三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷芦草沟组泥页岩系统地层超压与页岩油富集机理

通过岩心和薄片观察、流体压力特征和地球化学指标分析,探讨三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷芦草沟组泥页岩系统地层超压形成的原因以及页岩油富集机理。研究表明,芦草沟组页岩油是烃源岩在低成熟—成熟早期演化阶段生成的液态烃,具有高密度、高黏度的物性特点;烃源岩厚度大,渗透率低,造成流体启动阻力增大,油气不具备大规模向外排运的条件而滞留在源岩层中,其为超压形成的主要原因。芦草沟组泥页岩生烃潜力大,源内储集空间发育,是其生成的油气滞留其中的基础;生烃造成的地层压力不足以突破油气运移的阻力,是页岩油富集的直接原因。页岩油的富集程度受控于不同岩相在不同演化阶段的生烃、储烃能力。     

三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷二叠系油气运移机制与页岩油富集规律

三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷发现的二叠系芦草沟组页岩油,具有较好的油气资源潜力,其形成与富集机理与常规油气藏有很大差异。页岩油运移机制是页岩油形成机理的重要部分,在岩心观察、薄片鉴定结合地球化学分析化验及地质条件综合分析的基础之上,重点研究了页岩油运移的动力、通道、方向、距离和效率等方面。结果表明,页岩油在源内的运移效应不明显,油气的富集非源内规模性运移聚集结果;油气垂向向源外的运移效应较为显著,活动的大规模断裂会降低源内页岩油丰度。页岩油的初次运移以生烃造成的地层超压为动力,通过干酪根网络、纹层间及微裂缝发生了小尺度的运移,油气大部分滞留原地,运移效率极低。在输导断裂发育的地区,泥页岩生成的油气发生了垂向向上的二次运移,在芦草沟组上覆地层聚集成藏。页岩油的这种运移机制决定了页岩油连续分布、油水分异差、油气聚集不受构造控制及断裂活动区油气丰度较低的特点。     

渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷古近系异常高压成因及其与陆相页岩油富集的关系

为了探索渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷地层异常压力对页岩油富集的影响,运用全岩X-衍射分析、常规热解生烃潜力分析和有机地球化学系统分析等方法,研究了4口页岩油专探井古近系的单井地层压力结构、泥页岩岩相、有机质成烃演化、黏土矿物转化、烃类滞留—次生孔隙和微裂缝分布的关系。研究区靠近洼陷中部的古近系沙河街组沙三中、下亚段和沙四上亚段岩相组合以碳酸盐岩为主,而靠近凹陷边缘以碎屑岩/化学岩混合沉积组合为主。利用声波测井、密度测井和钻录井资料,可有效识别单井压力结构和异常高压特征,并揭示生烃洼陷区以碳酸盐—黏土矿物组合为主的富有机质页岩中地层孔隙压力的影响因素。综合应用地球化学证据证实,济阳坳陷古近系地层超压主要来源于成熟泥页岩的生烃增压,泥页岩自源超压段与滞留烃高峰段及次生孔隙发育带相对应。     

页岩中油气的滞留机制及富集机理差异性比较

泥页岩中的残留烃量是页岩油气富集成藏的物质基础,并决定了油气勘探方向的选择。页岩油、页岩气虽在生储运保等方面有较高的相似性,但其滞留和富集机理差异性明显。基于对大量相关文献和国内外页岩油气资源特征的总结分析,文中着重对比描述了页岩油气的地质特征、滞留形式、富集成藏机理,揭示了油气因地层的地质特征和其分子本质结构上的差异,在生成、滞留、富集、形成量的积累乃至成藏的连贯过程中,两者所受各要素影响情况的相似性与不同。有机质丰度和类型、有机质演化程度是生烃的基本条件,且控制生成油气的不同方式和性质;矿物成分、物性、湿度等地层条件决定油气储集空间和不同赋存方式;温度、压力等外部因素影响油气不同滞留相态。研究表明,泥页岩滞留油的能力远大于滞留气的能力,页岩气与页岩油相比,更容易富集成藏。     

马朗凹陷芦草沟组页岩油形成机理与富集条件

三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷二叠系芦草沟组源内页岩油的发现对常规油藏勘探理论提出了巨大的挑战。在大量岩心观察、薄片鉴定的基础上,结合地质条件、分析化验、试油情况,深入研究了本区页岩油形成机制与富集条件。研究结果表明,芦草沟组页岩油主要是烃源岩在低熟-成熟早期演化阶段生成的原地滞留原油,页岩油具有高密度、高黏度的物性特点和低饱芳比、高非沥比的族组成特征。页岩油在源岩中的赋存形式主要有两种,即干酪根表面的吸附态及基质孔隙、纹层与水平层面间、微裂缝中的游离态。页岩油大面积连续分布在源岩层中,没有明显的油水界面,油水分异差,产油水比例取决于烃源岩的演化程度,需人工改造才能获得产能,单井产量小但稳产时间长。页岩油富集的控制因素为：①具有生成、储集大量石油的条件;②较好的保存条件,导致大量排烃的断裂不发育。     

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组页岩油偏稠成因分析

通过研究吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组烃源岩母质组成、烃源岩生烃及热演化特征、成藏模式、原油次生作用,揭示了该区页岩油整体偏稠以及纵、横向原油性质差异的原因。结果表明,吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组页岩油未遭受生物降解,其油质偏稠的原因主要是:①芦草沟组烃源岩中无定形体、藻类等有机质十分丰富,在咸水环境下生成的原油中异构烷烃、环烷烃含量相对较高,油质相对偏稠,"下甜点"烃源岩比"上甜点"烃源岩处于咸化的更强还原环境,藻类等水生生物更发育,是造成纵向上"下甜点"页岩油较"上甜点"页岩油更稠的主要原因;②芦草沟组烃源岩有机质类型好、早期生烃,在低成熟阶段(0.5%相似文献   

吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组异常高压与致密油富集

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷中二叠统芦草沟组致密油藏具有良好的油气资源潜力,其富集机理与常规油气藏有很大差异。通过计算吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组流体压力,建立了芦草沟组的异常高压分布体系,结合芦草沟组地质条件、地球化学化验分析、重点井试油情况,探讨异常高压与致密油藏富集的关系。结果表明,吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组油藏具典型的源储一体式结构,优质烃源岩在低成熟—成熟阶段生成的致密油,在烃源岩层内自生自储或在烃源岩层间短距离运移,是异常高压形成的主要原因。芦草沟组烃源岩和储集层普遍发育异常高压,横向上稳定连片,展现出一定的“层控”特征;纵向上不同层段有机质丰度及生烃能力的差异导致异常高压分布不均,存在明显的层间剩余流体压力差。剩余流体压力为致密油垂向运移的主要动力,层间高剩余流体压力差分布带是致密油的有利富集区。     

渤海湾盆地含油气凹陷压力场特征及与油气富集关系

含油气盆地不同类型凹陷地层压力场具有明显差异,压力场与油气富集关系密切。以渤海湾盆地含油气凹陷实测地层压力资料为基础,探讨了含油气凹陷压力场类型及分布特征,以及超压与生烃作用、压力场与油气富集等关系。研究表明,渤海湾盆地含油气凹陷新生界纵向压力场大致可归为3类,即常压型、单超压型、双超压型;不同类型压力场凹陷的分布具有分区性：常压型多分布于盆地外围凹陷,单超压型在盆地广泛分布,双超压型主要分布于环渤海地区。生烃作用对凹陷超压的形成具有重要影响,超压层系与主力生烃层系相对应,凹陷充填演化历史及主力生烃层系的差异可能是形成3类凹陷压力场的主要原因。凹陷生烃层系超压与油气富集关系密切：平面上油气围绕超压中心分布,超压程度影响油气二次运移距离;纵向上油气富集层系受凹陷压力场类型控制,常压型凹陷油气主要富集于生烃层系及紧邻层系,单超压型凹陷油气富集于生烃层系及上下多套层系,而在双超压型凹陷,新近系油气富集程度较高;生烃层系超压程度影响凹陷油气富集程度,富油凹陷均为超压幅度较大的凹陷。     

泥页岩中有机质的赋存形态与油气形成

根据不同类型泥页岩镜下微观特征观察,发现泥页岩中的沉积有机质和矿物质主要以"富有机质—矿物聚集体"和"贫有机质—矿物基质体"2种微观组构形态存在。通过泥页岩的生排烃模拟实验研究表明:泥页岩有机质赋存的差异性控制了油气的生成和初次运移过程,由于"富有机质—矿物聚集体"形态组构非均质分布,在不同演化阶段生成、排出及滞留的油气以不同的状态赋存和运移;镜质体反射率（R_o）介于0.6%~1.0%之间,泥页岩层系中滞留的油与富集有机质聚集体呈游离-吸附共轭相态,流动性较差,开采前景较差,R_o介于1.0%~1.3%之间是页岩油开采的有利范围;高演化阶段页岩气资源量的大小受控于泥页岩中富有机质聚集体的含量。基于烃源岩内沉积有机质和无机矿物质微观结构上的非均质性特征,把油气的形成、排出、滞留作为一个统一过程加以认识,将是深入认识页岩油气形成与富集机理的有利手段和重要方法。      

四川盆地侏罗系自流井组大安寨段陆相页岩油气地质特征及成藏控制因素

四川盆地侏罗系陆相油气勘探过去主要聚焦在构造-裂缝型常规油气和介壳灰岩及砂岩致密油气上,为实现侏罗系油气重大新突破,思路需要向页岩油气转变。在分析自流井组大安寨段陆相页岩油气的分布、生烃、物性和保存等地质特征基础上,认为大安寨段具备形成大规模页岩油气成藏地质特征,提出3项成藏控制因素。大安寨段二亚段暗色页岩作为页岩油气的供烃源岩,油气显示丰富,页岩厚度在20~80 m,整体分布面积广、厚度大、连续稳定,孔缝发育、物性好,处于中-高成熟热演化阶段,有区域性致密顶底板灰岩封闭的超压页岩油气藏。半深湖-深湖亚相、致密灰岩顶底板与高孔隙储层、中-高成熟热演化阶段这3项因素共同控制自流井组大安寨段页岩油气的生成、储集和富集。     

三相相对渗透率曲线实验测定

建立CT双能同步扫描实验方法,结合稳态物理模拟方法对油湿和水湿露头砂岩的油气水三相相对渗透率进行实验测定,同时考察不同饱和历程对相对渗透率曲线的影响.CT双能同步扫描法可准确获取三相流体饱和度并消除末端效应的影响,将实验测得相关数据代入达西公式可算得不同饱和度下各相的相对渗透率.研究结果表明,对水湿岩心,水的等渗线为一系列直线,表明水相相对渗透率只与含水饱和度有关;油的等渗线为一系列凹向含油饱和度顶点的曲线,气的等渗线为一系列凸向含气饱和度顶点的曲线,表明油相和气相的相对渗透率与三相饱和度都有关;而在油湿岩心中,油气水三相的等渗线都是一系列凸向各自饱和度顶点的曲线,表明油气水的相对渗透率与三相流体饱和度都有关.不同饱和历程对润湿相的等渗线影响不大,但对非润湿相的等渗线有影响,两种饱和历程下非润湿相等渗线形态基本相同但位置不同.     

温度对亲水岩心束缚水饱和度的影响

相对渗透率是描述油藏多孔介质中多相流动的重要参数,而束缚水饱和度是影响、控制油水相对渗透率曲线的一个关键因素。通常,相对渗透率是在室温下测定的,高温相对渗透率实验用的岩心偏向于亲油。针对轮南油田油藏温度高的特点,分别应用静态实验和动态实验研究了温度升高对亲水岩心束缚水饱和度的影响,及其对相对渗透率曲线特征的影响。室内实验结果表明,亲水岩心的束缚水饱和度随温度上升而下降,其相对渗透率曲线向左移;亲油岩心的束缚水饱和度随温度升高而增大。     

Prediction of wettability variation and its impact on flow using pore- to reservoir-scale simulations

We describe a pore- to reservoir-scale investigation of wettability variation and its impact on waterflooding. We use a three-dimensional pore-scale network model of a Berea sandstone to predict relative permeability and capillary pressure hysteresis. We successfully predict experimentally measured relative permeability data for the water-wet case, and demonstrate that the model captures experimentally observed trends in waterflood recovery for mixed-wet media. We then focus upon the effect of variations in initial water saturation associated with capillary rise above the oil–water contact (OWC). This may lead to wettability variations with height because the number of pore-walls which may be rendered oil-wet during primary drainage, increases as the oil saturation increases. We investigate empirical hysteresis models in which scanning curves are used to connect bounding drainage and waterflood curves for a given initial water saturation, and find that if wettability varies with initial water saturation, then the scanning water relative permeability curves predicted by the empirical model are significantly higher than those predicted by the network model. We then use a conventional simulator, in conjunction with the relative permeability curves obtained from the network and empirical models, to investigate the reservoir-scale impact of wettability variations on waterflooding. If the wettability varies with height above the OWC, we find that using the network model to generate scanning relative permeability curves yields a significantly higher recovery than using empirical models or assuming that the reservoir is uniformly oil-wet or water-wet. This is because the scanning water curves are generally low (characteristic of water-wet media), yet the residual oil saturation is also low (characteristic of oil-wet media). Our aim is to demonstrate that network models of real rocks may be used as a tool to predict wettability variations and their impact on field-scale flow.     

对流花11-1油田润湿性的新认识

流花11-1油田储层岩心的润湿性,经作业者测定结果是亲油的。本文以该油田原油的极性组分在纵向上的变化为依据,用相对渗透率曲线鉴定润湿性的方法,最后判断流花11-1油田的润湿性是非均质的,即上油层段亲水,下油层段亲油。同时讨论了流花11-1油田4号井油基泥浆取心液对该井岩心的污染,使原亲水的上油层段岩心变成亲油的假象。     

Effect of wettability on oil recovery and breakthrough time for immiscible gas flooding

The effect of wettability on oil recovery at higher water saturation is still not fully understood, especially in the case of mixed wettability. This study was conducted to examine the effects of wettability on oil recovery and breakthrough time through experiments for two wettability conditions (water-wet and mixed-wet) and three water saturations (20%, 40%, and 60%). Clashach sandstone core with a porosity of 12.8% and a permeability of 75 md was utilized as the porous media. Immiscible gas flooding was performed by injecting nitrogen gas into the core at room temperature and pressure. The results showed 54.3% and 48.8% of the initial oil in place (IOIP) as the ultimate oil recovery at 40% water saturation from mixed-wet core and water-wet core respectively. In contrast, the water-wet core displayed better results (32.6% of the IOIP) in terms of breakthrough time compared to the results of water-wet core (10.6% of the IOIP) at the same water saturation. In conclusion, oil recovery was found highly dependent on water saturation while breakthrough time was mainly affected by the wettability of the cores.     

Dimensionless groups for three-phase gravity drainage flow in porous media

The downward displacement of oil by gas (either through gas cap expansion or by gas injection) at the crest of the reservoir is an attractive method of oil recovery. The drainage of oil under gravity forces is a potentially efficient method as it can reduce the remaining oil saturation to below that obtained after waterflooding. This paper describes a series of experiments of gas invasion under gravity-dominated conditions with special attention to the effects of wettability and water saturation on three-phase flow. The experiments were performed in bead-pack models by spontaneous gas invasion at both low and high water saturations with a spreading oil. Different oil recovery rates were observed depending on the wettability of the beads and initial water saturation. At irreducible water saturation, the process appeared to be less efficient for the oil-wet conditions, while similar oil recoveries are observed for both oil-wet and water-wet media at residual oil saturation. Different recovery rates occur with different fluid morphology, which depend on the matrix wettability and the balance between gravity, viscous and capillary forces. The results have been analysed using dimensionless groups. The Bond (N_B) and capillary numbers (N_C) were modified to include the 3-phase effects of gas, oil and water. However, for these cases the Bond and capillary numbers alone were insufficient to fully describe the dynamics of oil recovery by gravity drainage. Therefore, a new dimensionless group combining the effects of gravity and viscous forces to capillary forces was defined as: N=N_B+A(μ_d/μ_g)N_C, where A is a scaling factor (in all our experiments A=−17225) and (μ_d/μ_g) is the viscosity ratio between the displaced and displacing phase. A linear relationship was found between this new group and the total recovery for all the scenarios tested. The slope was approximately 40 for three cases, i.e., water-wet case at irreducible water saturation, and water-wet and oil-wet cases at residual oil saturation. The oil-wet case at irreducible water saturation has a larger slope, probably due to the blocking effect of water. These experimental results may be used as a benchmark to test theoretical models of three-phase flow under gravity dominated conditions. The new dimensionless group should improve the understanding of the pore scale mechanisms so that these processes can be included in the development of network models and in the processes of upscaling laboratory results.     

Pore network modeling of water block in low permeability reservoirs

A pore network model was used in this paper to investigate the factors, in particular, throat radius, wettability and initial water saturation, causing water block in low permeability reservoirs. A new term –‘relative permeability number’ (RPN) was firstly defined, and then used to describe the degree of water block. Imbibition process simulations show that the RPN drops in accordance with the extension of the averaged pore throat radius from 0.05 to 1.5 μm, and yet once beyond that point of 1.5 μm, the RPN reaches a higher value, indicating the existence of a critical pore throat radius where water block is the maximum. When the wettability of the samples changes from water-wet to weakly water-wet, weakly gas-wet, or gas(oil)-wet, the gas RPN increases consistently, but this consistency is disturbed by the RPN dropping for weakly water-wet samples for water saturations less than 0.4, which means weakly waterwet media are more easily water blocked than water-wet systems. In the situation where the initial water saturation exceeds 0.05, water block escalates along with an increase in initial water saturation.     

Relative permeability as a function of temperature, initial water saturation and flooding fluid compositions for modified oil-wet chalk

This paper addresses the effect of brines, containing sulphate and magnesium (found in sea water) and distilled water as initial saturating and flooding fluids, on relative permeability of modified chalk cores by fatty acids to more oil-wet.A model oil system (n-decane) containing different fatty acids (present in oil) such as 18-phenyloctadecanoic acid (PODA—long chain fatty acid with unsaturated ring), Stearic acid (SA—saturated straight long chain), and brines containing sulphate and magnesium ions (0.03 M SO₄²⁻ and 0.06 M Mg²⁺) dissolved in distilled water are used.Fatty acids alter the wettability of chalk to more oil-wet. PODA shows higher tendency compared to SA, at the same concentration, to alter the chalk to more oil-wet. Relative permeability curves are used as indication of the modified chalk behaviour.It also addressed the effect of the temperature on the relative permeability. A shift in the relative permeability to the right side indicates more water-wet with temperature up to ≤ 80 °C. At a higher temperature of 130 °C, the relative permeability curves indicate more oil-wet tendency.Wettability indicated by the relative permeability curves shows the influence of initially saturated fluid composition and the flooding fluid composition, where the modified cores initially saturated with ion free water (distilled water) and flooded by fluids containing Mg²⁺ or SO₄²⁻ shows a shift indicating more water-wet compared to reference core (initially saturated and flooded by ion free water). However, if the initial saturating and flooding fluids contain 0.06 M Mg²⁺ ions, the wettability tends to be more oil-wet compared to that if the modified cores are saturated and flooded with 0.03 M SO₄²⁻ and distilled water.The calculated pore size distribution index (λ) using Huang and Honarpour correlation, is used to determine the corrected (actual) relative permeability for capillary end effect. A good agreement between experimental and simulated relative permeability data was also obtained by using the calculated λ.     

Gas and oil production from waterflood residual oil: effects of wettability and oil spreading characteristics

In the depressurisation of reservoirs already produced to waterflooded residual oil, solution gas is released when the reservoir pressure drops to below the bubble point. This gas becomes mobilised when the critical gas saturation has been reached. Additionally, the oil itself can become mobile from its residual state and can also be produced under suitable physical conditions. The critical gas saturation, the rate of saturation change, and the gas saturation remaining at the end of the depressurisation process (unrecoverable gas) are important parameters in determining the overall economic performance when depressurising a reservoir.In this, and previous work, we are demonstrating that these quantities depend additionally upon other factors which affect the fluid distribution and the rate of gas generation, particularly the surface and interfacial properties. For instance, earlier visual experiments in glass micromodels suggested that wettability and oil spreading coefficient could substantially influence both the value of the critical gas saturation and the growth pattern for the developing gas bubbles, and thus the gas flow. In order to confirm these observations and to provide quantitative data, further experiments in large sintered packs, with different matrix wettability and with oils having different spreading coefficients (e.g. oil spreading onto a gas–water interface), have been carried out and are reported here. These new experiments show that the magnitude of the critical gas saturation for a water-wet system is about the same irrespective of whether the oil is spreading or non-spreading, but it is much higher than for the oil-wet case. In addition, oil is also produced but the rate of production is dependent upon the rock wettability and the oil characteristics. We find that in a water-wet medium, for spreading oils, the physical form of the oil becomes transformed from being immobile ganglia into mobile oil films, which can then be transported by the gas. For non-spreading oils, oil has to be pushed out by the gas as discontinuous ganglia so less is oil produced. In contrast, in an oil-wet system, the oil phase already exists as a continuous film on the surface of the solid so that the generation of gas effectively expands the oil phase, enabling the oil to be produced in larger quantities even at lower gas saturations.These new experiments give further evidence that rock wettability has an important influence on the performance of gas production from residual oil. Additionally, significant amounts of oil may be recovered after waterflooding from the residual condition, which could have a beneficial impact on the economics of the depressurisation.     

温度对亲水岩心束缚水饱和度的影响

相对渗透率通常是在室温下测定的,其实验温度要比油藏温度低很多,以前研究高温相对渗透率实验用的岩心偏向于亲油。针对轮南油田油藏温度高的特点和束缚水饱和度对相对渗透率曲线的关键性,分别用特殊实验来研究了温度升高对亲水岩心束缚水饱和度的影响,及其对相对渗透率曲线特征的影响。室内实验结果表明,亲水岩心的束缚水饱和度随实验温度上升而下降,相对渗透率曲线向左移;亲油岩心的束缚水饱和度随温度升高而增大,本文用水化膜,毛管力和润湿性等方面理论,宏观上和微观上解释了实验结果。