两种季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂的合成及其表征

合成了两种联结基团为含羟基亚甲基链的季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂,即C12-3(OH)-C12·2C1及C12- 4(OH)-C12·2Cl,用红外光谱、核磁共振及元素分析对它们的结构进行了鉴定,并对影响反应的因素进行了讨论,得出了合成C12-3(OH)-C12·2Cl的最佳条件为:n(十二叔胺):n(十二叔胺盐酸盐):n(环氧氯丙烷)=2．0 :1.0:1．0,以正丙醇为溶剂,在回流温度下反应3 h,产率可达94．5％以上;合成C12-4(OH)-C12·2Cl的最佳条件为:n(十二叔胺):n(1,4-二氯-2-丁醇)=2．2:1．0,以正丙醇为溶剂,回流反应24 h,产率可达70％。     

Gemini表面活性剂C12-3-C12·2Br及C12-3(OH)-C12·2Cl的合成及表面活性

合成了联结基团分别为亚甲基链及含羟基亚甲基链的两种季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂,即C12-3-C12.2Br及C12-3(OH)-C12.2Cl。用红外光谱、核磁共振及元素分析对它们的结构进行了鉴定,并对影响反应的因素进行了研究,得出了合成C12-3-C12.2Br的最佳条件为:n(N,N-二甲基十二烷基胺)∶n(1,3-二溴丙烷)=2.2∶1.0,以乙醇作溶剂,在回流温度下反应24 h,产率可达80%以上。合成C12-3(OH)-C12.2Cl的最佳条件为n(二甲基十二烷基叔胺)∶n(二甲基十二烷基叔胺盐酸盐)∶n(环氧氯丙烷)=2.0∶1.0∶1.0,以正丙醇为溶剂,在回流温度下反应3 h,产率可达94.5%以上。测定了它们的表面张力γ、临界胶束浓度cmc及降低水溶液表面张力的效率C20,结果表明:与相应的单头基单烷烃链表面活性剂相比,Gemini表面活性剂具有很低的cmc和很强的表面活性,联结基团对其性能有较大的影响。     

AS/C_(12)-4-C_(12)·2Br/醇/己烷/盐水中相微乳液的研究

以AS/C12-4-C12.2Br/ROH/己烷/盐水系统为对象,研究了表面活性剂配比,表面活性剂用量,醇的种类,醇度,盐度等对系统相态的影响,结果显示:AS/C12-4-C12.2Br复配具有较好的协同效应,以AS/C12-4-C12.2Br复配物为表面活性剂所制备的中相微乳液的最佳体积比用单一表面活性剂形成中相微乳液体积大,形成中相微乳液的较佳条件是:以丁醇为助表面活性剂,w(AS)∶w(C12-4-C12.2Br)复配比为10∶1,c(NaCl)=14%∶c(ROH)=4%,中相微乳液的体积达到3.3 mL。     

Gemini表面活性剂C12-3(OH)-C12·2Cl对膨化硝酸铵晶体性能影响的研究

本文通过对Gem in i表面活性剂C12-3(OH)-C12.2C l及其单体表面活性剂DTAB分别处理的膨化硝酸铵进行晶体接触角、表面能、比表面积、晶变特性、抗吸湿结块性及爆炸性能的实验研究,结果表明,同DTAB处理的膨化硝酸铵相比,C12-3(OH)-C12.2C l改性的膨化硝酸铵的晶体接触角较大、表面能较小、比表面积大,晶变热降低且晶变点后移,有良好的抗吸湿结块性,用其制得的粉状工业炸药具有更好的物理性能和爆炸性能。     

含三嗪环阴离子Gemini表面活性剂的性能研究

研究了含三嗪环阴离子Gemini表面活性剂增溶、流变、溶致液晶、囊泡等性能。结果表明:增溶量随Gemini表面活性水基和联接基长度)对其水溶液的黏度有相同的影响;C6-2-C6、C8-2-C8、C8-3-C8、C8-4-C8、C8-6-C8、C12-2-C12在质量分数剂疏水链长度的增长而增大,C8-n-C8(n=23,4,6,)的增溶量随联接基长度增加而增加,C12-2-C12与SDS的复配体系比SDS的增溶量大,C12-2-C12与CTAB的复配体系比这2种表面活性剂单独使用时的增溶量小;Gemini表面活性剂溶液分子结构(疏分别为42.3%,37.8%,33.5%,30.4%,27.6%2,0.3%时均产生层状的溶致液晶;0.01 mol/L的单一Gemini表面活性剂水溶液均不能形成囊泡,而当n(C12-2-C12)∶n(CATB)为8∶2或9∶1时,复配体系的水溶液形成了大量的囊泡结构。     

羟丙基Gemini表面活性剂的合成及其性能研究

合成了联结基团为含羟基亚甲基链的季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂,用红外光谱、熔点测定及元素分析对它们的结构进行了鉴定,并对影响反应的因素进行了讨论,得出了合成BQADC12的最佳条件为:n(十二叔胺)∶n(1,3-二氯丙醇)=2.1∶1.0,以正丙醇为溶剂,在回流温度下反应6 h,产率可达89.8%以上。实验还对合成的表面活性剂(BQADC12、BQADC14、BQADC18)的性能进行了表征。在25℃下,BQADC12、BQADC14、BQADC18的γcmc分别为30.9,34.7,39.4 mN/m,CMC分别为5.2×10-4,1.1×10-4,4.5×10-5mol/L。合成产品显示出优良的乳化、泡沫和泡沫稳定性等应用性能。     

Williamson反应合成二甘醇二甲醚的研究

以二乙二醇单甲醚(C5H12O3)和氢氧化钠为原料,n(NaOH)∶n(C5H12O3)=1.5∶1.0(mol/mol),减压条件下,先合成二乙二醇单甲醚醇钠盐,然后通入CH3Cl与二乙二醇单甲醚钠盐进行Williamson反应合成二甘醇二甲醚。较为系统研究了反应温度、反应时间及n(NaOH)/n(C5H12O3)的摩尔配比等因素对反应的影响。用FT IR和NMR分析测试手段表征了产物结构。实验结果表明该反应的较优工艺条件为:n(NaOH)/n(C5H12O3)/n(CH3Cl)=1.5∶1.0∶1.4,反应温度为90~100°C,CH3Cl通入时间为5.0 h,二甘醇二甲醚的收率可达95.0%以上。     

端羟基季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂的胶团化行为研究

合成了一种新的离子头基上含羟乙基的季铵盐阳离子Gemini表面活性剂反丁烯撑基双(十六烷基二羟乙基)溴化铵[G(OH)],考察了G(OH)水溶液的胶团行为。结果表明:G(OH)的临界胶团浓度(CMC)随着温度的升高逐渐增大,25℃时为0.90mmol/L,胶团化过程为熵驱动过程,羟基的引入增加了其水溶液的稠度。     

双子季铵型表面活性剂合成工艺与性能表征

论文研究了采用四甲基丙二胺和溴代十二烷,在异丙醇作为溶剂的条件下合成双子表面活性剂C12-3-C12.2Br。采用红外光谱测定、熔点测定法对合成产物进行表征,并探讨不同反应时间、反应温度、反应物料比对生成产物的影响,同时还检测了产物的表面张力、临界胶束浓度等性质。实验结果表明,所合成的双子表面活性剂的产率是在12 h内随反应时间的增长而增大;在本实验条件下,反应温度对产率的影响就比较小;溴代十二烷过量更有利于反应进行,但过量太多也不利于反应的进行。测定表面张力可知产品的临界胶束浓度(CMC)是1.58mmol/L-1。     

Gemini表面活性剂与月桂醇醚羧酸盐的复配性能研究

研究了Gemini阳离子表面活性剂双十二烷基季铵盐(12-3(OH)-12)与阴离子表面活性剂月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠(AE9C)复配体系的稳定性、表面活性、泡沫性能、润湿性和乳化性能。结果表明,12-3(OH)-12与AE9C复配体系稳定性好,表现出很好的协调增效作用。当n(12-3(OH)-12)∶n(AE9C)=1∶2时,增效作用最为明显,其临界胶束浓度CMC为1.49 mmol/L,最低表面张力γCMC=30.15 m N/m,均低于任一单组分。复配体系的泡沫、润湿和乳化性能均要优于任一单组分,并且都在n(12-3(OH)-12)∶n(AE9C)=1∶2时表现出最佳性能。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。