利用纤维素酶催化水解壳聚糖的研究

利用纤维素酶催化降解壳聚糖，分别研究了pH值、温度、酶／糖及反应时间等因素对壳聚糖相对分子质量的影响，得到的最佳反应条件为：pH为5．6、n（酶）／n（糖）为0．1／1．0、反应温度为50℃、反应时间为6h。用纤维素酶催化降解壳聚糖只能得到最低平均相对分子质量为18000的低聚壳聚糖。为了得到更低相对分子质量的壳聚糖，在壳聚糖酶降解后加入一定量双氧水继续降解。研究了双氯水加入量及加入时间的影响，最终可得到平均相对分子质量为1500的低聚壳聚糖。     

低聚壳聚糖制备及其生理活性进展

由壳聚糖降解制备的低聚壳聚糖具有许多独特的生理活性.本文在介绍低聚壳聚糖的生理活性的基础上,重点评述了酸降解法、氧化降解法、酶降解法以及组合降解工艺等各种制备方法的研究进展.     

低聚壳聚糖的复合酶法制备研究

通过对黏均分子量、酶活力、水解率和还原糖浓度的测定,研究了由商业α-淀粉酶、纤维素酶和果胶酶1∶1∶1(m/m/m)组成的复合酶降解壳聚糖的最佳工艺条件,结果表明:复合酶在酶底物比为1∶5(m/m)、pH 5.3、温度56℃的条件下,酶解2 h可得到分子量为1 000～4 000的低聚壳聚糖,且通过傅里叶红外光谱分析酶解后的产物结构无明显变化。     

低聚壳聚糖的制备与应用研究

壳聚糖经过降解后达到较小分子量（Mw1000—100000）范围的低聚壳聚糖因具有特殊的生物活性和功能性质而日益受到研究者们的重视与关注。本文概要综述了国内外低聚壳聚糖的研究进展,包括低聚壳聚糖的制备方法,如酶降解法、酸水解法、氧化降解法、物理法等,以及低聚壳聚糖在医药、抗菌、化妆品、农业、食品等方面的应用。     

低聚壳聚糖的制备及应用研究进展

从壳聚糖降解得到的低聚壳聚糖具有特殊的生理活性而日益受到人们的关注。综述了近年来壳聚糖降解制备低聚壳聚糖的方法,包括化学降解法、酶降解法、物理作用帮助下的降解法以及复合降解法。重点介绍了这些方法的降解机理、影响因素和对产品质量的影响以及低分子质量壳聚糖在化妆品、食品、医药、农业、抗菌等方面的应用。     

酶法降解壳聚糖工艺研究

采用非专一性酶(溶菌酶、纤维素酶)和专一性酶(壳聚糖酶)降解壳聚糖,探讨了不同条件对壳聚糖降解的影响.结果表明,溶菌酶降解壳聚糖的最佳条件为反应时间3.0 h、反应温度50℃、pH值4.0、酶用量40 U·mL-1;纤维素酶降解壳聚糖的最佳条件为反应时间1.5 h、反应温度55℃、pH值5.5、酶用量40 U·mL-1;壳聚糖酶降解壳聚糖的最佳条件为反应时间2.0 h、反应温度45℃、pH值5.0、酶用量30 U·mL-1.对壳聚糖酶酶解产物进行HPLC分析,发现得到了分子量分布较窄的壳寡糖.     

γ射线辐照降解壳聚糖的工艺和机理研究

采用γ射线辐照降解壳聚糖,对反应的工艺和壳聚糖辐照降解的机理进行了研究。结果表明:固态辐照200 kGy后得到相对分子质量为4×104壳聚糖,液态辐照110 kGy后得到相对分子质量为5×103的低聚壳聚糖,但辐照降解加工效率低。采用固态加液态的辐照降解方法,辐照处理效率提高。壳聚糖辐照降解符合无规降解动力学规律。     

壳聚糖降解探索

本文着重讨论了壳聚糖的主要降解方法及使用氧化降解法制备低聚壳聚糖的方法,采用正交设计,探讨降解条件对产物脱乙酰度、特性粘度等的影响。     

两种壳聚糖降解工艺的比较研究

比较了NaNO2/HAc与H2O2/HAc两种体系降解壳聚糖工艺,探讨了反应时间、NaNO2及H2O2用量、醋酸质量分数、壳聚糖浓度等因素在不同体系下对降解速度及壳聚糖分子量的影响.结果表明,NaNO2/HAc体系最佳降解条件为:降解温度30℃、醋酸质量分数5%、壳聚糖浓度0.02 g·mL-1、NaNO2体积0.20 mL、降解时间45 min,降解所得到的低聚壳聚糖平均分子量约为1.7×104.H2O2/HAc体系最佳降解条件为:降解时间4 h、降解温度60℃、醋酸质量分数5%、壳聚糖浓度0.02 g·mL-1、30%H2O2体积0.50 mL,降解所得到的低聚壳聚糖平均分子量约为2.1×104.     

酶酸连续降解壳聚糖制备低分子量水溶性壳聚糖的研究

采用酶酸连续降解壳聚糖制备低分子量水溶性壳聚糖。首先确定了单因素降解壳聚糖的最佳技术参数：木瓜蛋白酶降解壳聚糖时最优条件为45℃、2h;醋酸降解壳聚糖时最优条件为30℃、4h;盐酸降解壳聚糖最优条件为90℃、8h;然后根据单因素降解壳聚糖最优条件确定了酶酸连续降解壳聚糖新工艺,并优化反应时间为7h。在相同条件下,酶酸连用方法最终降解产物的粘度低于单因素降解产物的粘度,产物表面性状有很大不同,分子量由降解前的33523．14下降到3134．11。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。