FDM打印件弯曲和拉伸强度相比于PLA也有显著提高,当NT–C和PEG2000的质量分数分别为2%和5%时,打印件的弯曲和拉伸强度分别达到了注塑件的80%和70%以上,扩宽了PLA在FDM中应用。     

Improving mechanical performance of injection molded PLA by controlling crystallinity

Currently, use of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) for injection molded articles is limited for commercial applications because PLA has a slow crystallization rate when compared with many other thermoplastics as well as standard injection molding cycle times. The overall crystallization rate and final crystallinity of PLA were controlled by the addition of physical nucleating agents as well as optimization of injection molding processing conditions. Talc and ethylene bis‐stearamide (EBS) nucleating agents both showed dramatic increases in crystallization rate and final crystalline content as indicated by isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization measurements. Isothermal crystallization half‐times were found to decrease nearly 65‐fold by the addition of only 2% talc. Process changes also had a significant effect on the final crystallinity of molded neat PLA, which was shown to increase from 5 to 42%. The combination of nucleating agents and process optimization not only resulted in an increase in final injection molded crystallinity level, but also allowed for a decreased processing time. An increase of over 30°C in the heat distortion temperature and improved strength and modulus by upwards of 25% were achieved through these material and process changes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

聚乳酸／聚（3⁃羟基丁酸⁃co⁃3⁃羟基戊酸酯）共混材料3D打印线材改性研究

采用熔融共混法制备聚乳酸／聚（3?羟基丁酸?co?3?羟基戊酸酯）（PLA/PHBV）,以及分别添加苯乙烯?甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物（ADR）、柠檬酸三丁酯（TBC）的共混物PLA/PHBV/ADR和PLA/PHBV/TBC,通过注塑和熔融沉积成型（FDM）技术制备了标准测试样条,研究了添加ADR和TBC后对PLA/ PHBV共混材料及三维（3D）打印样品热学性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,PHBV结晶度均降低,加入ADR的注塑样品断裂伸长率最大提高到32 %,加入TBC的注塑样品拉伸强度和冲击强度提高,断裂伸长率提高到2.8 %;加入ADR的3D打印制品拉伸强度降低,断裂伸长率提高,添加TBC的3D打印制品相容性得到了明显的提升,通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察无明显的颗粒相,拉伸强度在改性前后无明显变化。     

SiO2/ZnO复合微粒对聚乳酸力学性能和结晶度的影响

选用纳米SiO2和微米ZnO作为粒子添加剂,用球磨法制备成复合粒子与聚乳酸粉末共混,通过挤出造粒、注塑成型制得试样。通过红外光谱分析、力学性能测试、断口SEM分析以及DSC测试探索了复合粒子与基体的相容性、分散程度以及试样的力学性能和结晶度变化趋势,并对结果进行了理论分析,确定了最佳配方是粒子质量分数为0.5%的SiO2/ZnO球磨复合粒子/PLA组分,此时复合材料的结晶度达到41.45%,玻璃化温度为65.22℃,冲击强度为4.92 kJ/m2,与纯PLA比较分别提高了23.4%、8.8%和5.4%;拉伸强度、弯曲强度与纯PLA相比有轻微降低,分别为68.82 MPa和59.67 MPa。     

Engineered poly(lactic acid)‐talc biocomposites for melt processing: Effects of co‐blending with poly(butylene succinate) and poly(butylene terephthalate) on thermal and mechanical behavior

This article deals with the design and manufacturing of a novel class of PLA‐based material specifically engineered for injection molding, suitable for food contact and characterized by a good balance of mechanical properties and thermal resistance. A commercial PLA grade was modified by blending it with microlamellar talc as reinforcing filler, poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) as secondary polymeric phases. Ternary blend/talc biocomposites were achieved. The different constituents of the biocomposites were compatibilized by reactive compounding extrusion using maleic anhydride (MAH) grafted PLA (PLA‐MA). The thermal properties of the compounds prior and after injection molding were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. The mechanical response of the injection molded materials was evaluated by flat indentation and flexural tests. The mechanical properties of the PLA/talc‐based biocomposites and crystallinity of PLA can be controlled by fine tuning the blend by the addition of PBS and PBT in the formulation. In particular, biocomposites characterized by good strength and toughness can be obtained by injection molding, without affecting thermal stability. Based on the experimental findings, the PLA‐based formulations pose; therefore, solid bases for replacing oil‐based plastics in several markets, specifically in the segment of food and pharmaceutical packaging. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:264–273, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Study on flax fiber toughened poly (lactic acid) composites

Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is a renewable and biodegradable polymer with high modulus, high strength but low toughness. Blending PLA with plant fiber has been believed an available strategy to improve the toughness of PLA. PLA/Flax composites were fabricated by extrusion and injection molding processes. The flax fiber surfaces were modified before blending to improve the compatibility, and the chemical structures of both untreated and treated fiber were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results of mechanical test showed that the impact strength and elongation at break of PLA/Flax composites were remarkably higher than PLA. The impact fractures of PLA/Flax composites were also observed by scanning electron microscope. The results showed uniform dispersion of fibers in PLA matrix and good compatibility between treated fibers and PLA matrix. Moreover, it can be observed that crazing propagation was hindered by fibers and transcrystalline developed along fibers by polarized optical microscope. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis was carried out to study the crystallinity of PLA and it was found that incorporation of fiber improved the crystallinity of PLA. The toughening mechanism of PLA/Flax composites was discussed according to the results. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42573.     

改性处理对聚乳酸/废旧报纸回收纤维复合材料性能的影响

采用注射成型的方法制备了聚乳酸/废旧报纸回收纤维复合材料,探讨了马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯改性处理和1 %的NaOH改性处理对复合材料性能的影响。结果表明,在复合材料中加入2 %的马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯后,聚乳酸与废旧报纸回收纤维的相容性得到改善,复合材料的力学性能得到提高。废旧报纸回收纤维经1 %的NaOH处理后,与聚乳酸的界面被优化,纤维的相对结晶度增大,二者的黏结性能得到改善,复合材料的力学性能也会得到提高。     

Effect of thermal annealing on the mechanical and thermal properties of polylactic acid–cellulosic fiber biocomposites

Polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites were produced by a combination of extrusion and injection molding with three cellulosic reinforcements (agave, coir, and pine) and contents (10, 20, and 30%). In particular, some samples were subjected to thermal annealing (105 °C for 1 h) to modify the crystallinity of the materials. In all cases, morphological (scanning electron microscopy) and thermal (differential scanning calorimetry, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis) characterizations were related to the mechanical properties (Charpy impact, tensile and flexural tests). The results showed that annealing increased the crystallinity for all the materials produced, but different mechanical behaviors were observed depending on fiber type and content. For example, annealing increased the impact strength and flexural modulus of PLA and PLA biocomposites (agave, coir, and pine), while decreasing their flexural strength. But the main conclusion is that fiber addition combined with thermal annealing can substantially increase the thermal stability of the studied materials. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43750.