新型耐热钢Super304H高温时效后的组织与性能

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及X射线衍射等手段并通过显微硬度和冲击实验,研究了Supre304H钢经750～1350℃时效后的微观组织和性能.结果表明:高温时效后Super304H钢的微观组织为γ相+析出相;随时效温度的不同,基体晶粒尺寸及析出相的种类、分布发生不同的变化.在750℃左右因微细沉淀强化及细晶组织使得显微硬度达到最大值,而后随温度升高以及析出相、晶粒尺寸与固溶元素的变化,显微硬度呈现先快速下降后缓慢下降的趋势;时效试样的冲击功值随温度升高在850℃左右,由于M23C6沿晶界大量析出导致晶界脆化而达到最低值,后又因析出相的再溶解致使晶界脆化效果趋弱而逐渐升高.     

稳定化处理对Super304H奥氏体耐热钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的影响

用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电解萃取法、草酸电解实验、X射线衍射(XRD)和双环电化学动电位再活化法(DL-EPR)等方法,研究了固溶和稳定化处理工艺对Super304H钢的显微组织(包括晶粒度,析出相分布、数量和类型)及晶间腐蚀敏感性的影响。结果表明,经过1150℃×15 min固溶处理后Super304H钢的晶粒度维持在7-10级;经不同温度的稳定化处理后析出相的数量较固溶态明显增加,其中950℃仍为敏化温度,有大量M23C6(M=Fe,Cr)沿晶界析出;随着稳定化温度的升高Nb(C,N)的析出数量随之增加,抗晶间腐蚀性能不断提高;当温度达到1100℃时Nb(C,N)的析出量达到最多,其抗晶间腐蚀性能较固溶态有明显提高;1100℃处于Super304H钢的固溶温度范围,明显高于传统1Cr18Ni9Ti型不锈钢的稳定化温度900℃,说明Super304H钢供货态的固溶处理工艺实际上兼顾了固溶与稳定化的双重作用。     

高温时效Super304H耐热钢的组织、硬度及其关系模型

将Super304H耐热钢分别在650~700℃进行高温时效,研究了该钢时效过程中显微组织结构和硬度的变化规律,并建立了硬度与Larson-Miller参数(P函数)之间的数学关系模型。结果表明:Super304H耐热钢的硬度随时效温度升高显著降低;温度恒定,随着时效时间的延长,其硬度先增加后降低,最后趋于稳定。基于相同P函数,采用线性拟合方法得到的高温时效Super304H耐热钢硬度与其P函数关系模型计算得到的硬度与试验实测硬度相吻合,该模型可用于服役态耐热钢管剩余服役寿命预测。     

高温时效对Super304H钢奥氏体点阵常数的影响

利用金相显微镜、电子探针、透射电镜和X射线衍射等多种分析手段研究了不同时效温度下新型耐热钢Super304H奥氏体点阵常数的变化规律。结果表明,Super304H钢经700~1350℃一系列温度时效后,其组织均为单一的奥氏体(γ)基体+析出相,γ基体点阵常数a变化反映了析出相的析出与溶解的变化过程。Super304H钢供货状态下因绝大部分合金元素固溶于基体,γ基体点阵发生较大畸变a值较大,700℃时效后因M23C6和Nb(C,N)析出a值变小,至850℃时a值最小,超过850℃后因M23C6逐步溶解引起晶格膨胀,到1000~1050℃时a值接近供货条件时的a值。1150℃时因Nb(C,N)大量析出a值又变小,继续升温时因Nb(C,N)发生熟化元素重新固溶a值增大。     

T92/Super304H异种钢焊接接头的性能研究

根据新型耐热钢T92和Super304H钢的焊接特点制定了适宜的焊接工艺,研究了焊制的T92/Su-per304H异种钢焊接接头的力学性能。结果表明,T92/Super304H异种钢接头的各项力学性均能满足使用要求。焊缝金属的韧性远低于T92钢侧热影响区,焊缝金属的结晶形态对焊缝韧性有很大的影响。焊接接头中焊缝金属的硬度值最高,而T92钢侧热影响区硬度最低,并且不同热影响区部位显微硬度变化较大,Super304H钢侧热影响区硬度变化不大。     

超超临界机组用HR3C奥氏体耐热钢研究进展

HR3C凭借良好的高温力学性能和高温抗氧化性能,被广泛用于超超临界机组的过热器和再热器之中.为推进其工业化应用,提高机组的参数效率,迫切需要对HR3C耐热钢进行深入研究,特别是在长期服役过程中析出的第二相与性能的关系.本文综述了HR3C组织结构、析出相的演变,合金元素对析出相的影响,服役过程中的氧化行为、硬度、力学性能、持久强度、冲击韧性、耐腐蚀性、焊接性能和疲劳性能等的研究进展,分析了目前HR3C服役后冲击韧性大幅下降的原因,最后对进一步研究HR3C的关键问题进行了展望.     

Super304H钢拉伸流变特性的研究

采用电液式万能试验机测试了奥氏体不锈钢Super304H在20～600℃、不同应变率下的流变应力和应变的关系。实验结果表明,应变速率和变形温度的变化强烈地影响Super304H钢的流变应力,在高温下出现明显的动态软化。根据得到的流变应力曲线,拟合出了JC模型和其修正的JC模型中的相关参数。经与实验对比验证,修正的JC本构模型能够很好地描述Super304H钢的动态力学性能,为生产工艺的制定和钢管质量的控制提供了重要的材料参数。     

模拟烟灰/气腐蚀对Super304H钢高温持久性能的影响

本工作采用烟灰/气腐蚀-载荷协同作用试验装置,研究了模拟煤粉锅炉燃烧环境中烟灰/气腐蚀对Super304H钢650℃持久性能的影响,同时对比研究了相同温度下Super304H钢在静态空气中的持久性能。结果表明:在腐蚀环境中,不同应力下钢的持久寿命缩短,腐蚀效应对其持久寿命的影响随时间延长会更加显著;通过双对数法推算出Super304H钢在模拟烟灰/气腐蚀环境中的持久强度为80MPa,相比静态空气环境(140MPa)降幅约43%。静态空气中钢表面氧化膜表面较平整,而模拟烟灰/气腐蚀环境中钢表面腐蚀产物相疏松多孔,并出现大量"瘤状"凸起产物。XRD结合EDS表明,模拟烟灰/气腐蚀环境中试样表面除富含Fe、Cr、Ni的氧化物以外,还分布着硫化物以及复合硫酸盐的腐蚀产物。在载荷作用下,腐蚀介质引起腐蚀层/金属界面孔洞形核速率加快,这是Super304H钢持久强度降低的主要原因。     

时效处理对Super304H摩擦焊焊接接头析出相和显微硬度的影响

对Super304H摩擦焊焊接接头进行不同时间的625 ℃时效处理。随着时效处理时间的延长,焊合区、热影响区和母材区基体组织仍为奥氏体组织,晶粒无明显长大,析出相数量逐渐增多,显微硬度逐渐增加并在时效处理500 h达到最大值;随着时效时间的继续延长,M₂₃C₆碳化物聚集和长大导致显微硬度缓慢下降。     

Microstructure and property evolutions of a novel Super304H steel during high temperature creeping

High-temperature creep tests of a novel Super304H steel under 650 °C/195 MPa were conducted and the evolutions of microstructure and property with creep time of the material were investigated by using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, micro Vickers hardness tester and electrochemical workstation. The results show that M₂₃C₆ carbides precipitated along grain boundaries of austenite matrix in a chain distribution and then got coarsened with the increase of creep time. Creep cavities started to form near the surface when the steel was crept for 2500 h. Afterward creep cavities increased, developed, interconnected and finally formed micro cracks along grain boundaries till fracture at the time of 4578 h. The hardness of the steel increased dramatically at the early stage of creeping and reached a high level at 500 h, and then kept a stable state at the succedent stage till fracture. Intergranular corrosion susceptibility of the steel increased first and then declined gradually, indicating the occurrence of sensitization – desensitization process of the steel during creeping.     

电站锅炉用TP304H不锈钢管显微组织的老化特征

应用金相、扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射等分析技术,研究了电站锅炉用TP304H不锈钢管显微组织老化的主要特征,明确了σ析出相含量与管子寿命的定量关系。结果表明：一定的压力条件下,TP304H钢管的显微组织变化与运行温度和时间相关,在设计温度下,随着运行时间的延长,TP304H钢管晶界开始析出呈链状分布的碳化物,继续运行σ相开始沿晶界（特别是三角晶界处）析出;当口相含量达到15％时,爆管几乎不可避免,因此,可以采用定量分析方法通过测定σ相含量来监测TP304H钢管的寿命。     

Phase formation in selected surface-roughened plasma-nitrided 304 austenite stainless steel

Abstract

Direct current (DC) glow discharge plasma nitriding was carried out on three selected surface-roughened AISI 304 stainless steel samples at 833 K under 4 mbar pressures for 24 h in the presence of N₂:H₂ gas mixtures of 50 : 50 ratios. After plasma nitriding, the phase formation, case depth, surface roughness, and microhardness of a plasma-nitrided layer were evaluated by glancing angle x-ray diffractogram, optical microscope, stylus profilometer, and Vickers microhardness tester techniques. The case depth, surface hardness, and phase formation variations were observed with a variation in initial surface roughness. The diffraction patterns of the plasma-nitrided samples showed the modified intensities of the α and γ phases along with those of the CrN, Fe₄N, and Fe₃N phases. Hardness and case depth variations were observed with a variation in surface roughness. A maximum hardness of 1058 Hv and a case depth of 95 μm were achieved in least surface-roughened samples.     

Phase formation in selected surface-roughened plasma-nitrided 304 austenite stainless steel

Direct current (DC) glow discharge plasma nitriding was carried out on three selected surface-roughened AISI 304 stainless steel samples at 833 K under 4 mbar pressures for 24 h in the presence of N₂:H₂ gas mixtures of 50 : 50 ratios. After plasma nitriding, the phase formation, case depth, surface roughness, and microhardness of a plasma-nitrided layer were evaluated by glancing angle x-ray diffractogram, optical microscope, stylus profilometer, and Vickers microhardness tester techniques. The case depth, surface hardness, and phase formation variations were observed with a variation in initial surface roughness. The diffraction patterns of the plasma-nitrided samples showed the modified intensities of the α and γ phases along with those of the CrN, Fe₄N, and Fe₃N phases. Hardness and case depth variations were observed with a variation in surface roughness. A maximum hardness of 1058 Hv and a case depth of 95 μm were achieved in least surface-roughened samples.     

Quantitative study of microstructure evolution and the effect on mechanical properties of Super304H during aging

In this paper, the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of Super304H during aging at 650 °C is investigated, and the effect between microstructure evolution and properties change are discussed. The results shows that the precipitated phases in the material during aging mainly include Cu-rich and MX particles with nano-size dispersed in matrix, M₂₃C₆ and σ particles with micron-size located at the grain boundary. These precipitates change significantly in quantity and size with the aging time, which affect the mechanical properties of the material. It helps to improve the tensile performance and hardness of the material, but it has an adverse effect on the impact energy. In addition, it is found that the degradation of impact energy is divided into two stages. Stage I witnesses the rapid drop in impact energy caused by Cr-depletion, which occurs between 0 to 1000 h during aging at 650°C. The content of Cr near the grain boundary rapidly drops from 21% to about 16% due to the precipitation of M₂₃C₆ particles on the grain boundary. Stage II is the stage of impact energy drop relatively smoothly, which occurs after aging for 1000 h. In this stage, although the Cr content increases from 16% to about 20% and remains stable due to intracrystalline diffusion, the impact energy decreased slowly, besides the M₂₃C₆ particles located at grain boundaries, the micron-sized brittle σ precipitated is another important reason.     

Characterization of transition joints of commercially pure titanium to 304 stainless steel

Solid-state direct bonding between commercially pure titanium and type 304 austenitic stainless steel has been carried out in the temperature range of 850–950 °C, under a uniaxial pressure of 3 MPa for 1 h. The diffusion bonds have been evaluated using light microscopy, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and tensile testing. Light microscopy shows that different intermediate layers are formed in the reaction zone, and the width of these layers increases with an increase in bonding temperature. EPMA revealed that, at any particular bonding temperature, Ti traverses a minimum distance in the 304 stainless steel side, whereas Fe, Cr and Ni travel comparatively larger distances in the Ti side. This microanalysis also indicated different step formations in the concentration profile of Ti, Fe and Cr over different composition ranges in the diffusion zone indicating formation of intermetallic phases that were detected by XRD. Brittle intermetallic phases lower the strength and ductility of the diffusion bonded couples significantly. Best room temperature tensile strength, 217 MPa, has been obtained at 850 °C processing temperature due to minimal deleterious effects.     

304不锈钢激光焊接接头组织性能及断裂机理研究

目的 研究工艺参数对接头微观组织及力学性能的影响规律,观察断口形貌并揭示断裂机理。方法 基于生产实际,采用激光焊接技术对304不锈钢进行平板对接试验,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和背散射电子衍射等手段观察不同焊接参数下的接头微观组织,利用拉伸试验机及显微硬度仪测试其力学性能;通过疲劳试验机测试不同应力下的疲劳寿命,并绘制相应的S-N曲线;使用扫描电镜观察并分析疲劳断口的形貌特征。结果 焊缝中心由等轴状奥氏体和针状铁素体组成,熔合区以柱状晶的形式向焊缝中心生长。激光功率及焊接速度越大,柱状晶的尺寸越小。当激光焊接功率为1 390 W、焊接速度为13mm/s、离焦量为-10 mm时,304不锈钢激光焊接接头的力学性能最好,此时的抗拉强度为785.9 MPa、伸长率为75.6%,拉伸断口呈典型的韧性断裂特征。在高应力水平（350 MPa和500 MPa）下,疲劳断口由裂纹萌生区、裂纹扩展区和瞬时断裂区组成,焊缝具有优良的抗疲劳性能。结论 焊接速度越快、焊接功率越小、离焦量为负,得到的焊接接头硬度越高,由于细晶强化及加工硬化的双重作用,接头达到了最佳力学性能。     

The role of retained austenite in hydrogen embrittlement of supermartensitic stainless steel

Retained austenite may play a role in the hydrogen embrittlement process because austenite has much higher hydrogen solubility than martensite has. The effect of the retained austenite on hydrogen cracking was investigated by tensile testing of standard round bar specimens that had been heat treated in order to achieve different levels of retained austenite. A significant effect of the retained austenite was observed. Samples with high amounts of retained austenite experienced a much higher reduction in ductility after hydrogen charging than samples with low amounts of retained austenite. In order to explain this effect, the hydrogen solubility of samples containing different levels of austenite and precipitates was measured. This was achieved by charging the samples to saturation in an electrolyte and performing hydrogen analysis.     

激光快速成形304不锈钢性能及微观组织研究

目的 满足实际生产需求,提高304不锈钢的抗拉强度。方法 在304不锈钢粉末中添加不同质量分数的Ni60AA粉末,采用激光束对粉末进行快速成形,得到不同的试样。通过金相显微镜对不锈钢试样的显微组织进行观察,利用拉力试验机对试样进行抗拉强度测试。结果 随着添加Ni60AA粉末含量的增加,板材试样的抗拉强度呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,当Ni60AA粉末的质量分数为10%时,试样抗拉强度最大,为754~771MPa。结论 添加Ni60AA粉末后,激光快速成形的304不锈钢板材试样微观组织中有部分镍化合物析出,形成强化相,304不锈钢试样的抗拉强度得到很大提高。