辅助性胶凝材料对混合水泥水化和耐久性的影响:化学与物理原理（英文）

采用物理和化学方法考察了添加辅助性胶凝材料对水泥水化和耐久性的影响。根据辅助性胶凝材料的相似性和差异性将其分为潜在水化性、火山灰活性,并可进一步分为硅酸盐类、铝酸盐类、碳酸盐类等。还研究了包括辅助性胶凝材料与添加剂之间的相互作用,如减水剂、促凝剂等。结果表明:添加辅助性胶凝材料对混凝土耐久性有一定影响,如抗氯离子渗透、抗碳化、碱骨料反应,以及抗硫化物腐蚀等。在相同水胶比时,添加辅助性胶凝材料有助于提高混凝土的抗老化性能。但碳化作用除外,这可以通过降低水胶比来提高混凝土的耐久性。     

钢壳沉管自密实混凝土配制技术研究

针对C50钢壳沉管自密实混凝土的配制问题,采用不同胶凝材料用量、砂率、胶凝材料组成、水胶比进行了自密实混凝土的配制试验,系统开展了新拌混凝土工作性能测试、硬化混凝土力学性能测试和体积稳定性测试,探讨了满足强度要求且工作性能和体积稳定性最优的钢壳沉管自密实混凝土配合比参数.研究结果表明,采用35％粉煤灰和15％矿粉复掺的胶凝材料体系,胶凝材料用量采用520 kg/m3,砂率在50％ ～ 52％,水胶比在0.32～0.34,所配制的自密实混凝土具有良好的流动性、填充性和抗离析性,混凝土强度达C50等级,28 d收缩率为219.9×10-6,该钢壳沉管自密实混凝土表现出良好的工作性能、力学性能和体积稳定性.     

低品质粉煤灰复合胶凝材料在混凝土中的应用研究

采用由改性低品质粉煤灰制备的复合胶凝材料配制混凝土,与普通硅酸盐水泥对比研究其对混凝土新拌性能、力学性能和耐久性能的影响。结果表明,粉煤灰复合胶凝材料混凝土具有更好的流动性能,良好的早期及后期力学性能,同时粉煤灰复合胶凝材料混凝土具有与普通硅酸盐水泥混凝土相当的早期抗裂、抗冻、抗氯离子渗透和抗硫酸盐性能,可满足工程应用需求。     

水泥熟料与辅助性胶凝材料优化匹配的基础研究进展(Ⅱ)——化学效应

在分析水泥熟料与辅助性胶凝材料水化程度、填充能力和强度贡献率的基础上,提出了水泥熟料与辅助性胶凝材料优化匹配原则。利用该原则,可在降低水泥熟料用量、提高辅助性胶凝材料(特别是低活性辅助性胶凝材料)掺量的同时,显著改善复合水泥的强度、体积稳定性等性能,实现水泥熟料、矿渣等胶凝材料的高效利用。     

胶凝材料颗粒组成对混凝土抗裂性能的影响

混凝土抗裂性能与其胶凝材料的堆积紧密程度有关。运用不同颗粒组成的水泥或粉煤灰调整胶凝材料的颗粒级配,可以拓宽颗粒分布范围,适当增加粗颗粒含量,提高混凝土抗裂性。用粉煤灰充当胶凝材料中的粗颗粒,不仅能改善混凝土抗裂性能,而且后期强度增进率较高,有利于提高耐久性;水泥企业应重视水泥颗粒级配的合理性,水泥中保持一定量的粗颗粒非常必要。试验表明,增加40μm以上颗粒含量就能起到改善混凝土抗裂性能的作用。     

基于抗氯离子渗透性的复合胶凝材料组成设计与性能

通常采用大量掺加辅助性胶凝材料的方式提高胶凝材料的抗Cl^–渗透性能，进而提升混凝土结构的耐久性和服役寿命，但会显著降低早期力学性能。为提高早期强度和抗Cl^–渗透性能，基于初始浆体密堆积与水化过程孔隙有效填充，设计细、中、粗粒度区间胶凝材料的种类和掺量，提高浆体的初始堆积密度和水化产物固氯能力，从而细化孔径并增大孔隙曲折度，采用59%的水泥熟料(粒径范围4～55μm)，成功制备了3 d抗压强度27.3 MPa、28 d Cl^–扩散系数低至0.36×10^–12 m²/s的高抗渗透复合胶凝材料，为水泥基材料微结构调控和抗渗性能提升奠定基础。     

掺加改性辅助胶凝材料混凝土实海服役试验研究

对掺加改性辅助胶凝材料混凝土进行实海服役试验,研究0.5年、1年、1.5年实海服役条件下改性辅助胶凝材料对混凝土力学性能及耐久性能的影响.结果表明:在实海服役1.5年内,海水对混凝土结构具有较强的侵蚀效果,掺加改性辅助胶凝材料能显著提高混凝土抗压强度,C50混凝土电通量降低到500 C以下;相同渗透深度混凝土氯离子含量降低效果显著,微观结构有效改善,结构耐久性大大提高.     

高原环境下混凝土配合比优化设计研究

本文针高原环境特征,主要研究水胶比、胶凝材料、粉煤灰掺量、砂率等关键指标对混凝土工作性能、力学性能、抗裂性能和抗冻性能等性能的影响规律.研究结果表明,在高海拔低温大温差环境下,C30混凝土水胶比以0.45左右为宜,C40混凝土以0.40左右为宜,而C50则以0.34左右为宜;C30混凝土胶凝材料控制在380 kg/m3以内,C40控制在420 kg/m3以内,C50不超过500 kg/m3;C50混凝土砂率而言,建议选择0.39左右;在选择合适的养生制度和质量稳定的粉煤灰前提条件下,建议在混凝土中掺人适量粉煤灰,掺量建议控制在15％以内.     

超高性能混凝土在中国的研究和应用

超高性能混凝土作为一种新型水泥基材料,具有强度高,耐久性优异的优点.本文综述了超高性能混凝土在中国的研究和应用.使用常规辅助性胶凝材料取代水泥和硅灰,在普通工艺下,也可制备出满足性能要求的超高性能混凝土.硅灰和纳米二氧化硅可加速超高性能混凝土胶凝材料的水化速度,但矿粉延缓了超高性能混凝土胶凝材料的水化速度.超高性能混凝土具有均匀致密的微观结构.超高性能混凝土的抗拉、抗弯、抗剪、粘结强度、峰值应变等均远大于普通混凝土,掺入钢纤维可显著增大超高性能混凝土的韧性.超高性能混凝土的抗冻性和抗锈蚀性能均优于普通混凝土.自从中国2005年第一次将超高性能混凝土应用于工程中,超高性能混凝土已经广泛应用于电缆槽盖板、高速铁路、地铁、桥梁、挂檐板和人行道盖板中.     

大掺量辅助胶凝材料自密实混凝土的试验研究

采用辅助性胶凝材料生产自密实混凝土是混凝土技术发展的方向之一,但目前辅助性胶凝材料掺量在30％左右,无法达到大量减少水泥用量和利用辅助性胶凝材料的目的.进行了大掺量(60％ ～90％)辅助性胶凝材料自密实混凝土试验研究.结果表明:(1)大掺量辅助性胶凝材料自密实混凝土具有良好的流动度和抗离析泌水能力;(2)其早期强度和弹性模量虽较低,但后期强度和弹性模型可接近甚至超过未掺辅助性胶凝材料自密实混凝土;(3)辅助性胶凝材料掺量应控制在60％～80％之间,粉煤灰与矿渣掺量比为1∶1最佳,可保证该自密实混凝土具有较高的早、后期强度.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.