冷轧辊坯中白点形成及预防的研究

研究了冷轧辊坯中白点的形成原因及预防措施,结果表明,锻后经过扩散去氢,氢含量为0.6×10-6左右的MC5钢锻坯再次加热锻造后仍然会产生白点,这种白点是高温塑性变形中产生的内部裂纹。氢含量5×10-6左右的MC5电渣钢锭锻成530 mm的辊坯,采用适当的锻造工艺可以有效地防止白点产生,锻后缓冷48 h即可保证不产生白点。锻造中存在着裂纹产生与愈合的过程。     

HXD2机车转向架拉杆座角焊缝疲劳失效机理

针对HXD2型电力机车在某穿越秦岭山脉线路服役中多台次拉杆座角焊缝出现裂纹的问题,进行了试验与仿真分析。发现裂纹表面有明显疲劳辉纹,表明角焊缝服役中发生疲劳失效;焊缝根部是疲劳起裂位置,有多源起裂形貌特征;起裂后裂纹从中心向两侧扩展、从根部向焊缝表面扩展,在接头横截面上裂纹路径与水平方向夹角近似为45°;统计分析和仿真计算表明,角焊缝裂纹的发生与拉杆座/基板之间的间隙值有关联性,根部间隙越大,则角焊缝抗疲劳性能越差;分析其主要机理是间隙较小时,焊缝受压后拉杆座底面与构架基板表面更容易发生接触,接触后基板表面分担部分载荷。因此,间隙较小时,焊缝应力幅较小;而间隙较大时,不仅应力幅较大,而且在焊根处易出现末端尖劈形貌。 创新点： 分析了某穿越秦岭山脉线路HXD2电力机车拉杆座角焊缝疲劳失效行为,揭示了电力机车车架角焊缝疲劳裂纹与角焊缝根部间隙的相关性,阐明了根部间隙影响拉杆座角焊缝抗疲劳性能的机理。     

Effect of cold flakes on mechanical properties of aluminium alloy die casts

Abstract

The cold flake was detected in aluminium alloy die casts ADC12 by using the scanning acoustic microscope, and was visualised in the acoustic image as bright and dark regions, which were corresponding to the oxide layer and the body of the cold flake respectively. By using the specimen which contains the cold flake, the tensile testing and the fatigue testing were carried out. The in process ultrasonic measurement was also carried out with a water bag in the fatigue testing to detect detachment of the cold flake from the matrix in the fatigue process. From these results, it was found that the cold flake was detached from the matrix in the fatigue process to form a crack, and cold flakes, especially exposed cold flakes, reduce the tensile strength and the fatigue life of die casts. The effect of the cold flake on the strengths was discussed from the point of crack propagation.     

AISI8630钢泥浆泵排出缸失效分析及工艺改进

针对AISI8630钢锻件在实际生产中出现的锻造失效问题进行了研究。采用"EAF→LF→VD→铸锭"工艺冶炼AISI8630钢锭,钢锭锻造成泥浆泵锻件,经热处理加工后探伤发现密集性缺陷。通过化学成分、低倍分析和金相显微分析,对产生的缺陷进行分析研究。结果表明:宏观检测受检面有许多裂纹,将裂纹打开,发现断口存在明显的白点缺陷;近裂纹附近有灰色硫化物夹杂,存在明显的组织偏析现象,远离裂纹处的金相组织无明显差异。通过加强冶炼过程控制,对钢锭进行锻前消氢、消应力退火及锻后250℃以下缓冷处理等工艺优化,避免了白点缺陷的形成,并经现场验证得到合格产品。     

大型电机轴锻件断裂失效分析

运用金相观察、SEM等方法对断裂的45钢电机轴锻件进行了失效分析。结果表明,由于不正确的热加工,锻件存在很大的残余应力和大型锻造裂纹,随后的车削加工改变了应力分布,导致裂纹尖端应力超过临界应力值,从而发生低应力脆断。     

Hot cracking in laser braze joint of high strength stainless steel using gold brazing filler metal – prevention of hot cracking by controlling thermal cycle

Abstract

The hot cracking behaviour in the diode laser braze joint of 13Cr–4Ni stainless steel using Au–18Ni, Ag–10Pd and Ag–21Cu–25Pd filler metals has been investigated. The types of joint investigated were the T fillet joint and the L fillet joint which simulated the second braze bead in the T fillet joint. Tandem beam brazing was also carried out in order to prevent the hot cracking by post-heating treatment with a trailing beam. A centreline crack, characterised as a ductility dip crack, occurred in the second braze bead of the T fillet joint using Au–Ni filler metal. On the other hand, no cracks occurred in either the first or the second braze bead in T fillet braze joints using Ag–Pd and Ag–Cu–Pd filler metals. The hot cracking susceptibility of the Au–Ni braze metal was evaluated by the spot Varestraint test. Most of the cracks observed in the spot Varestraint test specimen were also characterised as ductility dip cracks, and the susceptibility to such cracking increased with increasing the augmented strain. The ductility dip temperature range (DTR) was estimated from the crack position and length to be 1000–1250 K at strains over 0·4%. Numerical analyses of the thermal stress and strain revealed that the plastic strain–temperature curve intersected the DTR in the single beam brazing, but did not intersect the DTR with post-heating during the laser brazing. The effect of post-heating on the crack prevention was verified by tandem beam brazing of L fillet joint with a trailing beam. No cracks occurred in the braze bead made with a trailing beam at laser powers of 200–300 W. The authors concluded that hot cracking in the Au–Ni braze metal could be successfully prevented by controlling the thermal cycle during the laser brazing process.     

铀矿用不锈钢泵轴断裂原因分析

目的找到不锈钢泵轴断裂原因。方法通过对断裂的泵轴进行失效分析,利用扫描电镜、金相显微镜、直读光谱仪、显微硬度计等测试方法和手段,对失效泵轴的断口形貌、组织、化学成分、显微硬度等进行分析。结果断口形貌呈明显的脆性疲劳开裂特征,且裂纹源呈现多源特征,有疲劳辉纹和二次裂纹存在。316L泵轴材质成分和组织问题不大,在近表面存在大量夹杂物,同时泵轴表面观察到点蚀和微裂纹存在。结论近表面夹杂物在酸性环境中极易引起点蚀,同时泵轴与联轴器根部结合处存在变截面,形成应力集中。当泵轴受到腐蚀、应力以及电机交变载荷作用时,形成腐蚀疲劳裂纹源,裂纹扩展造成瞬断是此次不锈钢泵轴断裂的主要原因。     

圆角半径对输出轴断裂的影响研究

在试验过程中输出齿轮轴发生断裂,断面磨损严重。本研究先对该轴的断裂失效进行了分析,确定断裂性质为旋转弯曲高周疲劳,理化检测指标符合图纸要求,而圆角半径实测数据比设计要求小。为了查找疲劳失效原因,对实测圆角半径和设计要求圆角半径所造成的应力集中进行应力计算,得到不同圆角半径对应的实际旋转弯曲疲劳极限强度,发现该输出轴断裂处的实际旋转弯曲疲劳极限强度比设计要求降低了一半。在工作载荷作用下实际旋转弯曲疲劳强度的降低,使该输出齿轮轴的实际疲劳寿命相比设计寿命大大降低,导致该输出齿轮轴工作中提前失效。     

Environment‐sensitive fracture of aluminium alloy 6013

The aim of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of the reasons of the fatigue behaviour in corrosive environment of aluminium alloys used in aircraft industry. Fatigue crack propagation experiments were carried out at various test frequencies on CCT specimen of Al 6013T6 in air and in 3.5% sodium chloride solution. The rate of crack propagation is accelerated in sodium chloride solution, and the da/dN‐ΔK curve for Al 6013T6 shows characteristics which differ from the curve in air. In order to clarify the influence of the corrosion medium the composition and the pH value of the electrolyte were varied. In this way the crack propagation was inhibited or accelerated during fatigue test. During the fatigue test in corrosive environment the dissolution of aluminium occurs and at the same time hydrogen evolves. Hydrogen embrittlement means a loss of ductility caused by the incorporation of hydrogen into the lattice. For the fatigue behaviour in corrosive medium it is decisive how atomic hydrogen is generated and which conditions allow the absorption of the hydrogen into the material. The results show that chloride ions and an acid pH value are necessary for the absorption of hydrogen. Besides the hydrogen embrittlement a second process of mechanical degradation occurs. Secondary cracks were determined after finishing the fatigue crack propagation test. These cracks could be observed as well in air as in corrosion medium. But in corrosion medium the occurrence of secondary cracks was more pronounced. The degradation mechanism in the presence of corrosion medium and cyclic stresses is discussed. It is shown that superposition of hydrogen embrittlement due to hydrogen absorption and formation of secondary cracks plays an important role in the fatigue behaviour of Al 6013T6 in corrosive medium.     

304不锈钢钎焊板翅结构疲劳断裂机理分析

对304不锈钢板翅结构进行疲劳试验,分析疲劳断裂机理.疲劳裂纹从上钎角萌生,然后向翅片扩展,最终导致失效.在钎焊过程中,钎角处生成了较多的脆性化合物,且钎角处应力高度集中,使得裂纹从钎角萌生.疲劳裂纹的扩展经历了4个阶段:(1)裂纹在循环载荷作用下,在钎角脆性化合物启裂;(2)裂纹启裂后,在循环载荷作用下,沿钎角扩展;(3)裂纹跨越钎角和固溶体组织的界面,沿固溶体组织扩展;(4)裂纹跨越翅片和固溶体的界面,进入翅片区域扩展,直至完全断裂.     

Stress corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement of two precipitation hardening stainless steels

Abstract

Straining of smooth tensile specimens of two precipitation hardening stainless steels over a wide range of controlled potentials in natural sea water has revealed regimes of low ductility above about — 200 mV(SCE) and below — 600 mV(SCE). The apparent loss inductility in the anodic region was attributable to dissolution and was found to be associated with pitting and crevice corrosion effects that were exacerbated when straining was conducted in acidified sea water. The embrittlement observed at more cathodic potentials, which gave rise to transgranular or intergranular failure depending upon the material and its heat treatment, is believed to be due to hydrogen that is evolved at such potentials. The occurrence of embrittlement by hydrogen in these materials, to produce similar modes of failure, was confirmed by testing smooth specimens ajtercathodic charging and both smooth and precracked specimens in gaseous hydrogen. Cracking of precracked specimens in gaseous hydrogen is complicated by the presence of δ ferrite stringers in the microstructure, which can give rise to delamination perpendicular to the principal plane of fracture if the stresses ahead of the crack are not reduced significantly by hydrogen embrittlement.     

在役转轴表面疲劳裂纹的爬波检测

采用常规超声检测方法对在役转轴表面疲劳裂纹检测的效果很差。针对此类在役转轴疲劳裂纹产生的机理,结合超声爬波传播的特性,选用超声爬波对在役转轴产生的表面疲劳裂纹进行检测。对某规格的阶梯转轴进行的检测结果表明,超声爬波检测方法简便可行,能够有效地检测出转轴在役运行状态中出现的疲劳裂纹,因此可用于在役转轴表面疲劳裂纹的日常检测。     

LD10铝合金方形臂裂纹分析

锻铝合金扭力臂进行疲劳试验时,扭力方形臂叉耳端发生开裂。对方形臂叉耳端裂纹断口的宏微观形貌进行了观察和能谱成分分析,对方形臂的金相组织和低倍组织进行了检查,测试了方形臂的硬度,确定了方形臂的开裂性质及原因。研究结果表明,扭力方形臂裂纹的性质为微动疲劳开裂。方形臂与衬套之间磨粒磨损引起的微动磨损是导致方形臂开裂的直接原因,方形臂流线分布不合理也在一定程度上降低了零件的力学性能。     

齿轮轴齿根部裂纹产生原因分析

某公司生产的齿轮轴齿根部产生裂纹,被怀疑是锻坯质量所致。江苏省产品质量监督检验研究院对齿轮轴齿根部裂纹的进行检验分析。结果表明：裂纹均位于齿根部R角处,呈断续状由外向内发展,裂纹两侧边缘无氧化脱碳现象;在齿轮轴的次表层区域的组织中有部分魏氏组织特征,而心部组织中无魏氏组织存在,表明该齿轮轴齿根部裂纹产生的原因是热处理工艺不当。     

转向节锻件枝丫结构淬火裂纹形成机理

通过对42CrMo钢转向节锻件宏观结构分析和裂纹区域微观组织分析,结合锻造、淬火工艺的数值模拟,研究了淬火裂纹产生的原因。结果表明,转向节形状复杂,截面变化剧烈,淬火时易在单枝与高耳结合部位产生应力集中,且该处的结构尺寸处于危险敏感尺寸范围内,导致更容易形成横向裂纹。同时金属流线方向与单枝长度方向平行并存在沿金属流线方向的夹杂,导致纵向力学性能低,易产生纵向裂纹。     

关于钢中白点形成机理的探讨

通过对有关文献的评述,介绍了最近提出的一种与氢无关的白点形成机制。白点是高温塑性变形中产生的内部发裂,或者是高温塑性变形中产生的缺陷在冷却过程中受热应力作用而发展成为内部发裂。讨论了高温塑性变形过程中工件内部产生宏观裂纹和微观缺陷的可能性。根据这种白点形成机制,将以适当的热加工工艺防止白点而不必长时间扩散去氢。     

飞机平尾大轴断裂故障分析

某型飞机在试验中平尾大轴发生断裂。通过断口的观察分析、颤裂部位的金相分析、硬度检测,确定了平尾大轴的失效模式,并对其断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明,该平尾大轴的断裂性质为腐蚀疲劳断裂,裂纹均起源于衬套与筒体间的定位焊点处;定位焊点处选用了强度远低于基体的08A钢焊丝,导致焊点强度过低,在工作载荷作用下焊点处过早萌生了裂纹,焊接工艺不当是大轴断裂的主要因素;平尾大轴简体内壁涂敷防锈漆的质量较差,导致筒体内壁出现严重腐蚀。裂纹源区有腐蚀坑,且裂纹扩展过程中均有腐蚀特征,说明防腐蚀措施不当引起的腐蚀对大轴断裂也有重要影响。     

硫化机外胎底座齿轮轴断裂分析

应用化学成分分析，金相组织、宏观断口观察，力学性能及氢含量检测等方法对40Cr钢齿轮轴断裂原因进行了综合分析。结果表明：宏观断口为脆性断裂，钢中氢含量过高产生白点裂纹以及硅含量超标导致夹渣是齿轮轴脆性断裂的主要原因。     

Fatigue characteristics of patch plate joints by fillet welding assisted with bonding

A series of fatigue experiments and elastic analysis were carried out for investigating fatigue characteristics of patch plate joints assembled by fillet welding assisted with bonding. In the case that fatigue cracks occurred at the weld toe by the four-point bending fatigue experiment, the fatigue life of joints assembled by welding and bonding (WB) specimens were almost the same as those by only welding (W) specimens. The elastic analysis simulating the four-point bending loaded situation on W and WB specimens was performed for elucidating its reason. The stress concentration at the weld toe was even high in the WB specimens. Therefore, the fatigue life of WB specimens was not longer than that of W specimens. On the other hand, the stress around the weld root of WB specimen was around 30% of that of W specimen. The possibility of stress reduction effect by bonding was indicated around the weld root rather than around the weld toe. In order to verify this possibility, the four-point bending fatigue experiment was performed by setting the specimens so that the tensile stress was applied on the weld root. It was confirmed that the fatigue cracks occurred from the weld root in both W and WB specimens. The fatigue life defined in this study of WB specimens was from 4 to 8 times longer than that of W specimens when the applied nominal stress range was under 175 MPa. The fatigue life defined in this study of WB specimens was from 2 to 3 times longer than that of W specimens when the applied nominal stress range was over 200 MPa. The results indicated the fatigue life improvement of patch plate joints by fillet welding assisted with bonding when the fatigue cracks occurred at the weld root.     

超高强钢点焊结构疲劳试验分析

以超高强淬火钢22MnB5为母体的点焊结构为研究对象,分别通过恒压和锻压工艺,利用光学显微镜,运用成组法进行了疲劳试验测试分析,结果表明,锻压和恒压二种工艺的p-S-N曲线显示出前者比后者工艺的疲劳寿命分散性略大及两种工艺的断裂模式基本相同,裂纹在焊核与热影响区交界处发生,并进一步向两侧较对称扩展至母材区,成为裂纹起裂点.异种母材与同种母材的试样发生疲劳断裂的位置相同,均为焊核与内层热影响区的交界处,异种母材的试样在裂纹扩展形态具有不对称性,疲劳失效均发生在低碳钢焊核处,得到三种应力等级下焊点的疲劳寿命变化曲线.