氯化锌催化合成二异亚丙基-D-甘露醇

以甘露醇为原料,氯化锌作催化剂合成二异亚丙基-D-甘露醇,考察了影响反应的因素,结果表明反应的最佳条件为:n(D-甘露醇)∶n(丙酮)∶n(氯化锌)=1∶21·4∶1·85,反应温度为30~35℃,反应时间12h,产率可达62·8%。     

2,7-二溴芴酮与锌汞齐和浓盐酸还原反应制备2,7-二溴芴

以2,7-二溴芴酮为原料,锌汞齐和浓盐酸为还原剂,在乙醇中还原反应制备得到了2,7-二溴芴。对反应过程中还原剂用量、溶剂、反应温度、反应时间、盐酸用量及其加入方式进行了优化选择。实验结果表明,较佳的反应条件为:以质量分数95%的乙醇为溶剂,锌汞齐和浓盐酸为还原剂,分8~10次加入浓盐酸,回流反应8 h,产率84.9%~85.4%,质量分数高于99.0%。对2,7-二溴芴酮与还原剂的摩尔比以及还原剂中的锌汞齐与盐酸的摩尔比进行了考察,其中n(2,7-二溴芴酮)∶n(锌)=1∶5,锌汞齐中n(锌)∶n(汞)=48∶1,还原剂中n(锌)∶n(HCl)=1∶6时取得了较好效果。所合成化合物的结构通过红外、核磁共振波谱进行了表征。该方法的新颖性,已为山西省科学技术情报研究所2007年3月9日提供的《检索报告》所证实。     

抗氧剂4,4′-二(苯基异丙基)二苯胺制备工艺开发

实验首先以二苯胺为原料,α-甲基苯乙烯为烷基化试剂,催化小试合成4,4′-二(苯基异丙基)二苯胺。考查了工艺条件对反应的影响。实验表明,适宜的反应条件是在氯化锌催化下,反应温度90℃,α-甲基苯乙烯和二苯胺的摩尔比为2.4∶1,催化剂的量为二苯胺摩尔量的7%,反应6个小时,收率可以达到87%。产品结构用核磁进行了表征,产品熔点为100.1~100.5℃。中试实验表明该工艺适合于工业化生产。     

香料2-甲基-2-乙基-1,3-二硫杂环己烷的合成

以丁酮和1,3-丙二硫醇为原料,采用TiSiW12O40/TiO2作催化剂,合成了一种新型香料化合物2-甲基-2-乙基-1,3-二硫杂环己烷,并用元素分析、IR、1HNMR对其结构进行了表征。采用正交试验研究了影响目标化合物产率的主要因素,得到了优化反应条件:n(丁酮)∶n(1,3-丙二硫醇)=1.1∶1.0,m(催化剂)∶m(1,3-丙二硫醇)=0.04∶1,不需要带水剂,反应3 h,目标产物的收率为87.6%。催化剂无需处理可直接重复使用8次以上。     

二硫化二苯并噻唑的催化合成

以2-巯基苯并噻唑和氨水为原料,双氧水作氧化剂,经催化剂A进行催化,合成了二硫化二苯并噻唑。通过考察催化剂种类、催化剂用量、氨水用量、物料配比、反应时间和反应温度对产率的影响,得出适宜的工艺条件为:选用催化剂A,用量为2-巯基苯并噻唑的1%,氨的加入量为n(2-巯基苯并噻唑)∶n(氨水)=1∶6.0,双氧水用量为n(2-巯基苯并噻唑)∶n(双氧水)=2∶1.2,反应时间3 h,反应温度50℃。在此条件下,二硫化二苯并噻唑的产率为90.7%,熔点为165.3~168.7℃。二硫化二苯并噻唑粗品通过甲苯进行一次重结晶后,熔点可达173.6~175℃。     

无毒增塑剂柠檬酸三(2-乙基)己酯的合成

以柠檬酸和2-乙基己醇为原料,用氧化二正丁基锡为催化剂合成了无毒增塑剂柠檬酸三(2-乙基)己酯,考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间等因素对反应结果的影响,对合成的产品进行了红外光谱分析。实验结果表明,氧化二正丁基锡催化合成柠檬酸三(2-乙基)己酯的最佳反应条件为n(柠檬酸)∶n(2-乙基己醇)=1∶3.60,催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的0.5%,反应时间为120min,反应温度为150～160℃,在最佳反应条件下,柠檬酸三(2-乙基)己酯收率在98%以上。     

微波辐射下5,7-二硝基-8-羟基喹啉的合成

在微波辐射下,8-羟基喹啉与硝酸铈铵在乙腈和聚乙二醇溶液中反应生成5,7-二硝基-8-羟基喹啉。最佳反应条件为n(8-羟基喹啉)∶n(硝酸铈铵)=1∶1.3,反应时间6min,5,7-二硝基-8-羟基喹啉的产率达76.2%。     

碳酸二甲酯甲氧基羰基化法合成1,5-萘二氨基甲酸甲酯

考察了六水合硝酸锌、四水合磷酸锌、七水合硫酸锌、氧化锌、碳酸锌、碱式碳酸锌、氢氧化锌、甲酸锌、二水合乙酸锌、二水合环己烷丁酸锌(ZCHBDH)以及二水合硬脂酸锌,在1,5-萘二胺(NDA)与碳酸二甲酯(DMC)甲氧基羰基化合成1,5-萘二氨基甲酸甲酯(NDC)反应中的催化性能。结果表明,六水合硝酸锌和氧化锌等无机锌盐对该甲氧基羰基化反应没有催化作用,而二水合乙酸锌、ZCHBDH以及二水合硬脂酸锌对该甲氧基羰基化反应却有催化活性。当该甲氧基羰基化反应在n(DMC)∶n(ZCHBDH)∶n(NDA)=37∶0.03∶1的条件下于150℃反应5 h,NDA的转化率为100%,NDC的选择性达99%。     

2,5-二甲基对苯二甲腈α-位溴代反应

用N-溴代丁二酰亚胺(NBS)作溴化剂,以2,5-二甲基对苯二甲腈为原料,合成了目标化合物2,5-二溴甲基对苯二甲腈。用正交设计实验对影响2,5-二甲基对苯二甲腈生成2,5-二溴甲基对苯二甲腈的溴代反应条件进行了考察,最佳反应条件为:n(2,5-二甲基对苯二甲腈)∶n(NBS)=1∶2.1,反应温度80℃,2,5-二甲基对苯二甲腈浓度0.1 mol/L,反应时间16 h,产率可达31.4%。溴代粗品经反相柱色谱分离〔洗脱液:V(甲醇)∶V(水)=70∶30〕,洗脱组分分别是2-甲基-5-溴甲基对苯二甲腈、2,5-二溴甲基对苯二甲腈、2-甲基-5-(1,1-二溴)甲基对苯二甲腈与2-溴甲基-5-(1,1-二溴)甲基对苯二甲腈。     

N-溴代丁二酰亚胺绿色合成工艺条件的探究

以溴酸钠、溴化钠、硫酸、丁二酰亚胺为主要原料,研究了N-溴代丁二酰亚胺(NBS)的绿色化合成工艺。优化工艺条件为:原料配比n(溴酸钠)∶n(溴化钠)∶n(硫酸)∶n(丁二酰亚胺)=1∶2∶1.7∶2.6,溶剂水90 mL,反应温度为20~40℃,反应时间为2.5 h,此条件下产品收率87%,有效溴含量为44.3%,纯度98.6%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。