带阶跃扰动的线性时滞系统最优无静差控制

研究线性时滞系统在阶跃扰动作用下的最优控制问题．首先基于内模原理构造扰动补偿器,以完全消除阶跃扰动对系统的影响。并将原系统的最优无静差扰动抑制问题转化为无扰动最优控制问题;然后利用灵敏度方法,求得由精确的解析项和伴随向量级数形式补偿项组成的最优控制律,通过截取伴随向量级数的有限项和．可得到次优无静差控制律．仿真实例验证了该方法的有效性．     

OPTIMAL REJECTION WITH ZERO STEADY‐STATE ERROR OF SINUSOIDAL DISTURBANCES FOR TIME‐DELAY SYSTEMS

This paper studies the problem of optimal rejection with zero steady‐state error of sinusoidal disturbances for linear systems with time‐delay. Based on the internal model principle, a disturbance compensator is constructed to counterbalance the external sinusoidal disturbances, so that the original system can be transformed into an augmented system without disturbances. Then, with the introduction of a sensitivity parameter and expanding power series around it, the optimal disturbance rejection problem can be simplified to the problem of solving an infinite sum of a linear optimal control series without time‐delay or disturbance. The optimal control law for disturbance rejection with zero steady‐state error consists of accurate linear state feedback terms and a time‐delay compensating term, which is an infinite sum of an adjoint vector series. In the presented approach, iteration is required only for the time‐delay compensation series. By intercepting a finite sum of the compensation series, we obtain an approximate physically realizable optimal control law that avoids complex calculation. A numerical simulation shows that the algorithm is effective and easy to implement.     

Design of optimal strongly stable digital control systems and application to output feedback control of mechanical systems

A new design method for an optimal digital series compensator is considered that is not produced by an optimal regulator incorporated with a state observer, but employs a new idea that assures total closed system optimality in one design step. However, the compensator so designed is not always stable, i.e. strong stability of the closed-loop system is not always guaranteed. For this case, the authors propose to use the inter-sample response to realize an optimal stable compensator and/or optimal output feedback control system. Especially when the given plant is a linearized mechanical system, such a strongly stable system can always be designed using only output data two samples prior to the current sample regardless of the system order and the parity interlacing property condition.     

Performance‐based near‐optimal vibration control for nonlinear offshore platforms with delayed input

This paper investigates the vibration control problem for offshore platform, where the nonlinear characteristics, delayed input and external wave force are considered in time domain. By introducing a delay‐free reconstructional vector and applying the maximum principle, the original vibration problem for offshore platform is formulated as a nonlinear two‐point‐boundary‐value (TPBV) problem with delayed items. The major contribution of this paper is that a performance‐based near‐optimal vibration control strategy is proposed by solving this nonlinear TPBV problem, which includes a feedback item with offshore platform system state, a feedforward item with wave force state, and a compensator for nonlinear and delayed items with infinite supersensitive component. In particular, the designed compensator is calculated from two group series of linear differential equations by introducing a parameter for expending the Maclaurin series of nonlinear and delay items. Meanwhile, an iterative algorithm is designed to make the proposed vibration control scheme computable based on the control performance in each iterative procedure. Finally, experimental results show that the displacement, velocity and performance index of an employed offshore platform achieved small values under the proposed control strategy and designed algorithm.     

Design of a robust controller for a supersonic aircraft using H∞ approach

In this paper an H_∞ optimal, robust flight control system design for a supersonic aircraft has been described. Separate controllers are designed for longitudinal and lateral motions. A general two-degrees-of-freedom controller is proposed, where feedback control is designed for robust performance augmentation, while a series compensator is used to ensure that requisite handling qualities. Three alternative methods to achieve performance robustness have been discussed. The results obtained are very encouraging. It is hoped that this will equip the flight control engineers with an alternative to the conventional methods.     

Optimal directionality compensation in processes with input saturation non-linearities

A notion of process directionality in input-constrained processes is defined, and the class of processes that do not exhibit the process directionality is characterized. An optimal directionality compensator for non-linear processes with actuator saturation non-linearities is presented. Given an unconstrained controller output and the characteristic (decoupling) matrix of the process under consideration, the compensator calculates an optimal constrained (feasible) process input that results in a process response as 'close' as possible to the response of the same process to the unconstrained controller output. The compensator can be used for both linear and non-linear processes, irrespective of the type of controller being used. For processes whose non-singular characteristic matrix can be made diagonal by row or column rearrangements, the optimal directionality compensator is identical to a series of limiters (clippers); this class of processes does not exhibit the process directionality over a short time horizon. The performance of the optimal directionality compensator is shown and compared with those of clipping and direction preservation, by numerical simulation of a linear example under decentralized proportional-integral control, a linear example under model-based control, and a non-linear bioreactor under input-output linearizing control.     

自适应神经元非模型多变量优化补偿控制*

根据解耦补偿和优化控制的思想，本文提出了一种完全不依赖于对象模型的自适应神经元多变量优化补偿器模型，命同了神经元权系统的在线学习方法，分析了其工作机理，进一步给出在某多侧线精馏塔和连续搅拌釜式反应器（ＣＳＴＲ）上的仿真结果。     

基于系统输出的嵌套饱和系统抗饱和补偿器设计

针对嵌套输入饱和系统的吸引域扩大问题,本文提出了一种基于系统输出的抗饱和补偿器激发策略,将被控系统输出信号经性能补偿器馈入到抗饱和补偿器激发环节中,形成蕴含系统实时性能信息的抗饱和激发新机制,克服了传统抗饱和激发机制无法直接反映系统性能的缺点.基于上述抗饱和控制新框架,本文建立了抗饱和补偿器及性能补偿器存在的充分条件,并依此构建了优化问题求解最优补偿器增益以实现扩大闭环系统吸引域的目的.仿真结果表明本文方法的有效性.     

控制时滞系统基于观测器的最优扰动抑制

研究在持续外界扰动作用下含有控制时滞线性系统的最优扰动抑制问题. 首先利用模型转换将控制时滞系统转化为无时滞系统. 然后证明最优控制律的存在唯一性, 并通过求解Riccati方程和Sylvester方程设计含前馈补偿器和控制记忆项的最优控制律, 其中的前馈控制项和控制记忆项分别补偿了扰动和控制时滞对系统的影响. 通过构造扰动状态观测器, 解决了前馈补偿器的物理不可实现问题. 仿真实例验证了所设计的最优控制律的有效性.     

Integral sliding mode design for robust filtering and control of linear stochastic time‐delay systems

This paper presents an integral sliding mode technique robustifying the optimal controller for linear stochastic systems with input and observation delays, which is based on integral sliding mode compen‐sation of disturbances. The general principles of the integral sliding mode compensator design are modified to yield the basic control algorithm oriented to time‐delay systems, which is then applied to robustify the optimal controller. As a result, two integral sliding mode control compensators are designed to suppress disturbances in state and observation equations, respectively, from the initial time moment. Moreover, it is shown that if certain matching conditions hold, the designed compensator in the state equation can simultaneously suppress observation disturbances, as well as the designed compensator in the observation equation can simultaneously suppress state disturbances. The obtained robust control algorithm is verified by simulations in the illustrative example, where the compensator in the observation equation provides simultaneous suppression of state and observation disturbances. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Design Of Multiloop Predictive Self‐Tuning Pid Controllers

In this paper, a new design scheme of multiloop predictive self‐tuning PID controllers is proposed for multivariable systems. The proposed scheme firstly uses a static pre‐compensator as an approximately decoupling device, in order to roughly reduced the interaction terms of the controlled object. The static matrix pre‐compensator is adjusted by an on‐line estimator. Furthermore, by regarding the approximately decoupled system as a series of single‐input single‐output subsystems, a single‐input single‐output PID controller is designed for each subsystem. The PID parameters are calculated on‐line based on the relationship between the PID control and the generalized predictive control laws. The proposed scheme is numerically evaluated on a simulation example.     

LINEAR OPTIMAL FEEDBACK AND LOAD‐DECOUPLED CONTROL OF A BUCK DC‐DC CONVERTER

This paper describes a new controller design procedure and tuning method for a PWM buck dc‐dc converter. First, linear optimal feedback is designed using the LQR approach. Then the designed control law is implemented using a PID controller incorporated with a load‐decoupled PD compensator. The PID controller is tuned to achieve the optimal design based on the output error voltage directly, instead of using an estimator. When the proposed PD compensator is used, the converter is robust with respect to the input voltage and output current changes and the parameter perturbations. We also provide the conditions for the robust stability assurance of the closed‐loop system.     

基于动态补偿的矩形广义系统线性二次最优控制

考虑了基于动态补偿的矩形广义系统线性二次最优控制问题. 首先给出具有适当动态阶的补偿器,使得闭环系统正则、稳定、无脉冲(称为容许), 而且相关的矩阵不等式和Lyapunov方程解存在. 进一步二次性能指标可写成一个与该解和系统初值相关的表达式. 为了求解系统的最优控制问题, 将该Lyapunov方程转化为一个双线性矩阵不等式, 并给出了相应的路径跟踪算法以最小化二次性能指标, 进而得到最优补偿器. 最后, 通过数值算例说明本文方法的有效性和可行性.     

Optimal anti-windup synthesis for repetitive controllers

Repetitive controllers use internal models that provide very high gain at a selected fundamental frequency and its harmonics, additionally, some of the internal models may result unstable, as in the high order repetitive control approach. These characteristics make the repetitive control system susceptible to exhibit wind-up when actuator saturation occurs. This paper proposes an anti-windup scheme for repetitive control based on the model recovery anti-windup strategy. The proposed scheme provides low order, low computational burden and also isolation of the controller from the saturation effects. The anti-windup compensator is constructed from the plant model and provides an additional linear feedback path aimed at enhancing system performance. This feedback path is designed to obtain a deadbeat behaviour, which makes the system recovery faster. Finally, internal stability and deadbeat features are designed in a compact procedure based on linear matrix inequalities and an optimal linear quadratic design. Experimental validation of the proposed anti-windup compensator is provided using a mechatronic plant.     

具有可测强外扰作用的伺服系统应用二次型最优控制和最优观测器的工程实践

本文应用线性二次型最优控制理论设计了具有可测强外扰作用的伺服系统.该系统不仅 具有最优的状态反馈,而且具有最优的前馈补偿和外扰补偿,系统性能有明显的提高.文中还 介绍了当系统的状态不能直接量测时,最优状态观测器的设计问题.通过一个电液力伺服系 统的实例具体说明了设计步骤、计算结果和实验结果.     

Properties of optimal stochastic control systems with dead-time

Structural, stability and sensitivity properties of optimal stochastic control systems for dead-time, stable minimum phase as well as non-minimum phase processes are presented. The processes are described by rational transfer functions plus dead-times and the disturbances by rational spectral densities. It is shown that although the frequency domain design techniques guarantee asymptotically stable systems for given process and disturbance models, many of the designs might be practically unstable. Necessary and sufficient conditions that must be imposed on the design to assure practically stable optimal systems are derived. The uncertainties in the parameters and in the structure of the process model are measured by means of an ignorance function. Sufficient conditions in terms of the ignorance function, which guarantee stable design and by means of which the bounds of the uncertainties for a given design may be estimated, are stated. Conditions under which the optimal designs possess attractive relative stability properties, namely gain and phase margins of at least 2 and 60°, respectively, are stated, too. It is further shown that any optimal controller, for the type of processes discussed in this paper, may be separated into a primary controller and into a dead-time compensator where the latter is completely independent of the cost and the disturbance properties. Such a decomposition gives excellent insight into the role of the cost and the disturbance in the design. When low order process and disturbance models are used, the conventional PI and PID control laws coupled with the dead-time compensator emerge.     

Design of an Optimal Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control using Scalar Sign Function

The purpose of this paper is to present a new design for an optimal fuzzy sliding mode control based on a modified parallel distributed compensator and using a scalar sign function method. The proposed fuzzy sliding mode control uses a modified parallel distributed compensator scheme to find the optimal gains. To do this, the control gains are not considered constant through the linearized subsystem. Among these, we find state feedback gains, which are determined in offline mode using some prescribed performance criteria. Moreover, the fuzzy sliding surface of the system is designed using a stable eigenvector and the scalar sign function. The advantages of the proposed design are minimum energy control effort, faster response, and zero steady‐state error. We analyze and test the performance and stability of the new optimal fuzzy sliding mode control using simulation results that show that the proposed approach is very effective.     

Development of a State-Space Water-Level Control for an Array of Cells to be Employed as Compensator in Radiotherapy

This paperdeals with the problem of water-level control for an array ofcells by means of an hydraulic circuit. An on-off valve fillsall the cells, while each cell is drained by a single on-offvalve, so the control is intrinsically coupled. An optimal controlwith PWM (pulse width modulation) valves is carried out. At theend, simulation and experimental results are presented. The arrayof cells may find application as compensator for radiotherapy(Total Body Irradiation), by interposing the cells between thex-ray source and the patient: on-line water-level variationsin the cells allow local radiation dose control.     

Hybrid intelligent control for optimal operation of shaft furnace roasting process

A hybrid intelligent control method is proposed to control the technical indices into their desired range. This is realized by on-line adjusting the set-points of control loops for optimal operation of the shaft furnace in response to changes in operating points. The controller consists of six modules, namely a pre-setting model for control loop set-points, a predictive model for technical index, a feedforward compensator using predictive model, a feedback compensator, a fault working situation diagnosis and a fault tolerant control model. The proposed approach has been successfully applied to the roasting process of shaft furnace in a mineral processing plant in China and its efficiency has been verified by the practical application results.     

The design of optimal compensators for linear constant systems with inaccessible states

This paper considers the problem of designing an optimal linear time-invariant dynamic compensator for the regulation of annth-order linear time-invariant plant. The usual quadratic cost on the state and control is averaged over initial plant state values. The globally optimal compensator gains and dynamic order are determined by showing that this problem is mathematically identical to a steady-state stochastic control problem whose optimal solution is known.